Japan's capitulation: atomic bombs or the Soviet blitzkrieg
According to a public opinion poll conducted by 8 on April of this year, here and to this day 56% of the population justifies the atomic bombing and only 34% does not approve of this atrocity. It is surprising that in Japan there are those who agree with the use of atomic bombs against their country. There are 14% of the total number of respondents. But the overwhelming majority, 79%, condemn the incineration in the nuclear fire of their countrymen.
"HUNDRED OF MILLIONS WILL LOOK LIKE A SINGLE!"
Most American historians claim that it was precisely the atomic strikes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that forced Japan to capitulate in August 1945. At the same time, the participation of the USSR in the war in the Far East is regarded as a secondary, if not unnecessary action. In turn, the right-wing nationalist forces in Japan, joining the USSR by the numerous requests of the allies - the United States and Great Britain - to the military actions to defeat the Japanese troops is called "Soviet aggression", allegedly undertaken to seize the territories.
At the same time, the fact that the Japanese government and military command were not going to capitulate after the destruction of the Hiroshima atomic bomb is obscured. The Japanese leaders hid from the people the fact that the Americans used the possessing enormous destructive force of the atomic weapons and continued to prepare the population of the country for the decisive battle on its territory "until the last Japanese." The issue of the bombing of Hiroshima was not even discussed at a meeting of the Supreme Council for the leadership of the war. The warning of American President Harry Truman against 7 of August on the radio about the US readiness to bring down new atomic strikes was regarded by the Japanese government as propaganda of the allies.
Despite the atomic bombing, supporters of the “war party” continued training throughout the country to prepare to resist the enemy in case of invasion - women, children and the elderly taught methods of dealing with bamboo spears, and guerrilla war bases were created in the mountains. The creator of the kamikaze suicide squads, deputy chief of the main naval headquarters Takadziro Onishi, categorically opposed to surrender, said at a government meeting: "By sacrificing 20 lives of millions of Japanese in special attacks, we will achieve absolute victory." The main slogan was "One hundred million will die as one!"
The victims of their own people did not embarrass the leaders of militaristic Japan. Do not scare them and atomic bombs. After all, they did not capitulate in the spring of 1945, when, as a result of massive "carpet bombing" of Japanese cities, according to various estimates, from 500 to 900 thousands of their inhabitants died, which exceeded the number of victims of atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Until the last, hopes remained for use in the "decisive battle" in the territory of the metropolis of the Kwantung Army, which retained the fighting efficiency, and of the Japanese troops in China. An option was also considered to transfer the emperor and his family to the puppet state of Manzhou-Guo created by the Japanese after the occupation of Northeast China in the event of the landing of American troops on the Japanese islands in order to continue resistance here. It was believed that the United States would not use atomic weapons against the population of union China.
Contrary to the claims of official Japanese historians that the Soviet attack was sudden, in fact, in Tokyo, intelligence information about the Yalta agreement about the upcoming entry of the Soviet Union into the war with Japan on the side of the allies received in time. 15 February 1945, Japanese intelligence leaders informed the Supreme Council for War Leadership that "the Soviet Union intends to secure a voice in deciding the future of East Asia." A warning sounded that by the spring the USSR could terminate the neutrality pact and join the allies in the war against Japan. The next day, Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu told Emperor Hirohito about this: “The days of Nazi Germany are numbered. The Yalta Conference reaffirmed the unity of Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union. ” The minister recommended that the Mikado not rely on a neutrality pact. General Hideki Tojo also warned the emperor about the possibility of the USSR speaking out against Japan, assessing this possibility as “50 on 50”.
DENONATED PACT
In preparation for entering the war with Japan, the Soviet government sought to comply with the norms of international law. 5 on April 1945 of the year the Japanese government officially announced the denunciation of the Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact of April 13 of 1941. The statement indicated that the pact was signed before the German attack on the USSR and before the outbreak of war between Japan, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States, on the other. The text of the statement read:
“Since then, the situation has changed radically. Germany attacked the USSR, and Japan, an ally of Germany, helps the latter in its war against the USSR. In addition, Japan is at war with the United States and Britain, which are allies of the Soviet Union.
