The “Redut” and “Polyment-Redut” systems: the troubled future of the fleet
The creation of new weapons and equipment is associated not only with the regular achievement of various successes, but also with the difficulties of varying degrees of complexity. One of the direct consequences of this is a shift in the timing of individual projects and larger programs in general. One example of such a situation is the development of the newest shipborne anti-aircraft systems of the Redut family. Even after several years of development and testing, these systems still have not gotten rid of all the existing shortcomings, which, among other things, interferes with the implementation of the schedule for the commissioning of ship carriers.
According to various sources, the development of the 9K96 “Redoubt” air defense system could start about two decades ago. The aim of the project was to create a new shipborne anti-aircraft complex with a vertical launcher and the ability to intercept air targets at ranges of at least 50-70 km. The development of the new system was carried out by the specialists of NPO Almaz, now part of the Concern of Aerospace Defense Almaz-Antey. Design work on the subject of "Redoubt" was completed no earlier than the middle of the last decade. Subsequently, tests began on individual elements of the complex, followed by checks of the entire system as a whole. In addition, from a certain time, the Redut complex was the basis for a new project of the Vityaz air defense system. In the future, on the basis of "Vityaz", another project was created by the ship's 9KKNNXX-96 "Polyment-Redut" air defense system.
Corvette "Savvy" project 20380
In 2011, the domestic shipbuilding industry completed the installation of the first Redoubt complex on a regular carrier, which was the “Intelligent” corvette of the 20380 project. Also for the test produced a number of guided missiles 9М96. In the spring of next year, there were reports in the domestic media about the imminent launch of test launches of new missiles from a carrier ship. It was assumed that by the end of 2012, the industry and the fleet would complete the tests of the new air defense system, which would open the way for mass production and full operation.
Nevertheless, for various reasons, the test program with the participation of “smart” was seriously delayed. In addition, there was a need for additional test launches using ground stands. In 2013, the first 9K96-2 Polyment-Redut complex, which differs from the basic equipment, was installed on standard media in the person of the Admiral frigate fleet Soviet Union Gorshkov "(project 22350). It was planned to begin testing the complex of the second model immediately after bringing the launch vehicle to the appropriate degree of readiness.
A few years ago, the situation with the two air defense systems of the Redut family looked ambiguous, however, in general, it did not give much cause for concern. However, it later became clear that both projects faced the most serious problems that may hinder their quick and full implementation. For one reason or another, the Redut and Polyment-Redut systems are still not ready for operation. Moreover, problems with anti-aircraft complexes interfere with the beginning of the service of carrier ships, which has already led to several shifts in the timing of their transfer.
According to recent reports by officials, the date of the planned transfer of the frigate Admiral Gorshkov was recently shifted to the right. Previously it was assumed that the ship could be handed over at the end of the autumn 2016 of the year, but later the dates were again postponed. At the end of December last year, it was reported that the ship would become part of the navy over the next few months. 25 January, the domestic press published a new statement by the President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov. The head of the organization said that due to the need to continue tests of weapons, the surrender of the lead frigate of the 22350 project is postponed to the end of July.
The existing problems with the lead ship, as well as some other factors negatively affect the construction time of the first production ship of the 22350 project. The frigate "Admiral of the Kasaton fleet" is still under construction. Bring him to the test is planned this summer. The ship will be handed over to the customer no earlier than the end of 2017. If we consider that “Admiral Gorshkov” was laid back in 2006, and the construction of “Admiral Kasatonov” started in 2009, then the current situation may be a cause for pessimism.
Frigate "Admiral Gorshkov" project 22350
In the context of the construction and testing of the 22350 frigates of the project, the main factor that had a negative impact on the timing of the work was the problems with the Polyment-Redut anti-aircraft complex. In mid-July last year, the media reported the suspension of tests of this weapon. The reason for the suspension was the current state of the project, namely the impossibility of obtaining the required characteristics. With reference to unnamed sources in the Military Industrial Commission, it was asserted that there is a failure to obtain the required characteristics of the 9М96, 9М96Д and 9М100 missiles. It was reported that the last at that time tests of the air defense missile system took place in June, but did not yield the expected results. Identification of the next design flaws did not allow to continue the tests without failures.
