Where do water and oxygen come from on the ISS?
/ Kick me is not necessary is the "World". Just a good photo /
Anthem 13 department.
We are not astronauts, not pilots,
Not engineers, not doctors.
And we water plumbers:
We drive water from urine!
And not fakirs, brothers, like us,
But, without boasting, we say:
The water cycle in nature we
In our system, repeat!
Our science is very accurate.
You just give thought a turn.
We will overtake waste water
On casseroles and compote!
Having passed all the roads Milky,
Do not lose weight with it
With full self-sufficiency
Our space systems.
After all, even the cakes are excellent,
Lula kebab and rolls
Ultimately, from the original
Material and urine!
Do not refuse, if possible,
When we ask in the morning
Fill the flask in total
At least one hundred grams each!
We must confess in a friendly way
What is beneficial to be friends with us:
After all, without utilization
In this world not live !!!
(Author - Varlamov Valentin Filippovich - pseudonym V.Vologdin)Not engineers, not doctors.
And we water plumbers:
We drive water from urine!
And not fakirs, brothers, like us,
But, without boasting, we say:
The water cycle in nature we
In our system, repeat!
Our science is very accurate.
You just give thought a turn.
We will overtake waste water
On casseroles and compote!
Having passed all the roads Milky,
Do not lose weight with it
With full self-sufficiency
Our space systems.
After all, even the cakes are excellent,
Lula kebab and rolls
Ultimately, from the original
Material and urine!
Do not refuse, if possible,
When we ask in the morning
Fill the flask in total
At least one hundred grams each!
We must confess in a friendly way
What is beneficial to be friends with us:
After all, without utilization
In this world not live !!!
Water is the basis of life. On our planet for sure. At some "Gamma Centauri", perhaps everything is different. With the advent of space exploration, the importance of water for humans has only increased. A lot depends on H2O in space: starting from the work of the space station itself and ending with the generation of oxygen. The first spacecraft did not have a closed "water supply" system. All the water and other "consumables" were taken on board from the very beginning, from Earth.
“The previous space missions - Mercury, Gemini, Apollo took with them all the necessary supplies of water and oxygen and dumped liquid and gaseous waste into space,” explains Robert Bagdigian of Marshall center.
To summarize: life support systems for astronauts and astronauts were “open-ended” - they relied on support from their home planet.
About iodine and the spacecraft "Apolon", the role of toilets and options (UdSSR or USA) of waste disposal on early spacecraft I will tell you another time.
In the photo: Apollo 15 portable crew life support system, 1968.
Leaving the reptiloid, I swam over to the locker of sanitary facilities. Turning his back to the counter, he took out a soft corrugated hose, undid the pants.
- The need for waste disposal?
Lord ...
I certainly did not answer. He turned on the suction and tried to forget about the curious look of the reptiloid, who drilled his back. I hate these petty domestic problems.
- The need for waste disposal?
Lord ...
I certainly did not answer. He turned on the suction and tried to forget about the curious look of the reptiloid, who drilled his back. I hate these petty domestic problems.
/ "Stars - cold toys", S. Lukyanenko /
Return to the water and O2.
Today, there is a partially closed water regeneration system on the ISS, and I will try to talk about the details (as far as I figured this out myself).
In accordance with GOST 28040-89 (I don’t even know if it still works) "The cosmonaut’s life support system in a manned spacecraft" The cosmonaut’s life support system is “A set of functionally interrelated means and activities designed to create conditions in the manned compartment of the manned cosmonaut with the environment at the level necessary to maintain his health and performance. " The cosmonaut LSS system includes the following systems:
* SOGS - gas supply system,
* CBO - water supply system,
* SSGO - system of sanitary and hygienic maintenance,
* SOP - power supply system,
* SOTR - system for ensuring thermal conditions.
* CBO - water supply system,
* SSGO - system of sanitary and hygienic maintenance,
* SOP - power supply system,
* SOTR - system for ensuring thermal conditions.
We have something to be proud of.
“The Russians were ahead of us in this area, even the Salyut and Mir spacecraft were able to condense moisture from the air and used electrolysis — passing an electric current through water — to produce oxygen.”
Robyn Carrasquillo, ECLSS technical project manager.
How it all began (with us).