In this situation, the Neutrality Pact between Japan and the USSR lost its meaning, and the extension of this Pact became impossible ... In accordance with the article 3 of the mentioned Pact, which provides for the right to denounce one year before the expiry of the five-year term of the Pact, the Soviet Government hereby declares ... its want to denounce the Covenant of 13 on April 1941 of the year. ”
Having denounced the neutrality pact, the Soviet government, in fact, four months prior to the entry into the war, actually informed the Japanese government about the possibility of the USSR participating in the war with Japan on the side of the allied United States and Great Britain. Tokyo understood this well. Already this fact makes unconvincing and helpless attempts of modern Japanese propagandists and their supporters found in recent years in our country, trying to accuse the USSR of "perfidy and perfidy." But it was possible to enter the war without any warnings, as Japan traditionally did.
The preparation of the USSR for the war was impossible to hide. Since the spring of 1945, the Japanese leadership has regularly received intelligence information about the redeployment of Soviet troops in the eastern regions of the country. For example, in mid-April, officers of the Japanese Embassy’s military office in Moscow reported to Tokyo: “Every day, trains from 12 to 15 pass through the Trans-Siberian Railway ... Currently, the entry of the Soviet Union into the war with Japan is inevitable. It will take approximately two months to deploy about 20 divisions. ”
This 6 of June 1945 at the next meeting of the Supreme Council for War Leadership did not inspire optimism about the real situation: “Through consistent measures, the Soviet Union prepares the ground through diplomacy to be able to oppose the Empire if necessary; at the same time he intensifies military preparations in the Far East. There is a high probability that the Soviet Union will take military action against Japan ... The USSR may enter the war against Japan after the summer or autumn period. "
Nevertheless, at the meeting of the council it was decided to continue the war: “The empire must firmly follow the course of the protracted nature of the war, regardless of any casualties. By the end of this year, this can not cause significant fluctuations in the enemy's determination to continue the war. ” In Tokyo, they still hoped that the United States and Great Britain would accept the compromise conditions of peace, which, in particular, provided for the preservation of Japan and Korea and Japan. On the other hand, diplomatic measures were taken to use the Soviet Union as an intermediary in the cessation of hostilities under conditions that satisfied Tokyo. However, in the “peace proposals” submitted to the Soviet government, the question of the Japanese ending the war was not directly addressed. In the USSR, naturally, they could not agree to any negotiations other than surrender, and therefore the Japanese proposals for mediation were rejected. The attempt of the Japanese government to send in July 1945 to Moscow as a special emissary of an influential politician, former Prime Minister of Japan, Prince Fumimaro Konoe, was not crowned with success. 12 July in the NKID (MFA) of the USSR was sent the message of Emperor Hirohito, which said about his desire to "put an end to the war." However, it again avoided the question of the cessation of hostilities by Japan. 18 July NCID informed Tokyo: "The Soviet government sees no way to give any definite answer about the message of the emperor, as well as the mission of Prince Konoe ..."
26 July 1945 was the Potsdam Declaration of the states at war with Japan, which set out the conditions for its unconditional surrender. On the eve of its text was broadcast on radio and became known in Japan. The Soviet government found it expedient to join the declaration, but announce it later. The absence of the signature of the Soviet Union under the Potsdam Declaration gave rise to the Japanese leadership’s hope of continuing the war, because in Japan the inevitability of defeat was associated only with the entry of the USSR into it. After discussing the text of the declaration at a meeting of the High Council on the leadership of the war, Japanese Foreign Minister Sigenori Togo telegraphed Ambassador Naotake Sato to Moscow on July 27: "The position taken by the Soviet Union regarding the Potsdam Joint Declaration will influence our actions from now on ..." urgently find out "what steps the Soviet Union will take against the Japanese empire."
In this regard, there is reason to believe that Japan’s refusal to capitulate immediately on the terms of the Potsdam Declaration was dictated by the still persisting hopes that the USSR’s entry into the war could be avoided or, at least, delayed by decisive diplomatic steps. In particular, it was planned to offer Moscow serious concessions, which included the return of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands previously alienated from Russia.
