Tactical missile complex D-200 "Onega"
In the mid-fifties of the last century, work began in our country on the subject of guided missiles for self-propelled rocket complexes. Using the lessons learned and experience, several new projects were later created. One of the results of this work was the appearance of the Onega D-200 tactical missile system. This system has not gone out of the test phase, but it has contributed to the emergence of some new projects.
The theoretical basis for the creation of promising guided missiles was created in 1956-58 by the forces of Perm OKB-172. They were able to identify the main features of promising technology. In addition, new technical solutions and technologies have been developed that can enhance the characteristics of promising technology. In 1958, work began on the implementation of existing developments in the form of promising projects. February 13 issued a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the beginning of the creation of two jet complexes of ground forces with guided solid-fuel missiles. One of the projects was named “Ladoga”, the second - “Onega”.
The goal of the Onega project was to create a self-propelled tactical missile system with a single-stage guided solid-fuel rocket. The firing range was set at 50-70 km. The complex was planned to include a rocket, a self-propelled launcher and a set of auxiliary equipment necessary for their maintenance.
Driving rocket D-200. Figure Militaryrussia.ru
The design bureau of the plant No. XXUMX (Sverdlovsk) was assigned the lead developer of the Onega project, which assigned him the working designation D-9. The chief designer was F.F. Petrov. It was also planned to involve several other organizations in the work. For example, SKB-200 of the Minsk Automobile Plant was to be responsible for the development of one of the versions of the launcher, and the assembly of the experimental equipment was entrusted to the Uralmashzavod enterprise under the guidance of the OKB-1.
According to reports, one of the variants of the self-propelled launcher for the Onega complex received the designation D-110K. The four-axle wheeled chassis MAZ-535B, developed by the Minsk Automobile Plant specifically for use as a carrier of missile systems, was chosen as the basis for this vehicle. On the base chassis should install a set of special equipment for the transport, maintenance and launch of new missiles.
As a special modification of the MAZ-535, the chassis of the MAZ-535B missile systems used a number of its units, and also had some differences. On the riveted-welded frame of the car, in the front part of it, the cabin and the engine compartment located behind it were placed. Other parts of the machine were given for the installation of special equipment. In the case of the Ladoga and Onega projects, the talk was about using a launcher with a guide, rocket facilities, navigation and control systems.
Behind the cab on the chassis was mounted diesel engine D12A-375 power 375 hp With the help of a mechanical transmission, torque was transmitted to all the wheels of the car used as the drive. The chassis had a design based on transverse levers and longitudinal torsions. In addition, the first and fourth axles were additionally reinforced with hydraulic shock absorbers. The design of the machine made it possible to transport cargo weighing up to 7 tons, towing a trailer weighing up to 15 tons and driving along the highway at speeds up to 60 km / h.
According to reports, the self-propelled launcher D-110K received a beam guide for a ballistic missile. This unit was installed in the rear of the chassis and equipped with hydraulic actuators pointing. The design of the launcher allowed the rocket to be raised to the required angle of elevation corresponding to the intended flight program. In the transport position, the guide with the rocket was placed horizontally, above the roof of the cabin and the engine compartment.
An alternative self-propelled launcher called the D-110 was also developed. This machine was based on the “429 Object” chassis, which later became the basis for the heavy MT-T multi-purpose tractor. Initially, the “Object 429” was intended for use as the basis for various special equipment and had the ability to install additional equipment on the cargo area. In the case of the D-110 project, such an additional equipment should have been a launcher with a set of auxiliary systems.
The proposed tracked chassis was equipped with a V-46-4 diesel engine with a capacity of 710 hp. The engine and transmission units were located in front of the machine, next to the front-mounted cab. The chassis of the machine was created on the basis of units tank T-64, however, had a different design. On each side there were seven road wheels with individual torsion bar suspension. Driving wheels were placed in front of the hull, guides in the stern. It was possible to transport cargo or special equipment weighing up to 12 tons.
When redesigned on the D-110 project, the 429 Object cargo area was to receive a support device with a missile launcher, as well as some other equipment necessary to perform certain work. The location of the launcher was such that in the transport position the head of the rocket was directly above the cockpit. The composition of the special equipment of the machine D-110 and D-110K did not differ.
Both versions of the self-propelled launcher were supposed to use the same rocket. The main element of the D-200 "Onega" complex was to be a solid-fuel rocket 3М1. In accordance with the technical specifications, this product should be built according to a single-stage scheme and equipped with a solid-fuel engine. It was also necessary to envisage the use of control systems that increase the accuracy of hitting the target.