In early August of last year, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, who oversees the development of promising types of weapons and equipment, reported that the MIC Collegium received from the EKM Almaz-Antey concern a package of documents about testing promising anti-aircraft complexes for the navy. Information from the submitted documents, however, was not disclosed.
10 August - a few days after the announcement of the transfer of documents - it became known that the board of directors of NPO Almaz decided to change the general director of the company. The place of general director Vitaly Neskorodov was taken by Gennady Bendersky, who previously headed the Lianozovo Electromechanical Plant. According to the official press service of the company, the reasons for the change of the general director were the systematic failure to comply with the instructions of the company's management, omissions in work and loss of confidence.
Soon, the Lenta.ru online edition published information about a possible reason for changing the leadership of the Almaz NGO. With reference to unnamed sources in the defense industry, it was asserted that V. Neskorodov was removed from his post precisely because of problems with the Redut family projects and, in particular, due to repeated delays in the commissioning of the complexes. Officials, however, did not comment on such news.
At the end of August there were new reports on the progress of work on projects of the Redut family. After a long period of failures, the military and system developers still managed to conduct effective firing. On August 25, the Corresponding Corvette successfully completed the interception of a target missile launched from a small Geyser rocket ship. The conditional opponent used electronic countermeasures, which is why the Redut complex had to operate in a difficult jamming environment. However, the conditional target was detected and successfully intercepted.
Rocket launch Corvette "Savvy"
It should be noted that this was not the first time that the Redut missiles were successfully used to defeat a conventional target. Thus, during 2015, the military department reported five times of missile firing, which ended with the defeat of the intended target. Four times the Corvette "Savvy" was destroying conditional targets in the form of cruise missiles of various types. Of particular interest are the tests conducted by 1 October 2015 of the year. In the course of these firing, the target of the Redut missiles was not an air object, but a so-called. marine shield mounted on surface platform. Despite the difficult jamming environment, anti-aircraft missile successfully hit the target, simulating the enemy ship. Thus, in practice, the possibility of using existing anti-aircraft missiles and in the role of anti-ship was confirmed.
As recent events and reports show, the Redut and Polyment-Redut projects face certain problems that do not allow them to be adopted by the navy. As a result, a sufficiently large number of ships is not yet able to get anti-aircraft weapon with the required features and capabilities. Moreover, such problems lead to noticeable delays in the delivery dates of already built and tested ships.
For understandable reasons, the defense ministry and defense industry enterprises are still not in a hurry to disclose detailed information on the course of the tests and emerging issues. In this regard, all known data on this subject were published by the domestic press with reference to unnamed sources, which may be the reason for doubts about their authenticity. At the same time there are some possibilities to determine if not the essence of the problems, then at least the sphere where they are observed.
As part of the anti-aircraft complexes 9K96 “Polyment” and 9K96-2 “Polyment-Redut”, several types of guided missiles should be used. These are 9MNNXX, borrowed from the land C-96 ADMS, its modified version 400M9D and the newer 96М9 with higher characteristics. The use of a unified rocket suggests that there are no significant problems with the 100М9 product, since its design has already been tested in the previous project. Thus, the problems of the entire program can be caused by two other types of missiles, which is confirmed by rumors and not officially confirmed information circulating in the relevant circles for the past several years.
As part of the Redut family projects, it is proposed to equip the carrier ship with a universal vertical launcher with the number of cells corresponding to the available spaces. Depending on the type and size of the ship, it is possible to use a launcher with a capacity from 4 to 12 missiles. The installation design allows you to place in each cell of the rocket of other types and smaller sizes with a corresponding change in the composition and size of ready to use ammunition. Starting is carried out in a cold way, using a starting powder charge. Marching engine starts after the release of the rocket from the cell.
Launcher during shooting
Complexes of the family can use various radar equipment to search for targets and missile guidance. The initial detection of airborne targets is carried out with the help of the ship carrier’s full-time radar. Also, radar types "Polyment" and "Fourke-2", proposed for use on ships of different projects, should interact with the system. Medium and long range missiles must use combined guidance with inertial and radio command controls when entering the target area and then switching to active radar homing. The product 9М100, designed to destroy targets at short distances, is reportedly equipped with an infrared homing system with a target lock immediately after exiting the launcher.
