The project complex "weapon / cartridge" GX-6

Until the beginning of the 20 century, shooting from a gunshot weapons It was conducted by single shots, in the process of which the arrows were able to keep the weapon on the aiming line right up to the moment of the bullet's departure from the barrel with the subsequent adjustment of aiming at the target. The creation of the first models of automatic weapons revealed a common problem for them - the impossibility of aimed firing in bursts due to the fact that the previous shot knocked the weapon off the aiming line before the next shot.

For machine guns, the problem of aimed fire bursts was solved by using massive machine tools with emphasis on the ground and the transition to defeat mainly group targets. Unlike machine guns, individual automatic weapons of the type of the machine gun / assault rifle are designed for maneuvering tactics with frequent movements, shooting from awkward positions, accompanied by keeping the weapon on the weight with the force of the arm muscles and compensating for recoil using the butt support to the shoulder. In this regard, individual automatic weapons are limited in weight and recoil force, which are determined by the physical capabilities of the middle-trained shooters, who constitute the majority of infantry units.

The shooter in the process of firing a queue experiencing multidirectional power effects falling on his hands and body. At the beginning of each shot, the maximum magnitude recoil momentum acts. After the shutter opens and a short period of uniform action of the recoil force compressing the return spring, the arrow is affected by the second impulse associated with the impact of the bolt into the rear wall of the receiver. The cycle of reloading the weapon continues with the second period of uniform action of the elastic force of the return spring and ends with the third impulse directed forward and connected with the impact of the bolt into the barrel. At the same time, the weapon experiences cyclic oscillations from moving its center of gravity associated with the reciprocating movement of the shutter. The situation is aggravated by the fact that in most models of weapons, the axis of the barrel, along which the recoil force acts, does not coincide with the axis of symmetry of the butt, which rests on the shooter’s shoulder. The recoil force and the reaction force of the support create a moment that flips up the barrel.

In the case of the use of the gas-discharge mechanism of reloading, the weapon receives additional oscillations from the impact of high-pressure gas into the bolt carrier and the bolt carrier into the bolt. The refusal of the bolt rigidly coupled with the barrel, and the transition to the free gate, in the case of maintaining the same energy characteristics of the cartridges, leads to a multiple increase in the rate of fire. To ensure an acceptable rate of ammunition at a rate of firing is possible only by increasing the inertial mass of the bolt and reducing the muzzle energy of the weapon. An increase in the inertial mass of the bolt causes an increase in the amplitude of cyclic oscillations of the weapon, and a decrease in the muzzle energy makes shooting at a medium distance ineffective, which indicates that the transition to a free gate is deadlocked.

On the basis of the impulse diagram, the aimed shooting with bursts from uncomfortable positions depends on the level of implementation of the following technical solutions in an individual automatic weapon:
- reducing the magnitude of the maximum recoil momentum by moving from a closed to a semi-free gate, starting to move back from the very beginning of the propellant in the barrel, the shot should be made on the vykaty shutter:
- elimination of the throwing moment by raising the axis of symmetry of the butt to the level of the axis of the barrel with a corresponding upward movement of the line of sight of the aiming devices;
- compensation of mass movement of the moving parts of the reloading mechanism due to oncoming movement of the balance bar;
- the elimination of the blows of the bolt against the barrel and receiver.

The first two solutions are fully or partially implemented in the adopted models of individual automatic weapons. The latter solution does not have an effective implementation in existing weapons designs. In the well-known scheme of balanced automation, simultaneously with the bolt, the balance bar moves in the opposite direction, colliding with the bolt in extreme positions. This solution has a fundamental disadvantage - in order to synchronize the movement of the shutter and the balancer, a gear-and-pinion gear is used, experiencing alternating loads in the process of working, causing gear teeth to be chipped, which reduces the life of the reloading mechanism relative to the life of the remaining parts of the weapon. In addition, the balancer, the mass of which is equal to the sum of the masses of the moving elements of the reloading mechanism, increases the weight of the hand weapon by more than a quarter.