Rocket 3М1 received a cylindrical body with a variable diameter. To accommodate all the required units, the head compartment of the rocket, equipped with a conical fairing, had a slightly larger diameter compared to the tail section. On the tail section there were two sets of X-shaped planes. The front planes shifted to the center of the product had a trapezoidal shape with a significant sweep. The tail rudders differed in smaller sizes and other angles of the leading edge. The total length of the rocket reached 9,376 m, body diameter - 540 and 528 mm in the head and tail, respectively. Wingspan - less than 1,3 m. Starting weight of the rocket, according to various sources, from 2,5 to 3 t.
It was proposed to place a high-explosive fragmentation warhead or a special warhead weighing up to 500 kg at the head of the Onega missile. The development of a nuclear warhead, designed specifically for use with a promising missile, has been conducted since March 1958.
Most of the rocket body was given under the placement of a solid fuel engine. Using the available supply of solid fuel, the rocket had to go through the active part of the trajectory. At a certain stage of the development of the rocket, the possibility of using a cut-off thrust was considered, but later it was abandoned. It was planned to carry out range guidance without using adjustment of the engine parameters, only due to the corresponding control system operation algorithms.
In the instrument compartment of the 3М1 rocket, the inertial control system devices were to be located. Their task was to track the position of the rocket with the development of commands for steering gears. With the help of aerodynamic rudders rocket could stay on the desired trajectory. Range guidance was proposed to be carried out by the so-called. one coordinate method. In this case, the equipment had to withstand a rocket on a given trajectory during the entire active part of the flight without the possibility of shutting down the engine. The use of such control systems made it possible to fire at a distance of up to 70 km.
To transport the 3М1 “Omega” missiles, it was proposed to use the 2У663 semi-trailer with attachments for two products. Towing the transporter should be carried out by the ZIL-157В. In addition, in the preparation of self-propelled launchers for combat work should have been involved crane.
The development of the D-200 “Onega” project was completed in 1959, after which the participating enterprises produced the required products and presented them for testing. By the end of 59, some of the necessary equipment and devices, as well as prototype missiles, were delivered to the Kapustin Yar test site. In December, the launch tests of missiles began with a stationary version of the launcher. 16 missiles were used, which showed satisfactory performance. It did not go without claims.
From the memoirs of the project participants it is known about one accident that occurred during the throwing tests. At the request of aerodynamics and ballistics OKB-9, additional pyrotechnic tracer was installed on the experimental rockets. During the preparation for the next test run, two employees of the design bureau screwed the necessary tracers into the appropriate fasteners. At the same time, other pre-launch procedures were carried out on the control panel. The operator of the console, forgetting about the work on the rocket, turned on the voltage, which is why the tracers caught fire. Specialists who installed the tracer got burns, other participants got off with a slight fright. Fortunately, more such situations did not recur, and in the future only the minimum number of people needed to be near the experimental products during the preparation.
In the spring of 1960, the Kapustin Yar test site became a platform for a new test phase, during which it was planned to test the interaction of missiles with launchers, as well as to determine the real characteristics weapons. These tests began with trips launchers D-110 and D-110K along the tracks of the landfill, after which it was planned to begin test firing with the use of experienced missiles.
Interestingly, tests of the missile systems in full started after the appearance of the order to close the project. According to the results of throwing tests, during which some problems of a promising rocket were identified, the main designer FF Petrov made the appropriate conclusions. Due to the presence of flaws, the elimination of which turned out to be too difficult, the chief designer took the initiative to stop work on the Onega theme. He managed to convince the industry leadership, as a result of which 5 February 1960 of the year, by a Council of Ministers decision, the development of the project was discontinued.
Rocket monument MP-12, Obninsk. Photo Nn-dom.ru
However, a few weeks after the appearance of this document, the completed launchers were delivered to the testing ground in order to collect the necessary data. Similar checks were carried out up to and including 1961, including in the interests of new promising projects. In particular, the last test launches were carried out with the full use of the control system responsible for the flight to the specified range. Special success in these tests was not achieved; however, the necessary data on the control of the flight range were collected without changing the engine parameters or cutting off its thrust. In the future, the experience gained was used in some new projects.