MOKUSATSU - TO KILL SILENT
On July 28, at a press conference, Japanese Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki said about the Potsdam Declaration: “We ignore it. We will go forward relentlessly and wage war to the end. ” Interestingly, after the war, Japanese historians tried to prove the “imperfection of the translation” of Suzuki’s statement. They argued that the Japanese word “mokusatsu” was not equivalent to the notion of “ignore”. Note that this is true, but only in the sense that “mokusatsu” is an even stronger and contemptuous expression, meaning “to kill with silence”.
The position taken by the Japanese government delayed the end of the Second World War, leading to new victims. Therefore, in strict accordance with the deadlines defined in the Yalta Agreement, the Soviet Union 8 August 1945 of the year declared war on Japan. The statement of the Soviet government said: “After the defeat and surrender of Germany, Japan turned out to be the only great power that still stands for the continuation of the war.
The demand of the three powers - the United States of America, Great Britain and China - from 26 of July of this year about the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces was rejected by Japan. Thus, the proposal of the Japanese Government to the Soviet Union to mediate in the war in the Far East loses all ground.
Given Japan’s refusal to capitulate, the Allies appealed to the Soviet Government with a proposal to join the war against Japanese aggression and thereby shorten the time for the end of the war, reduce the number of casualties and promote the early restoration of universal peace.
True to its allied duty, the Soviet Government accepted the proposal of the allies and joined the Allied states ’statement of July of this year.
The Soviet government believes that ... its policy is the only means capable of bringing peace closer, freeing the people from further sacrifices and suffering, and giving the Japanese people the opportunity to get rid of the dangers and destruction that Germany experienced after its rejection of unconditional surrender.
In view of the above, the Soviet Government declares that starting tomorrow, that is, from August 9, the Soviet Union will consider itself at war with Japan. ”
The Soviet troops were tasked with defeating the Kwantung Army, as well as the Japanese troops in Korea, and liberating South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands with the least possible losses. This task was completed with honor. The group of Soviet troops created in the spring-summer of 1945 in the Far East numbered over 1,7 million people, about 30 thousand guns and mortars, 5250 tanks and self-propelled guns, more than 5 thousand combat aircraft. The sweeping crushing blows of the Soviet troops on the front with a length of more than 5 thousand km made it possible to defeat the formations and units of the Kwantung Army. For the Japanese army, this was the largest defeat in the war. In 24 days, 22 Japanese divisions were defeated. Losses of the Japanese killed 83 737 people and prisoners - more than 640 thousand.
Even before the defeat of the Kwantung Army in the morning of 9 in August of 1945, the Foreign Minister of Togo convinced Prime Minister Suzuki that the USSR’s entry into the war leaves for Japan no other option than to accept the conditions of the Potsdam Declaration. The influential minister-keeper of the imperial press, Koichi Kido, reported to Hirohito about the need to immediately stop the war. At the same time, fear was expressed that otherwise defeat in the war could push the masses to revolution. In an effort to avoid this, the political leadership of the country and the emperor’s entourage considered it necessary to capitulate to the Americans and the British as soon as possible in order to prevent the Soviet troops from landing on the Japanese islands.
THE ENEMY OF THE "MERILITY OF HEAVEN"
At noon 15 August 1945, the Japanese for the first time in all history the states heard the voice of their divine monarch, who, in a language difficult for commoners, announced the decision to end the war. As a justification of the impossibility of further resistance, it was pointed out that the adversary was using the "new and most serious bomb of unprecedented destructive power." Thus, it was made clear that Japan does not surrender, having suffered defeat in battles with the enemy, but is compelled to retreat before the overwhelming force of an unprecedented weapon. In this regard, there are still quite a few in Japan who believe that the use of atomic bombs by the Americans was "tenyu" - the will of providence, the mercy of heaven, which allowed the sacred nation of Yamato to leave the war with honor, without losing face.
