GNOM - A mobile complex with an intercontinental ballistic missile
The Soviet intercontinental three-stage ballistic missile "Gnome" was a unique development of the 60-ies of the last century, but even today it is the most advanced technology that allows using a first-stage ramjet to strike another continent, but also to bring the payload to a low orbit
At the end of 50's the government of the USSR assigned the task to the rocket engineers: to create a mobile intercontinental range, as much as possible adapted to the requirements of the troops and taking into account the maximum allowable load of bridges (strategic, fortified) in the USSR - the weight of the whole complex should not exceed 65 tons.
The limit on the mass of the complex determined the maximum weight of the rocket in 32-35 tons (the mass of the empty conveyor is approximately equal to the mass of the rocket). The use of solid fuel engines has been and remains the solution to the problem of an extremely simple to use complex.
However, TTRD has a serious disadvantage - a smaller specific impulse than liquid ones.
Accordingly, all other things being equal, more fuel is needed to achieve the same range, the rocket will be heavier.
At that time, the solid propellant rocket RT-1 was already designed, with a starting mass of 34 and flying to 2400 km, and PT-2, respectively - 51 and 10000 km. But for the new mobile complex it was a lot;
A decree from 2.06.1958 No. 708-336 of the USSR Council of Ministers determined a list of several bureaus that were supposed to start developing such missiles. Among them were KB: Korolyov, Makeyev, Tyurin, Tsirulnikov and Yangel.
However, the usual liquid or solid propellant rocket structures of that period did not have TTX, to meet the requirements of the weight limit. Oh, what was reported to the top.
The works were officially closed by decree of the USSR Council of Ministers № 138-48 of February 5 1960.
However, Boris Shavyrin, not directly involved in the development, offered a completely innovative alternative.
to use as a first stage a ramjet air-jet solid fuel engine.
During the described period, an outstanding mortar designer B.I. Shavyrin headed the KBM-DESIGN BUREAU OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Kolomna). The undefeated S.P. He headed the KBM after the death of B.I. Shavyrina in 1965 and continued its development.
Shavyrin did not live literally a day before the first bench tests
This idea reached D.A. Ustinov and became so interested in him that he gave the go-ahead to carry out R & D.
Friedrich Arturovich Zander proposed the theoretical justification: use atmospheric air as an oxidizing agent. Firstly, the fuel mass is almost halved (the oxidizer component is not required), and secondly, the specific impulse of an air-jet engine in principle should be almost 10 times more (Zander’s calculations).
According to some Western sources, the probable prototype of the “Gnome” was the short-range PR-90 BR.
The highest point of the trajectory is 40 km. Maximum range of flight: 100 km. Weight TTU 200 kg, Operating time TTU: 120 sec. The operating time of a fixed ramjet TT 550 seconds, Fuel weight 300 kg of fuel. Total weight: 1500 kg. Weight of warhead: 550 kg.
Equivalent rocket rocket engine (such as the American Lance) would weigh twice as much.
In terms of analogue with TTRD (such as the French Pluton) the weight would be three times more.
Project canceled in 1961 year. Shavyrin offered his direct-flow engine to Yangel for his 8K99 rocket.
/ Find information in the domestic sources about PR-90 failed /
Equivalent rocket rocket engine (such as the American Lance) would weigh twice as much.
In terms of analogue with TTRD (such as the French Pluton) the weight would be three times more.
Project canceled in 1961 year. Shavyrin offered his direct-flow engine to Yangel for his 8K99 rocket.
/ Find information in the domestic sources about PR-90 failed /
Shavyrin almost made the “Dwarf” even more unique and quite futuristic, but already according to the layout scheme.
He proposed to place the first, direct-flow stage ahead of the next one. A second, already purely rocket, warhead was inserted into its tail section. And in flight, during separation, the cruise engines would have tied off the first stage with the second.
With all the originality, it almost ruined the idea at the root: despite the fact that the “nested” rocket was proposed by Obert in 1929, and such a scheme was implemented to this day only in relation to anti-submarine systems. A similar scheme is used on the Makeyevka P-39 / PCM-52 (a block of ascent is placed in a similar way, but there the case takes place under water in the presence of Archimedean force and a rather viscous medium).