The principal decision is the transition to a semi-free shutter with a crank-drive reloading mechanism, combining the functions of slowing the shutter, eliminating the blows of the bolt against the barrel and the receiver, compensating for the displacement of the center of gravity of the moving elements of the reloading mechanism and increasing its resource to the level of the barrel resource.

History the use of a crank mechanism in automatic firearms has its origin in the patent of Austro-Hungarian designer Emil von Skoda from 1891, which proposed to use a flywheel connected by a crank gear with a movable barrel during a shot. In 1904, the German designer Andreas Schwarzlose patented a solution with a semi-free shutter, a slowed-down longitudinally movable balance bar connected to the shutter with a breaking crankshaft gear lever. The design was implemented in the machine gun M. 07 / 12, produced in large series in various versions from 1905 to 1939 year in Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Holland and Poland.

Finally, in 1937, the Soviet designer Yuri Fedorovich Yurchenko created a fully-functional firearm automation system with a half-free bolt, slowed down exclusively by a crank mechanism with rotating balancers. In the first half of 1941, a small series were produced at the Kovrov Mechanical Plant aviation machine gun Yu-7.62. The maximum rate of fire was 3600 rounds per minute. Due to its record level, the rifle barrel resource did not exceed 1000 rounds, the barrel required replacement after several sorties, which was considered acceptable in the conditions of the first stage of the war. Subsequently, in connection with the transition of military aircraft to cannon armament, the release of machine guns Yu-7.62 was discontinued.

The Yurchenko automation system includes a semi-free bolt connected by a connecting rod to a connecting rod neck, connecting two cranks, rotating in the same direction, equipped with balancers and mounted opposite one another in special ring-shaped thickenings of the receiver. The cranks are strictly axially located relative to the axis of the trunk. Their mass and diameter are minimized to reduce the weight and dimensions of the machine gun, as well as to achieve the highest possible rate of fire required for aircraft weapons. The shot is made on the vykat of the shutter when the cranks of 5 degrees are not attained to the top dead center of their rotation. Under the action of the recoil force transmitted from the bolt through the crank, the cranks rotate 350 degrees to the second point of the production of shots, after which the cycle of the reloading mechanism is repeated until the trigger is released.

The horizontally directed recoil force acting along the axis of the barrel is converted by the connecting rod into a vertical component acting on the guides of the receiver and into the resultant vector transmitted along the axis of symmetry of the connecting rod to the neck of the cranks. At this point, the resulting vector is transformed into a tangential component of the recoil force (generating torque of the cranks) and the radial component of the recoil force (generating the support reaction). The rotational speed of the cranks varies sinusoidally with the first maximum reaching the top dead center and the second maximum (the value of which is less than the first maximum taking into account the energy consumption for compressing the return spring) at the bottom dead center. The speed of the reciprocating motion of the shutter also varies sinusoidally with a shift of the highs and lows by 90 degrees.

At the bottom dead center of rotation of the cranks, unstressed stop and reversal of the movement of the shutter against the background of continuing rotation of the crank in a given direction, followed by acceleration of all moving elements of the reloading mechanism due to recharge energy from the expanding return spring occur. On the approach to the top dead center, the shutter speed slows down to almost zero, followed by its movement reversing due to the pressure of the powder gases from the combustion of the propellant charge of the cartridge. This also reverses the rotation of the crank. In the event of a misfire of the cartridge, the bolt rests against the breech slice, supported by a return spring. The stop point of the bolt into the barrel corresponds to the 1 degree of underdrive of the cranks to the top dead center. Turnover cranks between points 5 and 1 degrees corresponds to the time of combustion of the propellant charge of the cartridge. In this regard, the shot is made with the shutter almost stopped and the cranks continue to roll out.

In order to implement a balanced automation scheme, the effective diameter of the cranks, equal to twice the distance from the axis of the neck to the axis of rotation of the cranks, must coincide with the working stroke of the shutter between the front and rear end positions. The weight of the crank balancers must correspond to the total mass of the bolt with the connecting rod, corrected for the distance of the center of mass of the balancers from the axis of rotation of the cranks. Only in this case will the movement of the weapon's center of gravity be fully compensated during the operation of the reloading mechanism.