At the end of 1959, the development of a new version of the 3М1 rocket began, which, unlike the base product, still managed to reach operation. In accordance with the new order, it was necessary to make a rocket for meteorological research, capable of rising to an altitude of 120 km. The project received the working designation D-75 and the official MP-12. For the first few years, the OK-75 project was engaged in the D-9 project. In 1963, the design bureau of the plant No. 9 was “taken away” with missile topics, which is why the MP-12 project was transferred to the Institute of Applied Geophysics. The Petropavlovsk Heavy Machine Building Plant and NPO Typhoon were also involved in the project.
Product D-75 / MP-12 with a starting weight of more than 1,6 t received a body with a modified design with one set of tail stabilizers. It could rise to a height of up to 180 km and deliver the necessary research equipment weighing up to 50 kg. Interestingly, in the early sixties, the development of technology allowed the rocket to be equipped with only one measuring device. By the early nineties there were similar devices with 10-15 different devices. In addition, there were modifications of the head with a salvaged container for delivering samples to the ground. As the project progressed, the payload mass was increased to 100 kg. Due to the lack of need to hit targets, the rocket lost control system. Instead, the stabilization during the flight strictly upward was proposed to carry out with the help of rotation around the longitudinal axis due to the angle of installation of the planes.
The operation of the meteorological rockets MP-12 began in the 1961 year. For the first time they were used in the course of monitoring the progress of tests of nuclear weapons. Subsequently, several launch complexes were deployed, including two on research vessels. Simultaneously with the continued operation of the MP-12 missiles, new versions of such products were developed. During the operation of the family of rockets, more than 1200 launches of the MP-12, MP-20 and MP-25 products were performed. In addition, more than a hundred missiles delivered a payload to altitudes in excess of 200 km.
The goal of the project with the cipher "Onega" was to create a promising tactical missile system with a guided ballistic missile capable of attacking targets at ranges up to 70 km. Already during the first tests it was established that the developed project for one reason or another does not meet the requirements. Due to serious flaws, the D-200 project was closed at the initiative of the chief designer. Nevertheless, the experience and achievements that emerged thanks to the Onega project were used to create new systems. The most noticeable result of using such experience was the appearance of one of the most successful domestic meteorological rockets. In addition, individual developments in the D-200 project were also used in the creation of new missile systems for the army. Thus, the Ladoga and Onega missile systems could not reach operation in the military, but they contributed to the emergence and development of other systems of various classes.
Based on:
http://russianarms.ru/
http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/
http://русская-сила.рф/
Shirokorad A.B. Atomic ram of the twentieth century. - M., Veche, 2005.
The theoretical basis for the creation of promising guided missiles was created in 1956-58 by the forces of Perm OKB-172. They were able to identify the main features of promising technology. In addition, new technical solutions and technologies have been developed that can enhance the characteristics of promising technology. In 1958, work began on the implementation of existing developments in the form of promising projects. February 13 issued a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the beginning of the creation of two jet complexes of ground forces with guided solid-fuel missiles. One of the projects was named “Ladoga”, the second - “Onega”.
The goal of the Onega project was to create a self-propelled tactical missile system with a single-stage guided solid-fuel rocket. The firing range was set at 50-70 km. The complex was planned to include a rocket, a self-propelled launcher and a set of auxiliary equipment necessary for their maintenance.
Driving rocket D-200. Figure Militaryrussia.ru
The design bureau of the plant No. XXUMX (Sverdlovsk) was assigned the lead developer of the Onega project, which assigned him the working designation D-9. The chief designer was F.F. Petrov. It was also planned to involve several other organizations in the work. For example, SKB-200 of the Minsk Automobile Plant was to be responsible for the development of one of the versions of the launcher, and the assembly of the experimental equipment was entrusted to the Uralmashzavod enterprise under the guidance of the OKB-1.
According to reports, one of the variants of the self-propelled launcher for the Onega complex received the designation D-110K. The four-axle wheeled chassis MAZ-535B, developed by the Minsk Automobile Plant specifically for use as a carrier of missile systems, was chosen as the basis for this vehicle. On the base chassis should install a set of special equipment for the transport, maintenance and launch of new missiles.
As a special modification of the MAZ-535, the chassis of the MAZ-535B missile systems used a number of its units, and also had some differences. On the riveted-welded frame of the car, in the front part of it, the cabin and the engine compartment located behind it were placed. Other parts of the machine were given for the installation of special equipment. In the case of the Ladoga and Onega projects, the talk was about using a launcher with a guide, rocket facilities, navigation and control systems.
