Projects of submarines 957 and 957Т "Cedar"
Exploratory research aimed at shaping the look of the future 4th generation began in the USSR in the mid-70s. Soon fleet and corresponding research institutes formed operational-tactical requirements for the new generation submarines. Work on the first submarine belonging to this generation began on March 26 1980 of the year (Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers №252-73) in the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit" under the supervision of Chief Designer L.L. Krasnopolsky. This is a large nuclear missile-torpedo submarine of the 957 project, which later received the cedar code. By 1989, the technical project was completed and February 28 1989. a joint decision was taken by the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry and the Navy to build the head boat of this project at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in Nizhny Novgorod with a deadline for fleet delivery in the 3 quarter of the year 1996. Before 2000, the construction of three units was planned with a further increase in the series to more than 20 boats. However, already 27 of March of the same year, a decision was made (executed in April of 1989 by SMEs and Navy) to build boats at the Leningrad Admiralty Association. Simultaneously S. Lavkovsky, Head of the Lazurit Central Design Bureau, to preserve the production of nuclear submarines in Nizhny Novgorod, it was proposed to develop a version of a boat with a solid hull not made of steel, but made of titanium, which was designated the 957T project with two units built at the Krasnoe Sormovo plant. 6 April 1989 d By decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers, after reviewing the main tactical-technical elements and measures to ensure experimental and serial submarines of this project at the scientific and technical seminar and board of the Ministry of the Judiciary, the construction of the LAO and the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise in Severodvinsk . Subsequently, the proposal to create a titanium project 957T with the prospect of a complete transition from steel to titanium boats was rejected at the 8 commission of 1989 of August XNUMX specially convened to consider this issue, since it met with resistance from the first Central Research Institute of the Navy represented by the head of the Institute M. Budaev. The further fate of the 957Т project was decided between 5 of September and 5 of October of 1989 g, when, under the leadership of the Chairman of the military-industrial complex I. Belousov, it was decided to consider the issue of building a boat in a month (until 5 of November). Considering that at that time, the production of titanium submarines was developed to the greatest extent at Red Sormov, the mere preservation of this technology justified the transition after the completion of the construction of the 945AB series of boats to the 957T project. However, 21 in November 1989 g, after coordination with the Navy in the person of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy VN Chernavin in the Ministry of Food Industry for the XIII five-year plan, it was decided to completely abandon the construction of submarines of the 957 project. The reason has been named already planned overload shipyards. By that time, about 4000 tons of steel structures and sheet metal had been delivered and partially processed at the SMP, the further use of which was not possible due to the inconsistency of steel grades and thickness of sheets with 3 and 4 generations, built or prepared for construction in parallel .
The 957 project was supposed to have similar performance characteristics with the previous torpedo submarines of the Lazurit Design Bureau of the 945, 945А and 945AB projects, but with a sharp tightening of the requirements for reducing their own noise. The standard steam generating plant for the 4 generation was to be a monoblock KTM-6, whose ground test stand under the designation TM-4 was then tested at the NITI in Sosnovy Bor. The first nuclear-powered submarine of the 945AB Mars project, which was transitional from the third to the fourth generation, was the first to receive this PU, but at the time of the collapse of the USSR this reactor was not ready and both boats were disposed of in the stocks in a high degree of availability of hull structures. The boat had a single hull architecture with a relatively large ratio of length to width. The long and relatively narrow cylindrical robust body, somewhat resembling the body of a submarine of the Los Angeles type, but with a less pointed shape of the nasal limb, resulted from the need to maintain the depth of immersion typical of the Soviet submarines of the previous generation. Agree with the single-architecture of the Navy forced increased demands on the low-noise new generation of submarines. For the first time, the nasal horizontal rudders on the Soviet torpedo submarines were moved from the nose of the hull to the fence of the sliding devices. Were used already become standard zonal mounting blocks of equipment with tight depreciation and other measures to reduce their own noise. For the rational use of space inside the boat, natural wooden models of the turbine and other compartments were built in the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit". In addition, to optimize the hull lines, a series of large-scale self-propelled and towed dummies were built.