1.THE LIFE SECURITY SYSTEMS IN HERMETIC CABINS OF STRATOSTATS, ROCKETS AND FIRST ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
The first person to visit the space for Pocket line in the spacecraft preceded the launch of stratostats, rockets and artificial earth satellites, in which there were life support systems for people and animals (mostly for dogs).
In the USSR-1 (1933) and Osoaviakhim-1 (1934) stratostats, life support systems included reserves of cryogenic and gaseous oxygen; the latter was in cylinders under pressure 150 atm. Carbon dioxide was removed using the KPI - chemical lime absorber in accordance with the reaction:
Ca (OH) 2 + CO2 = Ca (CO3) + H2O
The composition of the KPI was 95% Ca (OH) 2 and 5% asbestos.
In the rockets, with the help of which the near space was probed, there was an airtight cabin with animals, having in its composition three cylinders for a mixture of air and oxygen. Carbon dioxide emitted by the animals was removed with the help of KPI.
Capsule "star dogs" Squirrels and Arrows, in which they returned to Earth:
On board the first artificial earth satellites, the life support systems for dogs included some elements of future life-support systems for astronauts: a food intake device, a sewage disposal device; purification of the atmosphere and the provision of oxygen was carried out with the help of peroxide compounds, which, when absorbing carbon dioxide and water vapor, produced oxygen in accordance with the reactions:
4KO2 + 2 Н2О = 3О2 + 4 CON
2КОН + СО2 = К2 СО3 + Н2О
К2 СО3 + Н2О + СО2 = 2 КНСО3
2КОН + СО2 = К2 СО3 + Н2О
К2 СО3 + Н2О + СО2 = 2 КНСО3
2. SYSTEMS OF LIFE SUPPORT OF BIOLOGICAL SATELLITES OF THE EARTH OF THE TYPE “BION” AND “PHOTON”
Biological satellites of the Earth-automatic space vehicles "BION" and "PHOTON" designed to study the effects of space flight factors (weightlessness, radiation, etc.) on the animal organism.
It is noteworthy that Russia - in fact - the only country in the world that has automatic spacecraft for research on biological objects. Other countries are forced to send animals into space on our vehicles.
Over the years, the scientific leaders of the BION program were OG Gazenko and E.A. Ilyin. At present, the scientific director of the BION program is OI Orlov, alternates - E.A. Ilyin and E.N. Yarmanova.
The biological satellite "BION" is equipped with water supply and animal feeding systems, a thermal and moisture regulation system, a day-night system, a gas composition support system, etc.
The system for ensuring the gas composition of the automatic spacecraft "BION" and "PHOTON" is designed to provide animals with oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide and gaseous trace impurities in the descent vehicle.
Composition:
- cartridges with an oxygen-containing substance and an absorber of harmful trace impurities;
- cartridge with carbon dioxide absorber and harmful trace impurities;
- electric fans;
- sensors to indicate the health of the fans and the tightness of the gas paths;
- gas analyzer;
- control unit and control.
The system provides comfortable conditions in the gaseous environment of the descent vehicle (closed hermetic volume containing 4,0-4,5 m3 air) and consists of three regenerative cartridges and an absorption cartridge with an electric fan for each cartridge, ensuring air regeneration according to С2, О2, CO and other harmful impurities. Turning on and off the microcompressors allows to ensure the specified composition of the atmosphere of the object.
Principle of operation: the air of an object is pumped through a fan through a regenerative cartridge, where it is cleaned of CO2 and harmful impurities and enriched with oxygen.
Excess carbon dioxide is removed by periodically turning on the absorption cartridge. Absorption cartridge also provides cleaning from impurities. The system works with a control and monitoring unit and a gas analyzer for oxygen and carbon dioxide. When the partial pressure of oxygen drops to 20,0 kPa, the first regenerative cartridge is activated.
If the oxygen partial pressure is greater than or equal to 20,8 kPa, the regenerative cartridge is turned off and on again at an oxygen partial pressure of 20,5 kPa. The inclusion of the second and subsequent cartridges occurs at a partial pressure of oxygen 20,0 kPa (subject to a fall in concentration), and the previously included cartridges continue to work.