However, these linear dimensions and the mass of moving parts, sufficient for perceiving loads from the recoil force and ensuring the balance of automation, are unacceptable for the case of handguns, since the amount of torque transmitted from the semi-free valve to the cranks causes a shooting rate of several thousand rounds per minute . Reducing the rate of fire to the standard level in 600 rounds per minute will require a multiple increase in weight and / or linear dimensions of the moving parts. In addition, cyclical reversal of cranks rotating in one direction, on the way to the top dead center, leads to the emergence of a reactive moment alternately flipping / tilting a weapon.

The Yurchenko automation system requires substantial revision in order to be used in handguns. The most obvious solution is to switch from two cranks rotating in one direction to two cranks rotating in different directions. In the latter case, the reactive moments arising from the reversal of rotation, will mutually compensate each other. A more nontrivial solution is a method of reducing the torque applied to the cranks during the combustion process of the propellant charge of the cartridge, which is a fundamental point in the matter of using a crank mechanism in a handgun. As such, it is proposed to use the opportunity created by the kinematics of the crank mechanism itself, namely by slowing down to almost zero the rate of translational movement of the shutter when it approaches the top dead center.

In order to realize this possibility, it is necessary to divide the bolt into the stem and bolt carrier. The stem should be made in the form of a free gate (hereinafter referred to as a shutter), slowed down only by the inertia of its mass and the strength of the buffer spring resting on the bolt carrier. In turn, the slide frame at the approach to the top dead center will be slowed down by a crank mechanism according to its kinematics. The pressure of the powder gases will act on the gate, overcoming its inertia and the elastic force of the buffer spring. A pressure not exceeding the rigidity of the buffer spring in compression will be transmitted to the gate frame, up to the stop of the gate face in the gate frame. The mass of the moving elements and the degree of elasticity of the buffer spring should provide a distance in time of the moment of emphasis by an amount sufficient for the peak of the pressure of the powder gases in the barrel to decrease, thereby reducing the amount of torque applied to the cranks. Based on the maximum pressure in the barrel in 4000 bar and maximum recoil force in 2880 kgf, you can estimate the total mass of the bolt in 50 grams with the maximum spring elasticity in 1000 kgf. The stroke of the shutter will be about 5 mm. Removing the load from the buffer spring will occur under conditions of backpressure of the powder gases, so the force of the blow backward impact on the bolt carrier will not exceed the tensile strength of their structural material.

However, the final decision can only be considered a transition to a new type of unitary cartridge, designed to roll back at the peak pressure of powder gases. The cartridge case must be cylindrical in shape to eliminate the danger of detachment of a Dult or skate. To connect the bullet and the liner it is necessary to use a piece of pressed propellant with an open end. As a structural material of the sleeve, an antifriction material should be used, which multiply reduces the coefficient of friction of the sleeve against the barrel chamber compared to brass or steel.

In connection with the above, an innovative project of the “weapon / cartridge” complex under the title GX-6 is proposed. The complex includes an assault rifle and a low-pulse cartridge to it. A magazine with cartridges is placed on top along the barrel. The cartridges in the store are staggered in an upright position, with bullets pointing upwards and rebuilding one row at the exit of the store.

The assault rifle is made according to the bullpup scheme in order to accommodate the overall elements of the reloading mechanism in the butt. The basis of the layout of the crank mechanism is the receiver, connected by a threaded connection with the barrel. In the body of the box there are seats for cranks and guides for the shutter. The barrel has a return thread and an axial stop located in the breech. The barrel and receiver are hung relative to the body of the weapon, connecting with it in the area of ​​the neck of the butt.

The cranks are made in the form of metal cups of small height, in one half of which there are removable fingers for fastening the connecting rods, in the other half there are balancers. The side walls of the glasses serve as an inner sleeve bearing housing. The cranks are installed with a fit in the annular projections of the receiver, which serve as the outer sleeves of the bearings. Each crank connects to its connecting rod. The other side of the connecting rods are attached to the fixed fingers, located on the shank of the bolt carrier.

