What tanks is the West going to respond to the Russian project "Armata"
After a long silence, our Western adversaries finally responded to the development of the Russian tank Armata, presenting its new generation tank concepts at the Eurosatory 2022 exhibition in Le Bourget: an American tank to replace the Abrams (conditionally) Abrams+, Franco-German tank EMBT and the German tank "Rheinmetall" KF51 Panther.
The layout of the tanks
These are really projects of new generation tanks, and the very concept and layout of tanks are interesting here.
In their layout, all three projects differ from the Armata tank. Western developers basically did not go for a layout with a crewless turret, did not introduce a large-caliber gun, but introduced an automatic loader and ... saved a crew of 4 people.
Tank designs in all projects have been fundamentally redesigned taking into account the latest requirements for the availability of weapons systems, protection and network-centric control, while the amount of habitable space in the tank has been significantly reduced.
They decided the rather controversial issue of an uninhabited tower in favor of the maximum reliability of the tank in combat conditions, which only a manned tower can provide. I have previously had to write that, based on the experience of developing the last Soviet tank "Boxer", where I was directly involved, it is very risky to take this dubious path. In the West, they also did not take risks, making the tank turret habitable, isolating the crew from the ammunition to the maximum.
According to preliminary estimates, the gun ammunition in all projects is located in the aft niche of the turret, which has already been worked out on tanks of the previous generation and provides maximum protection for the crew in the event of a tank being hit.
After more than fifty years, since the automatic loader was introduced on Soviet tanks, the West finally realized that it was necessary in the tank, and introduced it into all their projects. At the same time, they did not agree to reduce the crew to three, and even more so to two people, which was repeatedly proposed in the development of Soviet and Russian promising tanks. All this is understandable, since, based on the tasks solved by the crew, it is impossible to reduce it to less than three people without losing the quality of control.
With the ability to reduce the crew to three people, Western designers left four, and this is due to the complication of the tasks solved by the crew in modern combat conditions (about the functions of the fourth crew member - below).
One of the main tasks was the requirement to limit the mass of the tank to 60 tons, since the existing generation of Western tanks has already exceeded 70 tons and is approaching a mass of 80 tons, which is in principle unacceptable for a maneuverable type of weapon. In this regard, the declared mass of Abrams + is 61 tons, EMBT - 59 tons, KF51 - in the same range, although in the future, with the inevitable modernization of tanks, they are unlikely to be able to keep the declared mass.
Armament of tanks
The Abrams+ and EMVT have a 120mm smoothbore gun as their main armament, while the KF51 has a 130mm gun. They did not go for the use of a more powerful caliber gun.
Again, from the experience of developing the Boxer tank, the installation of a 152-mm gun at the request of the GRAU led to big problems in terms of the mass of the tank, the impossibility of placing the required amount of ammunition and problems in isolating it from the crew, as well as reducing the reliability of the automatic loader.
As an additional weapon, the Abrams + is equipped with a remote-controlled module with a 30-mm automatic cannon. There are two such modules on EMVT: with a 30-mm cannon and the second with a machine gun, combined with the commander's panorama. There are no remote controlled modules on KF51.
Network-centric control system
Taking into account the fact that a modern tank cannot be effectively used on the battlefield without organizing the interaction of heterogeneous forces and means with the help of special network-centric control equipment, the tanks being developed are included in this system. Moreover, the first generations of such systems have already been implemented on the Abrams, Leclerc and Leopard 2 tanks, tested in combat conditions and proved their effectiveness. On Russian tanks, this is only in the project on the Armata tank.
Western tanks under development are equipped with the necessary set of sighting systems (the Abrams + has two panoramas - for the commander and gunner, providing much better conditions for visibility), all-day observation and target designation devices, navigation systems, closed digital communication channels, automatic acquisition and display systems information from all participants in the network-centric battle.
For the same purpose, UAVs that have repeatedly proven their effectiveness are installed on tanks. The KF51 tank has a launcher for four UAVs, which significantly expands the tank's capabilities for reconnaissance of enemy positions, orientation on the ground and organizing interaction on the battlefield.
In order to more effectively use the capabilities of network-centric control, a fourth crew member was required, he, of course, does not load and performs functions close to the already forgotten gunner-radio operator. Responsible for the remote-controlled weapon module, control drones, observation, collection and pre-processing of information to relieve the work of the tank commander, that is, all the auxiliary functions that the network-centric control system has imposed.
This suggests that the introduction of automatic information collection and control systems does not free a person from analyzing the situation and making qualified decisions when performing a combat mission.
How can we answer?
Western projects of the tank of the future and the Russian project of the Armata tank in terms of layout solutions and equipment of the tank largely coincide: a 120-125-130 mm cannon, remotely controlled additional weapon modules, weight up to 60 tons, a set of sighting systems and network-centric control devices using UAVs and crew accommodation isolated from the ammunition load.
Fundamentally, the concept diverged in two issues - an uninhabited tower and the number of crew (three and four people). The Western concept still looks more convincing and is aimed at ensuring greater reliability and performance of the tank when used in the realities of modern warfare.
As for the Armata tank, which has been postponed five times since 2015, apparently due to serious technical problems, it is probably worth finalizing the concept of the tank, taking into account our and foreign experience, conducting the necessary test cycle without fuss and achieve confirmation of its characteristics.
The experience of using tanks in local and relatively large-scale military conflicts of recent times, as well as developments in the appearance of the tank of the future, indicate the need for work in two directions:
1) develop a mobile linear tank, able to withstand the same level of the enemy, and
2) construct (instead of this misunderstanding BMPT "Terminator", which for many years they do not know where to attach) assault tank with remote control capability, good protection, a powerful 152-mm short-barreled cannon (preferably a howitzer) with high-explosive fragmentation, concrete-piercing shells and guided missiles fired through the cannon bore, equipped with an UAV and remote-controlled weapon modules for various purposes.
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