The absorption cartridge is switched on periodically at a partial pressure of carbon dioxide 1,0 kPa, switched off at a partial pressure of carbon dioxide 0,8 kPa, regardless of the operation of the regenerative cartridge.
3. SYSTEMS OF LIFE SUPPORT ON THE BASIS OF RESERVES FOR CREWS OF SPACE SHIPS OF TYPE “VOSTOK”, “VOSKHOD”, “SOYUZ”, “MERCURY”, “GEMINI”, “APOLLON”, “SHATTL”, ORTHYTEL, SHTTL ”, OGRITTLE, AND ORAHITTEL, ORTITLE
Life support systems for Soviet spacecraft of the Vostok, Voskhod, Soyuz type, as well as the American Mercury, Gemini, Apollon and the Shuttle transport ship were based entirely on the reserves of consumable materials / u]: oxygen, water, food, means for removing CO2 and harmful trace impurities.
4. REGENERATION SYSTEMS OF LIFE SUPPORT ON THE BASIS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES FOR CREWS OF ORBITAL SPACE "SALUT", "WORLD", "ISS"
The operation of life support systems based on reserves of consumable substances taken from the Earth has a significant drawback: their weight and dimensions increase in direct proportion to the duration of the space mission and the number of crew members. Upon reaching a certain duration of the flight, the life-age system on the basis of reserves may be an obstacle to the implementation of the expedition.
The table shows the mass characteristics of LSS, based on the reserves of consumable substances in relation to the expedition duration 50, 100 and 500 days for the crew, consisting of 6 people:
Based on the consumption rates of the main LSS components obtained as a result of the long-term practice of long-term orbital flights at the SALUT, MIR and MKS stations (oxygen — 0,96 kg / person-day. Drinking water — 2,5 kg / person-day ., food - 1,75 kg / person / day, etc.), it is easy to calculate that the required mass of reserves for a crew consisting of 6 - and a person in 500-day flight conditions without taking into account tare mass and storage systems would be more than 58 tons (see tab.). In the case of using life support systems based on supplies of consumables, it would be necessary to create storage systems for cosmonauts' vital products: feces, urine, condensate of atmospheric moisture, used sanitary and hygienic and kitchen waters, etc.
What is in fact difficult to implement or not at all possible (flight to Mars, for example).
In 1967-1968's Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Ministry of Health of the USSR A unique annual medical-technical experiment was conducted with the participation of three testers: G.A. Manovtseva, A.N. Bozhko and B.N. Ulybysheva. In the thermocamera experiment, which lasted for 365 days, a biomedical and technical evaluation of a new complex of regenerative life-support systems took place.
The LSS of the ground-level laboratory complex included:
* carbon dioxide removal system, the system of cleaning the atmosphere from harmful trace impurities,
* oxygen generation system, water recovery system from moisture-containing products of vital functions of testers, sanitary and hygienic equipment, greenhouse,
* system of instrumentation.
* oxygen generation system, water recovery system from moisture-containing products of vital functions of testers, sanitary and hygienic equipment, greenhouse,
* system of instrumentation.
Experimental regenerative life support systems based on physicochemical processes, tested in an annual medical and technical experiment, were the prototype of the standard LSS for crews of the Salyut, MIR and MKS orbital stations.
For the first time in the world practice of manned flights on the space station "Salyut-4" a regeneration system "CPB-K" operated - a system for obtaining drinking water from condensate by an atmosphere of moisture. The crew composed of A.A. Gubareva and G.M. Grechko used the water regenerated in the "SRV-K" system for drinking and preparing food and drinks. The system operated during the entire manned flight of the station. Similar systems like SRV-K worked at the Salyut-6, Salyut-7, and MIR stations.
[u] Retreat:
20 February 1986 of the year the Soviet orbital station went into orbit "Peace".
23 March 2001 year she was flooded in the pacific.
Our station "Mir" flooded when she turned 15 years. Now the two Russian modules that are part of the ISS are already on 17 too. But nobody is going to heat the ISS ...
The efficiency of the use of regeneration systems has been confirmed by the experience of many years of operation, for example, the MIR orbital station, on board which successfully operated such LSS subsystems, such as:
"SRV-K" - a system for the regeneration of water from atmospheric moisture condensate,
"SRV-U" - a system for the regeneration of water from urine (urine),
"SPK-U" is a system for receiving and preserving urine (urine),
Electron is an oxygen generation system based on water electrolysis,
Air is a carbon dioxide removal system
"BMP" - block removal of harmful trace impurities, etc.