A clutch is placed in the front end of the bolt box, inside of which is applied the upper and lower sectors of the screw thread with two smooth sections between them. On both sides of the coupling there are also openings for the passage of the pushers supported on the slide frame. Folding handles of manual reloading of the weapon are mounted on opposite ends of the pushers; they are pressed by their own compression springs to the body of the weapon in order to avoid spontaneous movement during firing. To ensure the opposite rotation of the cranks after they stand in the bottom dead center, the length of the pushers is chosen less than the length of the working stroke of the slide frame. On each side wall of the box, between the coupling and the crank bore, there passes a pair of knife guides of the slide frame, simultaneously acting as stiffeners. The guides are spaced in height by the diameter of one of the two return springs located between them.

The bolt carrier in the plan has a T-shape and is made of a solid metal billet by milling. The shoulders of the bolt carrier rests on the return spring, the side surfaces in contact with the guides of the receiver. At the front end of the frame there is a hole for the bolt, at the rear end there is a hole for the drummer. On the side surfaces of the shank are fixed removable connecting rod fingers. The front of the upper surface of the frame has a bevel facing the trunk.

The shutter is made in the form of a stem, the back of which is immersed in the body of the bolt carrier, the front part is equipped with two horizontal extractors. At the rear end of the shutter there is an annular protrusion, limiting the movement of the shutter inside the frame. Between the annular protrusion and the rear wall of the frame there is a buffer spring in the form of an assembly of cup springs made of a titanium spring alloy, which has a threefold load capacity compared to the steel equivalent. Inside the gate there is an inertial hammer with its compression spring, which is activated by means of a trigger of a firing mechanism.

The crank mechanism is assembled in the following order. In the factory, they connect the bolt carrier with the bolt, buffer spring, hammer, and hammer spring, and also install the cranks into the seats of the receiver. Then put the rods on the fingers of the shank of the frame. Return springs are placed between the guides of the receiver. Through the sleeve coupling into the box enter the bolt carrier with rods. The opposite ends of the connecting rods connect removable fingers with cranks.

Submission of cartridges to the line of filing and removal of spent cartridges is carried out in the direction from top to bottom. The open end of the store rests on the retainer located next to the telescopic cartridge feeder, hinged above the bolt carrier. The free end of the feeder is equipped with horizontal grippers that fit into the groove of the cartridge case located at the outlet of the magazine. Inside the feeder is placed a coil spring, which ensures the separation of parts of its telescopic body. The hinge suspension and feeder grips are equipped with torsion springs, which provide deflection of the suspension and clamps at an angle of 45 degrees in the direction of, respectively, back and forth.

In the extreme forward position, the bolt carrier, with its bevel on the upper surface, presses the feeder up to the stop. After the frame rolls back to the rearmost position, the coil spring pushes the two parts of the telescopic feeder, thus reflecting the gun case down. The torsion springs unfold the body and the grippers of the feeder to the position of withdrawal of the cartridge to the disassembly line. During the reverse movement of the bolt carrier, vertical extractors of the bolt enter the groove of the cartridge case, move the horizontal grippers of the feeder apart and send the cartridge into the barrel. Shutter extractors provide constant clamping of the bottom of the sleeve to the mirror of the shutter until its reflection at the end of the cycle of reloading the weapon.

The body of the assault rifle consists of a casing and a rubber butt pad. The casing is made of glass-filled polymer. In front of the casing in two tiers there are spaces for placing a translucent magazine and a barrel, on the side surfaces of which cuts are made, respectively, to control the presence of cartridges in the magazine and to cool the barrel. Between the tiers on the side surfaces of the casing there are two guides for the magazine. The front and rear ends of the housing are open. In the middle part of the casing there is a pistol type control handle. In the lower part of the butt there is an ejector hole to remove the spent cartridges and the axial cartridges. The ejector hole is closed by a protective curtain that opens when the bolt carrier rolls back. Metal Picatinny trims are mounted on the rivets above and below in the front part of the casing. They are intended for fastening including mechanical and optical sighting devices.

The modular firing mechanism is located inside the control handle and includes a guard, trigger, double-sided fuse / firing mode selector and two longitudinal thrusts, which set the trigger in motion, installed separately under the receiver.