Behind the cab on the chassis was mounted diesel engine D12A-375 power 375 hp With the help of a mechanical transmission, torque was transmitted to all the wheels of the car used as the drive. The chassis had a design based on transverse levers and longitudinal torsions. In addition, the first and fourth axles were additionally reinforced with hydraulic shock absorbers. The design of the machine made it possible to transport cargo weighing up to 7 tons, towing a trailer weighing up to 15 tons and driving along the highway at speeds up to 60 km / h.
According to reports, the self-propelled launcher D-110K received a beam guide for a ballistic missile. This unit was installed in the rear of the chassis and equipped with hydraulic actuators pointing. The design of the launcher allowed the rocket to be raised to the required angle of elevation corresponding to the intended flight program. In the transport position, the guide with the rocket was placed horizontally, above the roof of the cabin and the engine compartment.
An alternative self-propelled launcher called the D-110 was also developed. This machine was based on the “429 Object” chassis, which later became the basis for the heavy MT-T multi-purpose tractor. Initially, the “Object 429” was intended for use as the basis for various special equipment and had the ability to install additional equipment on the cargo area. In the case of the D-110 project, such an additional equipment should have been a launcher with a set of auxiliary systems.
The proposed tracked chassis was equipped with a V-46-4 diesel engine with a capacity of 710 hp. The engine and transmission units were located in front of the machine, next to the front-mounted cab. The chassis of the machine was created on the basis of units tank T-64, however, had a different design. On each side there were seven road wheels with individual torsion bar suspension. Driving wheels were placed in front of the hull, guides in the stern. It was possible to transport cargo or special equipment weighing up to 12 tons.
When redesigned on the D-110 project, the 429 Object cargo area was to receive a support device with a missile launcher, as well as some other equipment necessary to perform certain work. The location of the launcher was such that in the transport position the head of the rocket was directly above the cockpit. The composition of the special equipment of the machine D-110 and D-110K did not differ.
Both versions of the self-propelled launcher were supposed to use the same rocket. The main element of the D-200 "Onega" complex was to be a solid-fuel rocket 3М1. In accordance with the technical specifications, this product should be built according to a single-stage scheme and equipped with a solid-fuel engine. It was also necessary to envisage the use of control systems that increase the accuracy of hitting the target.
Rocket 3М1 received a cylindrical body with a variable diameter. To accommodate all the required units, the head compartment of the rocket, equipped with a conical fairing, had a slightly larger diameter compared to the tail section. On the tail section there were two sets of X-shaped planes. The front planes shifted to the center of the product had a trapezoidal shape with a significant sweep. The tail rudders differed in smaller sizes and other angles of the leading edge. The total length of the rocket reached 9,376 m, body diameter - 540 and 528 mm in the head and tail, respectively. Wingspan - less than 1,3 m. Starting weight of the rocket, according to various sources, from 2,5 to 3 t.
It was proposed to place a high-explosive fragmentation warhead or a special warhead weighing up to 500 kg at the head of the Onega missile. The development of a nuclear warhead, designed specifically for use with a promising missile, has been conducted since March 1958.
Most of the rocket body was given under the placement of a solid fuel engine. Using the available supply of solid fuel, the rocket had to go through the active part of the trajectory. At a certain stage of the development of the rocket, the possibility of using a cut-off thrust was considered, but later it was abandoned. It was planned to carry out range guidance without using adjustment of the engine parameters, only due to the corresponding control system operation algorithms.
In the instrument compartment of the 3М1 rocket, the inertial control system devices were to be located. Their task was to track the position of the rocket with the development of commands for steering gears. With the help of aerodynamic rudders rocket could stay on the desired trajectory. Range guidance was proposed to be carried out by the so-called. one coordinate method. In this case, the equipment had to withstand a rocket on a given trajectory during the entire active part of the flight without the possibility of shutting down the engine. The use of such control systems made it possible to fire at a distance of up to 70 km.
To transport the 3М1 “Omega” missiles, it was proposed to use the 2У663 semi-trailer with attachments for two products. Towing the transporter should be carried out by the ZIL-157В. In addition, in the preparation of self-propelled launchers for combat work should have been involved crane.
The development of the D-200 “Onega” project was completed in 1959, after which the participating enterprises produced the required products and presented them for testing. By the end of 59, some of the necessary equipment and devices, as well as prototype missiles, were delivered to the Kapustin Yar test site. In December, the launch tests of missiles began with a stationary version of the launcher. 16 missiles were used, which showed satisfactory performance. It did not go without claims.