Similar regeneration systems (with the exception of the "SRV-U") are successfully operating at present on board the International Space Station (ISS).
Where water is spent on the ISS (there is still no better quality scheme, my apologies):
The structure of the life support system (coolant-cutting fluid) of the ISS includes a gas composition support subsystem (ESS). Composition: means of controlling and regulating atmospheric pressure, means of pressure equalization, equipment for depressurization and pressurization of organic chemical mixtures, gas analysis equipment, system for removing harmful impurities from the BMP, system for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere “Air”, means for cleaning the atmosphere. An integral part of the SOGS is the oxygen supply means, including solid fuel sources of oxygen (TEC) and the system for producing oxygen from Electron-VM water. When the launch was launched, there was only 120 kg of air and two solid fuel oxygen generators TGC on board the SM.
Who cares → Live webcast from webcam to ISS.
To deliver 30 000 liters of water onboard the MIR and MKS orbital stations, it would be necessary to organize in addition 12 launches of the Progress transport spacecraft, the payload of which is 2,5 tons. If we take into account the fact that Progress is equipped with spring water tanks with a capacity of 420 l, then the number of additional launches of the Progress transport vehicle would have to increase several times.
Calculation for the "Martian":
On the ISS, the zeolite scavengers of the Air system capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and release it into the overboard space. The oxygen lost in the CO2 composition is replenished due to the electrolysis of water (decomposition of it into hydrogen and oxygen). This is done on the ISS by the Electron system, which consumes kg of water per person per day for 1. Hydrogen is now being dumped overboard, but in the future it will help convert CO2 into valuable water and methane released (CH4). And of course, just in case there are oxygen checkers and tanks on board.
[
center]
[/ Center]In the photo: oxygen generator and simulator for running on the ISS, which are out of order in 2011.
In the photo: astronauts set up a system for degassing liquids for biological experiments under microgravity conditions in the Destiny laboratory.
The bathroom on the space station looks like this:
In the service module of the ISS, the Air and BMP purification systems, advanced systems for the recovery of water from the SRB-KHNUMXМ condensate and the Electron-VM oxygen generation, as well as the SPK-UM urine reception and preservation system are installed and function. The performance of advanced systems has been increased by more than 2 (it provides for the crew to live up to 2 people), while energy and mass costs are reduced. Over the five-year period (data for 6), their operation recovered 2006 tons of water 6,8 tons of oxygen, which reduced the mass of cargo delivered to the station by more than 2,8 tons. The delay in the inclusion of the system for the recovery of water from urine CPV-UM into the LSS complex did not allow 11 to regenerate tons of water and reduce the mass of delivery.
"Second front" - Americans
Technical water from the American apparatus ECLSS It is supplied to the Russian system and the American OGS (Oxygen Generation System), where it is then “processed” into oxygen.
The process of water recovery from urine is a difficult technical task: “Urine is much dirtier than water vapor, - explains Carrascillo, - It is capable of corroding metal parts and clogging pipes. ”. ECLSS system (video) uses a process called vapor compression distillation to clean the urine: the urine is boiled until the water from it turns into steam. Steam - naturally purified water in the vapor state (with the exception of traces of ammonia and other gases) - rises into the distillation chamber, leaving concentrated brown mud of impurities and salts, which Carrascillo mercifully calls “brine” (which is then thrown into outer space). The steam is then cooled and the water is condensed. The distillate obtained is mixed with moisture condensed from the air and filtered to a state suitable for drinking. ECLSS is able to recover 100% moisture from air and 85% water from urine, which corresponds to a total efficiency of about 93%.
Described above, however, refers to the operation of the system in terrestrial conditions. An additional complexity appears in space - the steam does not rise up: it is not capable of rising into the distillation chamber. Therefore, in the ECLSS model for the ISS "... we rotate the distillation system to create artificial gravity to separate the pairs and the brine"- explains Carrascillo.