The following metal embedded parts are mounted inside the casing:
- sleeve mounting stem and receiver;
- sleeve mounting the muffler with internal sector thread;
- strap attachment trigger;
- bearing strips for manual reload handles pushers;
- strap fastening latch store and telescopic feeder cartridges;
- a level of fastening of a cock and a protective curtain.

Assembling an assault rifle is performed in the following sequence. At the beginning of the inside of the casing, the firing mechanism, cartridge feeder, trigger and protective curtain are installed. Then, the receiver and the barrel are inserted into the casing from the front and rear, which come together while simultaneously supporting the ends of the box coupling and the axial support of the barrel into the mounting sleeve. In conclusion, a rubber butt plate rests elastically in the rear end of the casing, resting on the receiver box. As a result of the direct transfer of the stop of the receiver through the butt plate into the shoulder of the shooter, the non-metallic casing is completely removed from the compressive load of the recoil force. When firing without stopping the butt into the shoulder, the case experiences a tensile load in a small area from the back side of the control handle to the point of the trunk stop in the attachment sleeve to the weapon body.

The prerequisite for the transition to a new type of ammunition, optimized for semi-free shutter automation systems, is the emergence of modern construction materials suitable for the manufacture of a nonmetallic sleeve of the unitary cartridge instead of its manufacture from traditional brass and steel.

The sleeve in the cartridge performs several functions:
- ensuring the mechanical strength of the cartridge during operation
- accumulation of heat transferred from the barrel to the cartridge;
- obturation of powder gases when fired.

The rejection of casings and the transition to caseless cartridges leads to a decrease in the thermal barrier of their spontaneous combustion in the barrel to the level of the flash point of the propellant charge, which will always be achieved when conducting intensive automatic fire, an example of which is the Heckler & Koch G11 serial assault rifle.

The use of standard sleeve cartridges in combination with Revelli grooves applied to the barrel chamber surface and designed to reduce friction of the sleeve, in the case of a semi-free valve, leads to an increased gas content of the receiver and unstable operation of the reloading mechanism due to the settling of powder burning on the contact surfaces of moving parts, which It was demonstrated on the example of an experienced manual machine gun Degtyarev-Garanin KB-P-790.

In connection with the above, the innovative cartridge cartridge is proposed to use a carbon-carbon composite obtained by burning a structural foam and pressing it into a billet of a cylindrical sleeve, the fine pores of which are impregnated with a high-molecular silicone resin by sintering. The composite material obtained has a strength at the level of brass and a friction coefficient at the level of graphite, i.e. 3,5 times smaller compared to the friction coefficient of brass. The weight of the composite liner is also reduced several times compared to the metal.

The sleeve has a strictly cylindrical shape with a spherical inner bottom surface, selected from the point of view of excluding stress concentrations in its structure. The diameter of the sleeve welt is less than the diameter of the wall for the thickness of the gate extractors. The bullet of the ogival shape is connected to the sleeve by pressing a propellant charge into the checker, immersed in the sleeve to the level of the edge. The open end of the propellant is coated with nitro lacquer. In the bottom of the liner there is a seat for the primer. In the body of the checker, a flare channel passes from the capsule to the bullet, at the end of which there is an additional accelerator charge, which pushes the bullet out of the checker until the main propellant ignites. As a propellant charge can be used as a nitrocellulose powder and phlegmatized HMX applied in cartridges to the machine gun LSAT, equipped with a plastic sleeve.

The cartridges are loaded into the magazine, the length of which is equal to the length of the rifle barrel. After loading into a weapon the shop does not go beyond the dimensions of the body of the rifle. Spare stores are carried in the shoulder pack,

Tactical and technical characteristics of the assault rifle and ammunition project GX-6:

Caliber - 5,56x35 mm
Sleeve diameter - mm 11,8
Sleeve length - 35 mm
Cartridge length - 50 mm
The weight of one cartridge - 7 grams, including bullet - 4 grams, propellant charge - 2 grams, sleeves - 1 grams
Number of cartridges in the shop - 60 units
Shop weight with cartridges - 700 grams
Weight of a rifle without a magazine - 3000 grams
Firing Rate - 800 shots per minute
Initial bullet speed - 950 m / s
Muzzle Energy - 1800 J
Maximum chamber pressure - 4000 bar