It is worth noting that even in the process of substantiating the characteristics of the submarines of the 4 generation, the Central Research Institute for them. A.N.Krylova were carried out to optimize the contour of the boat. As part of this work, the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, for example, built a large-size towed model, which did not correspond, however, to any of the projects developed at that time and which was often confused with the 885 model being towed. However, in its form, it somewhat resembles Kedr, which suggests that some elements of this R & D could be implemented in the 957 project. Part of the proof of this is the fact that the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit" was first implemented the recommendations of the Central Research Institute. A.N.Krylova, which described the positive impact on the hydrodynamics of the boat due to the forward beveled front edge of the retractable devices, as can be seen on the model. This solution later found its application on the SSBN of the 935 and 955 projects, as well as on the SSGN of the 881 project.
The sonar complex should have included the Irtysh-Amphora State Joint-Stock Company, as well as on all other boats of the 4 generation.
“Kedr” was supposed to be a relatively simple and mass shock boat to replace the submarines of 671, 945 and 971 projects. The cessation of work on it was connected not only and not so much with the financial difficulties experienced by the USSR at the end of 80 or the lack of production capacity in the next decade, but also with the massive resistance of the military-industrial complex itself, as the high demands at the production level, apparatuses and units were impossible to fulfill without cardinal technical re-equipment of enterprises. In addition, there is an opinion that the very concept of the 957, which largely repeats the concept of American submarines of the Los Angeles type, no longer met the requirements of the 90s.
The 957 project was supposed to have similar performance characteristics with the previous torpedo submarines of the Lazurit Design Bureau of the 945, 945А and 945AB projects, but with a sharp tightening of the requirements for reducing their own noise. The standard steam generating plant for the 4 generation was to be a monoblock KTM-6, whose ground test stand under the designation TM-4 was then tested at the NITI in Sosnovy Bor. The first nuclear-powered submarine of the 945AB Mars project, which was transitional from the third to the fourth generation, was the first to receive this PU, but at the time of the collapse of the USSR this reactor was not ready and both boats were disposed of in the stocks in a high degree of availability of hull structures. The boat had a single hull architecture with a relatively large ratio of length to width. The long and relatively narrow cylindrical robust body, somewhat resembling the body of a submarine of the Los Angeles type, but with a less pointed shape of the nasal limb, resulted from the need to maintain the depth of immersion typical of the Soviet submarines of the previous generation. Agree with the single-architecture of the Navy forced increased demands on the low-noise new generation of submarines. For the first time, the nasal horizontal rudders on the Soviet torpedo submarines were moved from the nose of the hull to the fence of the sliding devices. Were used already become standard zonal mounting blocks of equipment with tight depreciation and other measures to reduce their own noise. For the rational use of space inside the boat, natural wooden models of the turbine and other compartments were built in the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit". In addition, to optimize the hull lines, a series of large-scale self-propelled and towed dummies were built.
It is worth noting that even in the process of substantiating the characteristics of the submarines of the 4 generation, the Central Research Institute for them. A.N.Krylova were carried out to optimize the contour of the boat. As part of this work, the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, for example, built a large-size towed model, which did not correspond, however, to any of the projects developed at that time and which was often confused with the 885 model being towed. However, in its form, it somewhat resembles Kedr, which suggests that some elements of this R & D could be implemented in the 957 project. Part of the proof of this is the fact that the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit" was first implemented the recommendations of the Central Research Institute. A.N.Krylova, which described the positive impact on the hydrodynamics of the boat due to the forward beveled front edge of the retractable devices, as can be seen on the model. This solution later found its application on the SSBN of the 935 and 955 projects, as well as on the SSGN of the 881 project.
The sonar complex should have included the Irtysh-Amphora State Joint-Stock Company, as well as on all other boats of the 4 generation.
“Kedr” was supposed to be a relatively simple and mass shock boat to replace the submarines of 671, 945 and 971 projects. The cessation of work on it was connected not only and not so much with the financial difficulties experienced by the USSR at the end of 80 or the lack of production capacity in the next decade, but also with the massive resistance of the military-industrial complex itself, as the high demands at the production level, apparatuses and units were impossible to fulfill without cardinal technical re-equipment of enterprises. In addition, there is an opinion that the very concept of the 957, which largely repeats the concept of American submarines of the Los Angeles type, no longer met the requirements of the 90s.
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