To attack targets at short ranges, ranging from 1 to 15 km, a 9M100 guided missile was developed. The fight against air targets at medium range (according to some data, up to 40-50 km) should be carried out with the help of the 9М96 rocket. The objective of the 9М96Д project and other variants of a medium-range missile is to increase the main characteristics of the power plant to a level that allows hitting targets at distances of about 100-120 km.
According to the news of recent months, the projects of the 9K96 Redut naval anti-aircraft systems and the Polyment-Redut 9K96-2 projects have encountered serious problems, apparently related to new types of missiles. This led to noticeable delays in the implementation of existing plans and the repeated displacement of the deadlines for the completion of both the projects themselves and those directly related to them. Apparently, it is precisely because of the problems of the Poliment-Redut complex that the fleet still cannot receive the lead ship of the 22350 project “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov”. In addition, while maintaining the existing problems for some time, similar consequences are possible for the "Admiral of the Fleet Kasatonov."
Nevertheless, the current situation, being a cause for serious concern, is still not without prerequisites for restrained optimism. After numerous failures and even a change in management of the developer organization, two promising projects show some positive results. Various plans still have to be adjusted, but now there is a real opportunity to meet deadlines.
At the moment, it is safe to say that the navy of Russia will not abandon the anti-aircraft systems of the Redut family. Despite all the problems, the new air defense weapons will be brought to the adoption, full-scale serial production and operation on new ships. However, previously existing problems, even after getting rid of them, will still be reminded of themselves. First of all, they will manifest themselves in the form of a later formation of a ship group with new weapons. In addition, it should be noted that the abandonment of new projects at the present stages no longer makes sense, which is why weapons development should continue until the desired results are obtained.
Despite all the existing and identifiable problems, two types of anti-aircraft systems will still be brought to service by the fleet, although this may still be a matter of dispute. According to the latest data, the first sample of the Polimen-Redut complex, together with the Admiral Gorshkov carrier ship, will be handed over to the fleet in the middle of the summer of this year. The delivery of a new type of lead frigate with advanced weapons will be an important event both in the context of projects of the Redut family and throughout modern stories Russian fleet.
On the materials of the sites:
http://mil.ru/
https://lenta.ru/
http://rg.ru/
http://tass.ru/
http://flot.com/
http://bmpd.livejournal.com/
http://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-13.html
According to various sources, the development of the 9K96 “Redoubt” air defense system could start about two decades ago. The aim of the project was to create a new shipborne anti-aircraft complex with a vertical launcher and the ability to intercept air targets at ranges of at least 50-70 km. The development of the new system was carried out by the specialists of NPO Almaz, now part of the Concern of Aerospace Defense Almaz-Antey. Design work on the subject of "Redoubt" was completed no earlier than the middle of the last decade. Subsequently, tests began on individual elements of the complex, followed by checks of the entire system as a whole. In addition, from a certain time, the Redut complex was the basis for a new project of the Vityaz air defense system. In the future, on the basis of "Vityaz", another project was created by the ship's 9KKNNXX-96 "Polyment-Redut" air defense system.
Corvette "Savvy" project 20380
In 2011, the domestic shipbuilding industry completed the installation of the first Redoubt complex on a regular carrier, which was the “Intelligent” corvette of the 20380 project. Also for the test produced a number of guided missiles 9М96. In the spring of next year, there were reports in the domestic media about the imminent launch of test launches of new missiles from a carrier ship. It was assumed that by the end of 2012, the industry and the fleet would complete the tests of the new air defense system, which would open the way for mass production and full operation.
Nevertheless, for various reasons, the test program with the participation of “smart” was seriously delayed. In addition, there was a need for additional test launches using ground stands. In 2013, the first 9K96-2 Polyment-Redut complex, which differs from the basic equipment, was installed on standard media in the person of the Admiral frigate fleet Soviet Union Gorshkov "(project 22350). It was planned to begin testing the complex of the second model immediately after bringing the launch vehicle to the appropriate degree of readiness.