Rifle length - 758 mm
Height - 240 mm
Width - 40 mm
Sighting line length - 400 mm
The distance from the sighting line to the axis of the barrel - 100 mm
Barrel length - 508 mm
Barrel chamber length - 51 mm
Spinning flame arrestor length - mm 48
Butt plate thickness - 20 mm
Jacket Length - 690 mm
Housing shell thickness - 2 mm
The length of the receiver - 220 mm
The thickness of the side wall of the receiver - 3 mm
Return spring diameter - 15 mm (total two units)
Return spring length - 100 mm
Crank Diameter - mm 80
Slide frame length with shutter - 60 mm, including 20 shank mm, 10 shutter mm
Slide frame stroke - 60 mm
Connecting rod length - 80 mm (only two units)
The diameter of the fingers of the rods - mm 10
Gate frame weight assembly with gate and buffer spring - 150 grams
Rod weight - 50 grams
Crank case weight - 50 grams (total 2 units)
Balance weight - 250 grams (total 2 units)
Total weight of the moving parts of the reloading mechanism - 850 grams

The project of the GX-6 complex has an inventive level of technical solutions and is intended for patenting within six months from the date of this publication. In this regard, investors from the number of licensed manufacturers of weapons and ammunition are invited to participate in the project.

Information sources:
Firing tables at ground targets from small arms caliber 5,45 and 7,62 mm. TS GRAU N 61 edition 1977 of the year http://www.ak-info.ru/joomla/index.php/uses/12-spravka/92-shttables77
D.Shiryaev. Record holder. "Weapon" No. 1 for 2007 year http://zonawar.narod.ru/or_2007.html
Patent RU 2193542 http://ru-patent.info/21/90-94/2193542.html

Comments

[Ch0sen1]

At the level of theoretical research is interesting, but how will it be in practice?
The more moving parts, the lower the reliability of the system as a whole, precisely for this reason most of the systems with a half-free shutter were not adopted.

[Andreas]

The number of moving parts of the reloading mechanism in weapons with balanced automation:

AK-107 - shutter, bolt frame, balancer, gear, only 4 units.
The resource of the rack and pinion gear operating under shock loads is about 1000 shots, after which it is necessary to replace the gear, the bolt frame and the balancer with the cuts of the rails applied to their surface.

GX-6 - shutter, bolt frame, two connecting rods, only 4 units.
Cranks are mounted in seats in the form of non-separable self-lubricating sliding bearings, the resource of which is 15 thousand shots, i.e. matches the resource of an assault rifle.

[Peacemaker]

Firstly, no one considers the AK-107 a model of reliability.
Secondly, you forgot the feeder of a rather complicated design.

But in general the design is very interesting, only the store is thermally insulated from the trunk and made foolproof, otherwise it is absolutely symmetrical in the diagram, you can insert it upside down.

[Andreas]

You are right - the telescopic cartridge feeder is the fifth movable element, i.e. one element more than in the AK-107 or AEK-971 balanced gas exhaust automation system. In this case, an additional effect is achieved - the doubled-capacity magazine is completely located within the dimensions of the weapon.

The barrel and magazine are located in two tiers of the rifle body, while the lower (barrel shaft) and upper (magazine shaft) tiers have openings in the side walls for air circulation and visual control of the remaining cartridges in a translucent magazine. The proposal is accepted - to enhance the thermal insulation of the store between the lower and upper tiers, you can install a partition of a polymer of low thermal conductivity.

To ensure the "foolishness" of the process of loading the magazine into the weapon, longitudinal stiffening ribs are provided, asymmetrically applied to the left and right side walls of the magazine and correspondingly applied to the side walls of its shaft.

[PSih2097]

AEK 971, 972, 973

Movable parts are the main mechanism of automation and consist of a bolt, bolt carrier, balance bar and carriage.

at the top of AEK, at the bottom of AK
Warranty period 10 shots

[Andreas]

Since the picture is not disclosed, could you please tell us what is meant by the term "carriage"?