]Perspectives:
Attempts are known to obtain synthetic carbohydrates from the cosmonauts vital activity products for the conditions of space expeditions according to the scheme:
According to this scheme, waste products are burned to form carbon dioxide, from which methane is formed as a result of hydrogenation (Sabatier reaction). Methane can be transformed into formaldehyde, from which the polycondensation reaction (Butlerov reaction) form carbohydrates-monosaccharides.
However, the obtained carbohydrate-monosaccharides were a mixture of racemates - tetrose, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, which do not possess optical activity.
Note. I even pause to think about the opportunity to delve into the "wiki-knowledge" to understand the meaning of these terms.
Modern LSS after their respective modernization can be used as a basis for creating LSS that is necessary for the development of deep space. The LSS complex will ensure almost complete reproduction of water and oxygen at the station and can be the basis of the LSS complexes for scheduled flights to Mars and the organization of a base on the Moon.
Much attention is paid to the creation of systems that provide the most complete circulation of substances. To this end, most likely, they will use the process of hydrogenation of carbon dioxide by the Sabatier reaction or Bosha-Boudoirwhich will allow to realize the cycle of oxygen and water:
СО2 + 4Н2 = СН4 + 2Н2О
CO2 + 2Н2 = С + 2Н2О
CO2 + 2Н2 = С + 2Н2О
In the case of an exobiological prohibition of the emission of CH4 into the vacuum of outer space, methane can be transformed into formaldehyde and nonvolatile monosaccharide carbohydrates by the following reactions:
СН4 + О2 = СН2О + Н2О
polycondensation
nСНХNUMXО -? (CH2O) n
Ca (OH) 2
polycondensation
nСНХNUMXО -? (CH2O) n
Ca (OH) 2
It should be noted that the sources of pollution of the environment at orbital stations and during long-term interplanetary flights are:
- structural materials of the interior (polymeric synthetic materials, varnishes, paints);
- man (with perspiration, transpiration, with intestinal gases, with sanitary and hygienic measures, medical examinations, etc.);
- working electronic equipment;
- links of life support systems (cesspool device-ACS, kitchen, sauna, shower);
and much more.
It is obvious that the creation of an automatic system for operational control and management of habitat quality will be required. Some ASOKUKSO?
Oh, it was not for nothing that in Baumanka the specialty on LSS KA (E4. *) Was called by students:
Ass
...What was deciphered as:
Жfrom the outsideОcare Пilotable Аprapartov
Full, so to speak, if you try to delve into.
Ending: maybe I did not take everything into account and confused facts, figures somewhere. Then add, correct and criticize.
An interesting publication pushed me into this “verbiage”: "Vegetables for astronauts: how to grow fresh greens in NASA laboratories", which brought my younger child to discuss.
My son today at school began making a “research gang group” to grow Peking salad in an old microwave. Probably decided to provide themselves with greenery when traveling to Mars. Old microwave will have to buy on AVITO, t. To. my while all function. Do not break it specifically?
Note on the picture, by no means my child and not the future victim of the experiment is not mine microwave.
As I promised marks @ marks, if something comes out - pictures and the result will throw on the GIK. Grown lettuce can send by mail RF willing for a fee, of course.
Primary Sources:
ACTUAL SPEECH Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation Yu.E. SINYAKA (RAS) “LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS OF INHABITED SPACE OBJECTS (Past, Present and Future)” / Moscow October 2008. Main part of the text.
"Living Science" (http://livescience.ru) -Water regeneration on the ISS.
JSC "NIIhimmash" (www.niichimmash.ru). Publications of employees of JSC "NIIhimmash".
Online store "Food astronauts"
Used photos, videos and documents:
www.geektimes.ru/post/235877 (Philip Terekhov @ lozga)
www.gctc.ru
www.bezformata.ru
www.vesvks.ru
www.epizodsspace.no-ip.org
www.techcult.ru
www.membrana.ru
www.yaplakal.com
www.aviaru.rf
www.fotostrana.ru
www.wikipedia.org
www.fishki.net
www.spb.kp.ru
www.nasa.gov
www.heroicrelics.org
www.marshallcenter.org
www.prostislav1.livejournal.com/70287.html
www.liveinternet.ru/users/carminaboo/post124427371
www.files.polkrf.ru
Great Soviet Encyclopedia (www.bse.uaio.ru)
www.vokrugsveta.ru
Information