In reality, the inevitability of the defeat of Mikado and its inner circle was associated not so much with atomic bombings as with the participation in the war, which crushed the military power of Nazi Germany of the Red Army. In the rescript dated August 17, 1945 "To soldiers and sailors," the commander in chief of the army and fleet Emperor Hirohito of Japan, no longer mentioning the American atomic bombs and the destruction of Japanese cities, named the entry into the war of the USSR as the main reason for surrender. It was clearly stated: "Now that the Soviet Union has entered the war against us, to continue the resistance ... means to jeopardize the very foundation of the existence of our Empire." For obvious reasons, American and Japanese historians and propagandists avoid mentioning this important document.
The facts show that without the USSR entering the war, the Americans could not quickly subdue Japan, “throwing atomic bombs at it”, as American military propaganda convinced the leaflets and radio on the Japanese people. According to the calculations of the American headquarters, at least nine atomic bombs were required to ensure the landing of assault forces on the Japanese islands. After the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States no longer had ready-made atomic bombs, but the production of new ones required a long time. “These bombs dropped by us,” said US Secretary of War Henry Stimson, “were the only ones we had, and the production rates at that time were very low.” It should not be forgotten that, in response to the atomic strikes, the Japanese could bring down American secret laboratories in huge quantities of bacteriological and chemical weapons accumulated in the Northeast China. This danger threatening the whole world was prevented by the entry of the USSR into the war. The former commander of the Kwantung Army, General Otozo Yamada, admitted at the trial: “The Soviet Union’s entry into the war against Japan and the rapid advance of Soviet troops deep into Manchuria prevented us from using bacteriological weapons ...”
Do not enter the Soviet Union in the war, it could continue indefinitely.
“FORGOTTEN” RECOGNITIONS
After 70 years have passed, the United States has been trying to “forget” about the recognition by American politicians and especially by the military of the important role of the USSR in defeating militaristic Japan. In 1945, the US military strategists proceeded from the fact that even if the developed plan for landing the US troops on the Japanese islands, codenamed “Downfall”, would have been implemented, there was no certainty that “the powerful Kwantung Army, while almost fully self-sufficient, would not continue the fight. " The commander of the Anglo-American troops in the Pacific and the Far East, General Douglas MacArthur also believed that the US troops "should not land on the islands of Japan itself until the Russian army begins military operations in Manchuria." Major US military and political figure General of the Army George Marshall said: "The importance of Russia's entry into the war lies in the fact that it can serve as the decisive action that will force Japan to capitulate." This is what happened.
Even US President Truman, who was openly anti-Soviet, admitted: "We very much wanted the Russians to go to war against Japan." In his memoirs, he noted that "the entry of Russia into the war was becoming increasingly necessary to save hundreds of thousands of Americans."
An unbiased analysis of the military-political situation in August 1945 in the Far East makes even the irreconcilable critics of the Soviet Union admit obvious facts. Thus, in a scientific study published in 2005 of the reasons for the Japanese government’s decision to surrender, professor at the University of California (USA), the ethnic Japanese Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, recognizes the decisive influence of the USSR’s entry into the war on the emperor’s decision to accept the terms of surrender. In the final part of his work “In pursuit of the enemy. Stalin, Truman and the capitulation of Japan "he writes:" The two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not decisive when Japan made a decision to capitulate. Despite the crushing power of atomic bombs, they were not enough to change the vector of Japanese diplomacy. This allowed to make the Soviet invasion. Without the entry of the Soviet Union into the war, the Japanese would continue to fight until numerous atomic bombs were dropped on them, the Allies landed successfully on the islands of Japan itself, or aerial bombardments continued under naval blockade, which would exclude the possibility of further resistance. "
This opinion in his article in the journal Forin Policy, entitled “Victory over Japan was won not by a bomb, but by Stalin” is shared by Ward Wilson, author of the book “Five Myths about Nuclear Weapons”.