Later a more conservative option was chosen.
Assumed options for basing:
mobile, sea, including on the developed ekranoplans (ship-model 'Caspian monster') and hidden mine.
Solid fuel for an engine of the first stage was developed at the Scientific and Research Institute of Chemical Storage under the direction of Nikolay Silin. The solid propellant charges of the accelerator were developed at ANII HT under the direction of Yakov Savchenko. Mixed solid propellant charges of the second and third stages were developed at SRI-125 under the leadership of Boris Zhukov.
The rocket was equipped with a powder pressure accumulator. It was placed in a semi-container, which docked with the combustion chamber (the housing of the combustion chamber of the WFD was part of the design of the container). This allowed reducing the mass of the whole complex.
A self-propelled launcher was located on a heavy chassis tank. PU was developed in KB-3 of the Leningrad Kirov Plant under the leadership of Joseph Kotin. The silo launcher was developed at TsKB-34 under the leadership of Evgeny Rudyak. A set of missile defense systems was created at NII-108. An autonomous inertial control system was developed at the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (TsSHAG) under the direction of Ilya Pogozhev.
The bench engine for testing in Turaevo had a metal body. Later in the Hotukovsky Central Research Institute of Special Machinery a fiberglass hull was developed.
The head of the scientific and technical direction, chief designer of the KBM direction, State Prize winner, RARAN correspondent Oleg Mamalyga, recalls the tests:
"The draft design of the rocket was developed and successfully defended at the interdepartmental commission. Later working drawings were developed. At the end of October 1965, a few days after the death of Boris Ivanovich Shavyrin, the first direct-flow WFD was launched at the stand in Turaevo. Maximum air flow during engine operation It was very high - 1 200 kilograms per second. All the power of the stands in Turaevo was not enough to ensure the engine to operate at maximum speed. It was necessary to install additional equipment. the windows of the godparents flew out of the windows. No one in the world has ever made or tested such engines. It was a unique project ..."
Mixed solid propellant charges of the second and third stages were developed at SRI-125 under the leadership of Boris Zhukov. The rocket was equipped with a powder pressure accumulator. It was placed in a semi-container, which docked with the combustion chamber (the housing of the combustion chamber of the WFD was part of the design of the container). This has reduced the mass. Self-propelled launcher was located on the chassis of a heavy tank T-10. The weight of the launcher with a rocket was supposed to be about 60 tons. PU is developed in KB-3 of the Leningrad Kirov Plant under the leadership of Joseph Kotin. The silo launcher was developed at TsKB-34 under the direction of Evgeny Rudyak. The complex of means for overcoming the missile defense system was created at SRI-108. An autonomous inertial control system was developed at the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (CsAG) under the direction of Ilya Pogozhev.
In the case of mass production, it was planned to deploy mobile rechargeable launchers according to different information from 10 to 20. The shelf life of the rocket in TPU was about 10 years.
Dwarf is a three-stage rocket. Four TT accelerator, located on the outer diameter of the main body, accelerated the MBR to speed 1,75Mah. At this moment, a marching ramjet was launched, which, working from 60 to 70 seconds, accelerated the rocket along the optimal aerodynamic trajectory to the speed of 5.5 Mach. At the final stage, the usual TTRD of the following stages gave the BG with a weight of 535 kg almost orbital speed. It was assumed that the CU could have a LAN with power up to 0,5 megaton.
Development for unknown reasons was discontinued at the end of 1965 of the year. He did not arrive at the armament of the “Gnome” ICBM.
Here is what Sergey Alexandrov wrote about this (Youth Technique N 2 '2000 "Last Name", an interview with S. The Unbeatable):
“... however, the rocket didn’t go beyond the bench samples, factors from the equipment were far away. Designer of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering A.D. Nadiradze, relying on his experience of creating a Tempo mobile tactical missile, proposed the project ICBMs on conventional solid-fuel engines, but with a launch mass of 26 t. He was supported by the leadership of the Ministry of Defense, and as a result we have an 45-tonne Topol on the 7-axis MAZ centipede, as part of a complex with a total mass of 98 t ... "
Probably the developments and technologies have not been forgotten yet:
PS.2008. Russia has tested the 20-meter high-speed Topol-M rocket (SS-25). On the new modification of the Topol complex, the last stage is equipped with an atmospheric hypersonic solid-fuel ramjet engine.