A few years ago, the situation with the two air defense systems of the Redut family looked ambiguous, however, in general, it did not give much cause for concern. However, it later became clear that both projects faced the most serious problems that may hinder their quick and full implementation. For one reason or another, the Redut and Polyment-Redut systems are still not ready for operation. Moreover, problems with anti-aircraft complexes interfere with the beginning of the service of carrier ships, which has already led to several shifts in the timing of their transfer.
According to recent reports by officials, the date of the planned transfer of the frigate Admiral Gorshkov was recently shifted to the right. Previously it was assumed that the ship could be handed over at the end of the autumn 2016 of the year, but later the dates were again postponed. At the end of December last year, it was reported that the ship would become part of the navy over the next few months. 25 January, the domestic press published a new statement by the President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov. The head of the organization said that due to the need to continue tests of weapons, the surrender of the lead frigate of the 22350 project is postponed to the end of July.
The existing problems with the lead ship, as well as some other factors negatively affect the construction time of the first production ship of the 22350 project. The frigate "Admiral of the Kasaton fleet" is still under construction. Bring him to the test is planned this summer. The ship will be handed over to the customer no earlier than the end of 2017. If we consider that “Admiral Gorshkov” was laid back in 2006, and the construction of “Admiral Kasatonov” started in 2009, then the current situation may be a cause for pessimism.
Frigate "Admiral Gorshkov" project 22350
In the context of the construction and testing of the 22350 frigates of the project, the main factor that had a negative impact on the timing of the work was the problems with the Polyment-Redut anti-aircraft complex. In mid-July last year, the media reported the suspension of tests of this weapon. The reason for the suspension was the current state of the project, namely the impossibility of obtaining the required characteristics. With reference to unnamed sources in the Military Industrial Commission, it was asserted that there is a failure to obtain the required characteristics of the 9М96, 9М96Д and 9М100 missiles. It was reported that the last at that time tests of the air defense missile system took place in June, but did not yield the expected results. Identification of the next design flaws did not allow to continue the tests without failures.
In early August of last year, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, who oversees the development of promising types of weapons and equipment, reported that the MIC Collegium received from the EKM Almaz-Antey concern a package of documents about testing promising anti-aircraft complexes for the navy. Information from the submitted documents, however, was not disclosed.
10 August - a few days after the announcement of the transfer of documents - it became known that the board of directors of NPO Almaz decided to change the general director of the company. The place of general director Vitaly Neskorodov was taken by Gennady Bendersky, who previously headed the Lianozovo Electromechanical Plant. According to the official press service of the company, the reasons for the change of the general director were the systematic failure to comply with the instructions of the company's management, omissions in work and loss of confidence.
Soon, the Lenta.ru online edition published information about a possible reason for changing the leadership of the Almaz NGO. With reference to unnamed sources in the defense industry, it was asserted that V. Neskorodov was removed from his post precisely because of problems with the Redut family projects and, in particular, due to repeated delays in the commissioning of the complexes. Officials, however, did not comment on such news.
At the end of August there were new reports on the progress of work on projects of the Redut family. After a long period of failures, the military and system developers still managed to conduct effective firing. On August 25, the Corresponding Corvette successfully completed the interception of a target missile launched from a small Geyser rocket ship. The conditional opponent used electronic countermeasures, which is why the Redut complex had to operate in a difficult jamming environment. However, the conditional target was detected and successfully intercepted.
Rocket launch Corvette "Savvy"
It should be noted that this was not the first time that the Redut missiles were successfully used to defeat a conventional target. Thus, during 2015, the military department reported five times of missile firing, which ended with the defeat of the intended target. Four times the Corvette "Savvy" was destroying conditional targets in the form of cruise missiles of various types. Of particular interest are the tests conducted by 1 October 2015 of the year. In the course of these firing, the target of the Redut missiles was not an air object, but a so-called. marine shield mounted on surface platform. Despite the difficult jamming environment, anti-aircraft missile successfully hit the target, simulating the enemy ship. Thus, in practice, the possibility of using existing anti-aircraft missiles and in the role of anti-ship was confirmed.
As recent events and reports show, the Redut and Polyment-Redut projects face certain problems that do not allow them to be adopted by the navy. As a result, a sufficiently large number of ships is not yet able to get anti-aircraft weapon with the required features and capabilities. Moreover, such problems lead to noticeable delays in the delivery dates of already built and tested ships.
