Sometimes they hit right through: shelling of the T-54 with cumulative shells from “Gvozdika”, “Malyutka” and the T-72 tank
We have previously wrote about what they can do with a tank, which does not have combined armor and dynamic protection, anti-tank missiles of the Fagot and Konkurs complexes, as well as cumulative shells of the Akatsiya self-propelled gun. Now it’s the turn to tell and show what terrible consequences for the T-54/55 tank occur when meeting with 122-mm cumulative ammunition “Gvozdika”, “Malyutka” missiles and 125-mm finned “cumulative” guns of the T-72 gun.
The source of information, as before, is the Hungarian report on shelling tests of the tank, which was planned to be used as training material for military personnel.
The experimental conditions are unchanged: to eliminate dangerous situations associated with the detonation of explosives and fires, training inert ammunition is used in the tank's ammunition racks, and water is filled in instead of fuel. At the same time, to simulate the impact of damaging factors on the crew, wooden simulators dressed in standard uniforms were installed in the tankers’ places.
Anti-tank missile system "Malyutka" with a 9M14P1 missile
Localization of 9M14P1 missile hits on the T-54/55 tank
A 9M14P1 missile, which has armor penetration of 520 mm along the normal line, hits the upper frontal part of the hull of the T-54/55 tank directly at the base of the towing hook on the driver’s side. The cumulative jet pierced the frontal armor, passed through the driver simulator and, having broken through the partition of the engine-transmission compartment, stopped only in the engine cylinder head. The driver, as well as the commander and gunner, would have been seriously injured. Only the loader could be guaranteed to survive such a hit.
A 9M14P1 rocket hit the right cheekbone of the tank's turret, just to the left of the machine-gun embrasure. The cumulative jet, having pierced the frontal armor, damaged the machine gun mount, radio station, as well as the ammunition rack in the rear of the turret, coming out. If the ammunition rack contained not training shots, but combat shots, everything would have ended in detonation or fire. But even without them, the loader would most likely have been killed, and the other two turrets would have been seriously injured. In the photo on the left is the exit hole from the cumulative jet at the rear of the turret, and on the right is the damaged ammunition rack
Self-propelled artillery mount 2S1 "Gvozdika" with a cumulative 122-mm projectile 3VBK-9
Localization of hits from Gvozdika shells on a tank
A Gvozdika shell hits the left fender of a tank. Both it and pieces of the caterpillar were torn out, but the tank retained its mobility. The crew of the car is intact
A 122-mm shell hit the left front part of the turret. The tower has been torn off its shoulder strap. The cumulative jet, having penetrated the frontal armor, conditionally killed the gunner and commander of the tank, wounded the loader, damaged the gun breech and radio station, hitting the vehicle's ammunition rack. In combat conditions, this would lead to detonation or fire of the ammunition. But even if there were no live shots in it, the tank needed major repairs in the factory
A Gvozdika shell hit the right side of the T-54/55 turret. The cumulative jet pierced the armor, passed through the loader simulator (conditionally killed) and hit the breech of the gun. The tank was completely disabled: both the gun jammed and its breech was broken
A Gvozdika shell hit the right side of the tank. It exploded so hard that it smashed the fender and tore out the fuel tanks on it. The caterpillar is torn, the road wheel is damaged. The cumulative jet pierced the side armor and entered the fighting compartment. The crew would remain alive, but the tank was immobilized
A Gvozdika shell hits the rear of a T-54/55 turret. The cumulative jet, having pierced the armor, stopped at the breech of the gun, which was torn from its mounts and shifted forward a few centimeters. Of the crew, only the driver could be guaranteed to survive without injury. If there are live shots in the turret ammo rack - detonation or fire with the complete destruction of the tank. By the way, the force of the shell explosion deformed the roof of the engine compartment
A Gvozdika shell hits the rear armor plate of a tank hull. Having pierced the armor, the cumulative jet tore apart the radiator of the engine cooling system (on the right in the photo) and penetrated into the fighting compartment. All the tankers in the turret would have been injured. The tank is immobilized and requires serious repairs
T-72 tank with a 125-mm cumulative 3BK-14M projectile
Localization of hits from 125-mm cumulative shells from the T-72 tank on the T-54/55 tank
A cumulative 125-mm projectile hits the upper frontal part of the T-54/55 hull. The cumulative jet pierced the frontal armor, hit the tank rack with ammunition and fuel, stopping in the turret pursuit. In such a situation, the loader was conditionally killed, and the gunner and commander could have escaped with injuries or not suffered at all. However, the presence of live rounds in the tank-rack would be guaranteed to lead to the destruction of both the tank and the crew as a whole
A T-72 cumulative projectile hits the left frontal part of the T-54/55 turret near the gunner's optical sight embrasure. The sight was destroyed and torn from its mounts. The cumulative jet, having pierced the armor, conventionally killed the commander and gunner, reaching the turret ammunition rack and exiting through the rear armor of the turret (the image of the exit hole is at the top right of the attached photo). If there were live rounds in the ammunition rack, the tank would have been destroyed. Without them - a long repair
A 125-mm cumulative projectile hits the lower frontal part of the hull almost in the middle. The cumulative jet, having pierced the armor, passed through the fighting compartment, pierced the partition of the engine-transmission compartment and stopped in the engine. A tank, if it had fuel and live rounds in its ammunition racks, would be doomed to destruction from fire or detonation of explosives in shells
And again we can summarize: the test results clearly showed that the steel armor of tanks, the relevance of which remained for 10-20 years after the Second World War, does not give any hope for protection against cumulative ammunition, even when fired head-on. Therefore, all that can be counted on in this case is a “successful” hit by the projectile, when the cumulative jet does not affect the crew and dangerous equipment of the vehicle. That is, by pure chance.
So, when using the “oldies” T-54/55 in current military conflicts, this feature must be taken into account in full, therefore they cannot be used for their intended purpose. Only and exclusively for firing from closed firing positions and as a base for various field modifications with the installation of automatic guns, etc., operating where the likelihood of receiving a powerful penetrating projectile against armor is minimal.
The source of information:
Partial translation of a four part article series titled "Kísérleti lövészet T54-es harckocsikra 1989-ben, a "0" ponti gyakorlótéren" published in the Hungarian military's Haditechnika magazine, written by Colonel István Ocskay of the Hungarian MoD Defense Technology Research Center (ORCID : 0000-0003-0279-8215).
Information