According to a number of observers, instead of flying along the usual ballistic trajectory, the rocket continued its flight at an altitude of 30 km. at speeds around 5 max.
“There are two possibilities to achieve such results. First, there is the possibility of a simple upgrade using aerodynamic surfaces — then this technology is not new. The second is a ramjet engine was launched at an altitude of 30 km when the rocket flew at about 7 Mach. Since the Russians are leading ramjet technology, that would be very real, "says Duncan Lennox of Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems.
Boris Ivanovich Shavyrin (April 27 (May 10) 1902, Yaroslavl - October 9 1965, Moscow).
He graduated from the Yaroslavl Evening Working Faculty (1925), then Moscow State Technical University im. N. E. Bauman (1930) with a degree in mechanical engineer in artillery armament. He worked as an engineer in the production department of the Gunnery-Weapon-and-Machine-Gun Association, at the same time he was engaged in teaching activities, led a course of materials resistance at the Moscow Technical Technical University.
On the eve of World War II, the People's Commissariat of State Security opened a criminal case against Shavyrin on charges of “sabotage, malicious and deliberate disruption of the creation of mortars,” the order on his arrest was signed by the State Commissar of State Security and the Prosecutor General. However, at the insistence of the People's Commissar of Weapons B. L. Vannikov, he was not convicted.
Sergey Pavelovich Undefeated (born 13 September 1921, Ryazan).
He graduated from Moscow Higher Technical School in 1945 with a degree in Mechanical Engineer for Ammunition, the topic of his graduation project is “Extended-range missile system for fighting tanks”
It is believed that Sergei Pavlovich left himself from KBM, thereby expressing a protest against the elimination of the Oka complex - under the Treaty on Medium and Short Range Missiles, which in no way fell under it.
KBM- the head company for the development of operational-tactical missiles, anti-tank and man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems, as well as non-strategic missile defense system.
At present, Nikolay Gushchin is the head and chief designer of the state-owned enterprise “Machine Building Design Bureau”.
Products:
Bumblebee 2K15. 3М6 [АТ-1. Snapper], "Bumblebee" 2K16. 3М6 [АТ-1. Snapper], "Baby" 9K11. 3М14 [АТ-3А. Sagger A], Baby, 9K14. 9М14 [АТ-3А. Sagger A], "Baby-M" 9K14M. 9М14М [АТ-3В. Sagger B], "Baby-P" 9K14P. 9М14П [АТ-3С. Sagger C], Baby 9K14. 9M14-2 [AT-3A. Sagger A], “Sturm-In” 9K113. 9М114 [АТ-6. Spiral], "Sturm-S" 9K113. 9М114 [АТ-6. Spiral], "Storm", "Attack" 9М120, "Chrysanthemum" 9М123
Arrow-2 9K32. 9M32 [SAZGrail], "Arrow-2M" 9K32M. 9M32M [SAZGrail], "Arrow-3" 9K34. 9M36 [S.A-14. Gremlin], "Arrow-3M" 9K34M. 9M36M [SA-14. Gremlin], "Needle-1" 9M39 [SA16. Gimlet] The Needle 9M313 [SA18. Gimlet], "Needle" 9M313 (aviation option)
"Point" (OTP-21). 9K79. 9М79 [SS-21. Scarab], Point-P (OTP-21) 9K79 [SS-21. Scarab], "Point-U" (OTP-21). 9K79-1. 9М721 [SS-21. Scarab]
Oka (OTP-23). 9М714 [SS-23. Spider], "Oka-U" (OTP-25) [SS-X-26] and the hero of the story "Gnome".
Materials used:
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http://kbm.ru/
http://www.liveinternet.ru
http://www.kap-yar.ru
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