He indicates that in the summer of 1945 the American aviation 66 Japanese cities bombed with ordinary bombs, in whole or in part, the devastation was colossal, in some cases comparable to that of atomic bombing. March 9-10, 16 square miles burned out in Tokyo, killing about 120 thousand people. Hiroshima is only in 17th place in the destruction of the urban territory (in percentage terms). The author writes: “What alarmed the Japanese if they were not worried about the bombing of the cities as a whole, or the atomic bombing of Hiroshima specifically? The answer is simple - it was the USSR. ”
And further: “The traditional version that Japan capitulated because of Hiroshima is convenient, since it satisfies the emotional needs of both the USA and Japan itself. What is the benefit of the United States from the traditional version? The reputation of the US military power improved significantly, the influence of US diplomacy in Asia and around the world increased, the security of the United States strengthened ... On the contrary, if the Soviet Union entered the war as a reason for surrender, Moscow would be able to assert that 4 of the day managed what the United States did not could have achieved 4 of the year, and the idea of military power and diplomatic influence of the USSR would have been strengthened ... During the Cold War, assertions that the USSR had played a decisive role would be equal to "aiding the enemy," Wilson said.
GOAL - RESIDENTIAL MASSIFIES
So, without rejecting the significance of the atomic bombings that brought about the capitulation of Japan, one cannot agree that it was they, and they alone, who determined the outcome of the war. This was also recognized by prominent political figures in the West. Thus, Winston Churchill, who served as British Prime Minister during the Second World War, declared: “It would be erroneous to believe that the fate of Japan was decided by an atomic bomb.”
It is convincingly proved that the atomic bombings were not caused by military necessity. In deciding on the use of atomic weapons, the American leadership did not target it against military targets, but against civilians in Japanese cities. This is irrefutable evidence. So, in the 2 of August of the American command issued by 1945 of the year of the American command, it was stated: “The day of the attack is 13 of August. The target of the attack is the center and industrial area of the city of Hiroshima. The second backup target is the arsenal and downtown of Kokura. The third reserve target is the center of Nagasaki. ”
By striking atomic strikes against the densely populated areas of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the American government and command sought, above all, to achieve a psychological effect, killing as many people as possible for this. President Truman personally endorsed the proposal of his closest adviser, subsequently US Secretary of State James Byrnes, that “the bomb should be used as soon as possible against Japan, that it should be dropped into a military factory surrounded by housing for workers, and that it should be applied without prior warning ".
Atomic bombing pursued another important goal - to intimidate the USSR and other states, to achieve, thanks to the nuclear monopoly of US domination in the post-war world. Preparing the use of atomic bombs, Washington hoped that the bombing would help "make Russia compliant in Europe." Truman’s statement about this is well known: “If a bomb explodes, which I think will happen, I, of course, will have a cudgel for these guys.” In this regard, it is difficult not to agree with the statement of the famous English physicist, Nobel Prize winner Patrick Blackett that atomic bombing "was not least an act against Russia." Indeed, atomic strikes were not the last chord of the Second World War, but heralded the beginning of the Cold War.
The version that the Soviet Union "opposed the already defeated Japan", that the Kwantung Army was weakened and practically did not resist, does not hold water. The Japanese armed forces deployed on the territory of Manchuria and Korea, although partially deployed to other fronts, retained their combat power and until the end of the war remained the most trained and well-equipped ground forces grouping in which the military-political leadership of Japan placed great hopes in the plans to continue the “war to the bitter end. " In this regard, at least the bewilderment is caused by the allegations that at the time the USSR entered the war in Manchuria, only the 300-thousandth group of Japanese troops allegedly remained. And this despite the fact that, as mentioned above, some prisoners of war of soldiers and officers of the Kwantung Army numbered 640 thousand people.
The fact of history is that the Red Army of the Soviet Union made a decisive contribution to the defeat of the Japanese ground forces on the continent. The Soviet blitzkrieg deprived the Japanese leadership of the chances for troops to be transferred to the metropolis from China, thereby disrupting the plans for a bloody “battle for the metropolis,” and prevented militarist Japan from unleashing a bacteriological and chemical war that saved millions of lives, including the Japanese themselves.
Information