From the memoirs of the project participants it is known about one accident that occurred during the throwing tests. At the request of aerodynamics and ballistics OKB-9, additional pyrotechnic tracer was installed on the experimental rockets. During the preparation for the next test run, two employees of the design bureau screwed the necessary tracers into the appropriate fasteners. At the same time, other pre-launch procedures were carried out on the control panel. The operator of the console, forgetting about the work on the rocket, turned on the voltage, which is why the tracers caught fire. Specialists who installed the tracer got burns, other participants got off with a slight fright. Fortunately, more such situations did not recur, and in the future only the minimum number of people needed to be near the experimental products during the preparation.
In the spring of 1960, the Kapustin Yar test site became a platform for a new test phase, during which it was planned to test the interaction of missiles with launchers, as well as to determine the real characteristics weapons. These tests began with trips launchers D-110 and D-110K along the tracks of the landfill, after which it was planned to begin test firing with the use of experienced missiles.
Interestingly, tests of the missile systems in full started after the appearance of the order to close the project. According to the results of throwing tests, during which some problems of a promising rocket were identified, the main designer FF Petrov made the appropriate conclusions. Due to the presence of flaws, the elimination of which turned out to be too difficult, the chief designer took the initiative to stop work on the Onega theme. He managed to convince the industry leadership, as a result of which 5 February 1960 of the year, by a Council of Ministers decision, the development of the project was discontinued.
Rocket monument MP-12, Obninsk. Photo Nn-dom.ru
However, a few weeks after the appearance of this document, the completed launchers were delivered to the testing ground in order to collect the necessary data. Similar checks were carried out up to and including 1961, including in the interests of new promising projects. In particular, the last test launches were carried out with the full use of the control system responsible for the flight to the specified range. Special success in these tests was not achieved; however, the necessary data on the control of the flight range were collected without changing the engine parameters or cutting off its thrust. In the future, the experience gained was used in some new projects.
At the end of 1959, the development of a new version of the 3М1 rocket began, which, unlike the base product, still managed to reach operation. In accordance with the new order, it was necessary to make a rocket for meteorological research, capable of rising to an altitude of 120 km. The project received the working designation D-75 and the official MP-12. For the first few years, the OK-75 project was engaged in the D-9 project. In 1963, the design bureau of the plant No. 9 was “taken away” with missile topics, which is why the MP-12 project was transferred to the Institute of Applied Geophysics. The Petropavlovsk Heavy Machine Building Plant and NPO Typhoon were also involved in the project.
Product D-75 / MP-12 with a starting weight of more than 1,6 t received a body with a modified design with one set of tail stabilizers. It could rise to a height of up to 180 km and deliver the necessary research equipment weighing up to 50 kg. Interestingly, in the early sixties, the development of technology allowed the rocket to be equipped with only one measuring device. By the early nineties there were similar devices with 10-15 different devices. In addition, there were modifications of the head with a salvaged container for delivering samples to the ground. As the project progressed, the payload mass was increased to 100 kg. Due to the lack of need to hit targets, the rocket lost control system. Instead, the stabilization during the flight strictly upward was proposed to carry out with the help of rotation around the longitudinal axis due to the angle of installation of the planes.
The operation of the meteorological rockets MP-12 began in the 1961 year. For the first time they were used in the course of monitoring the progress of tests of nuclear weapons. Subsequently, several launch complexes were deployed, including two on research vessels. Simultaneously with the continued operation of the MP-12 missiles, new versions of such products were developed. During the operation of the family of rockets, more than 1200 launches of the MP-12, MP-20 and MP-25 products were performed. In addition, more than a hundred missiles delivered a payload to altitudes in excess of 200 km.
The goal of the project with the cipher "Onega" was to create a promising tactical missile system with a guided ballistic missile capable of attacking targets at ranges up to 70 km. Already during the first tests it was established that the developed project for one reason or another does not meet the requirements. Due to serious flaws, the D-200 project was closed at the initiative of the chief designer. Nevertheless, the experience and achievements that emerged thanks to the Onega project were used to create new systems. The most noticeable result of using such experience was the appearance of one of the most successful domestic meteorological rockets. In addition, individual developments in the D-200 project were also used in the creation of new missile systems for the army. Thus, the Ladoga and Onega missile systems could not reach operation in the military, but they contributed to the emergence and development of other systems of various classes.
Based on:
http://russianarms.ru/
http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/
http://русская-сила.рф/
Shirokorad A.B. Atomic ram of the twentieth century. - M., Veche, 2005.
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