For understandable reasons, the defense ministry and defense industry enterprises are still not in a hurry to disclose detailed information on the course of the tests and emerging issues. In this regard, all known data on this subject were published by the domestic press with reference to unnamed sources, which may be the reason for doubts about their authenticity. At the same time there are some possibilities to determine if not the essence of the problems, then at least the sphere where they are observed.
As part of the anti-aircraft complexes 9K96 “Polyment” and 9K96-2 “Polyment-Redut”, several types of guided missiles should be used. These are 9MNNXX, borrowed from the land C-96 ADMS, its modified version 400M9D and the newer 96М9 with higher characteristics. The use of a unified rocket suggests that there are no significant problems with the 100М9 product, since its design has already been tested in the previous project. Thus, the problems of the entire program can be caused by two other types of missiles, which is confirmed by rumors and not officially confirmed information circulating in the relevant circles for the past several years.
As part of the Redut family projects, it is proposed to equip the carrier ship with a universal vertical launcher with the number of cells corresponding to the available spaces. Depending on the type and size of the ship, it is possible to use a launcher with a capacity from 4 to 12 missiles. The installation design allows you to place in each cell of the rocket of other types and smaller sizes with a corresponding change in the composition and size of ready to use ammunition. Starting is carried out in a cold way, using a starting powder charge. Marching engine starts after the release of the rocket from the cell.
Launcher during shooting
Complexes of the family can use various radar equipment to search for targets and missile guidance. The initial detection of airborne targets is carried out with the help of the ship carrier’s full-time radar. Also, radar types "Polyment" and "Fourke-2", proposed for use on ships of different projects, should interact with the system. Medium and long range missiles must use combined guidance with inertial and radio command controls when entering the target area and then switching to active radar homing. The product 9М100, designed to destroy targets at short distances, is reportedly equipped with an infrared homing system with a target lock immediately after exiting the launcher.
To attack targets at short ranges, ranging from 1 to 15 km, a 9M100 guided missile was developed. The fight against air targets at medium range (according to some data, up to 40-50 km) should be carried out with the help of the 9М96 rocket. The objective of the 9М96Д project and other variants of a medium-range missile is to increase the main characteristics of the power plant to a level that allows hitting targets at distances of about 100-120 km.
According to the news of recent months, the projects of the 9K96 Redut naval anti-aircraft systems and the Polyment-Redut 9K96-2 projects have encountered serious problems, apparently related to new types of missiles. This led to noticeable delays in the implementation of existing plans and the repeated displacement of the deadlines for the completion of both the projects themselves and those directly related to them. Apparently, it is precisely because of the problems of the Poliment-Redut complex that the fleet still cannot receive the lead ship of the 22350 project “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov”. In addition, while maintaining the existing problems for some time, similar consequences are possible for the "Admiral of the Fleet Kasatonov."
Nevertheless, the current situation, being a cause for serious concern, is still not without prerequisites for restrained optimism. After numerous failures and even a change in management of the developer organization, two promising projects show some positive results. Various plans still have to be adjusted, but now there is a real opportunity to meet deadlines.
At the moment, it is safe to say that the navy of Russia will not abandon the anti-aircraft systems of the Redut family. Despite all the problems, the new air defense weapons will be brought to the adoption, full-scale serial production and operation on new ships. However, previously existing problems, even after getting rid of them, will still be reminded of themselves. First of all, they will manifest themselves in the form of a later formation of a ship group with new weapons. In addition, it should be noted that the abandonment of new projects at the present stages no longer makes sense, which is why weapons development should continue until the desired results are obtained.
Despite all the existing and identifiable problems, two types of anti-aircraft systems will still be brought to service by the fleet, although this may still be a matter of dispute. According to the latest data, the first sample of the Polimen-Redut complex, together with the Admiral Gorshkov carrier ship, will be handed over to the fleet in the middle of the summer of this year. The delivery of a new type of lead frigate with advanced weapons will be an important event both in the context of projects of the Redut family and throughout modern stories Russian fleet.
On the materials of the sites:
http://mil.ru/
https://lenta.ru/
http://rg.ru/
http://tass.ru/
http://flot.com/
http://bmpd.livejournal.com/
http://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-13.html
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