[Andreas]

The picture with AEK opened, on the flash animation the main parts of the balanced automation system are visible - shutter, shutter frame, balancer and carriage (synchronization unit). The description says that the carriage has two gears. Thus, the number of collapsible moving parts of the reloading mechanism (5 units) in the AEK assault rifle coincides with their number in the GX-6 assault rifle (taking into account the cartridge feeder).
The directories provide the warranty resource of the machine along its trunk, which amounts to 10000 rounds for AEK. The warranty resource of the synchronization mechanism is not announced. Estimated, the resource of gears and rack cuts applied to the piston rod of the bolt and the balance shaft shank does not exceed 1000 shots. The reason is the large alternating loads when firing and the small linear dimensions of the teeth, which leads to their rapid chipping.

[urganov]

Question to the author, but didn’t you think about a sleeveless cartridge with a fully combustible capsule (for example, with an electric trigger)? then you can use a fully revolving crank for all 360 degrees. This ensures that there is no need to quench the inertia of the balancers. all the work of automation is reduced only to locking the bore and sending a new cartridge after a shot.

[Andreas]

The caseless cartridge had to be abandoned due to the low self-ignition threshold of the propellant charge, even in the case of using the most heat-resistant substance - phlegmatized HMX, the so-called. "gunpowder 0-75", with a flash point of 200 degrees Celsius, which was used in caseless cartridges of the HK G11 assault rifle.
The heating of the chamber surface (not the entire barrel body) during automatic firing of medium intensity clearly exceeds this barrier.

Rotating cranks through an angle of 360 degrees or more with a protracted shot is fraught with snatching the cartridge that did not fully work in the barrel into the receiver space with the subsequent understandable effect.
In addition, even when crank turns are 360 ​​degrees or more, the pulse diagram of the weapon will retain a surge in recoil force associated with the peak pressure of the powder gases in the barrel at the very beginning of the shot. This weapon design is designed to form a strictly unidirectional recoil vector (without longitudinal and transverse vibrations) throughout the queue with pulsating vector magnitude in proportion to the number of shots in the queue. The minimum value of the vector will be equal to the elastic force of the return spring, the maximum will be the elastic force of the buffer spring, reduced in proportion to the sine of the angle of non-receipt of the crank to the top dead center at the time of the shot (approximately ten times the difference).

[urganov]

That is, the only reason (technologically, I'm not talking about cost) is
"You had to abandon the caseless cartridge due to the low self-ignition threshold of the propellant charge even in the case of using the most heat-resistant substance - phlegmatized HMX, the so-called" gunpowder 0-75 ", with a flash point of 200 degrees Celsius"?

[bazilio]

Thanks to the author.
The presented sample looks interesting.
Questions:
1. It seemed to me that the presented sample has a larger area of ​​all rubbing surfaces of moving parts than existing samples (not only AEK but also classical trunks). If so, the question of reliability arises, especially in complex natural climates. conditions (moisture, dust) with improper care (interruptions in supply and lack of lubricants, etc.)
2. I am almost sure that the cost of production, and therefore the sample itself, will be more expensive. Andrey, can you tell how much more expensive this sample will be, for sure you and this moment worked, at least approximately.
3. It is not clear how the store is being replaced? Moving forward, forward-up, up?
4. Don't you think Andrei that placing stores behind you reduces the time for reloading?
5. What are the possibilities of unification of this sample - for example, the creation of a light machine gun on the basis of this sample?
Thank you for the article!

[Andreas]

1. The number of guides is four (two left and right). Their total friction surface does not exceed the total friction surface of samples of automatic weapons with two guides.
The friction surfaces between the connecting rod eyes and the fingers are completely protected from contamination by 100% coverage of the contact surface of the fingers with the eyes.
The friction surface between the walls of the cranks and the annular protrusions of the receiver is also completely protected from contamination by the method of 100 percent girth by external clips of internal ones.

2. The cost estimate of the GX-6 assault rifle in comparison with the AK-107 / AEK-971 assault rifles is based on the following premises:
- the presence of two cranks and a cartridge feeder increases the cost;
- the lack of a gas engine, a balancer and a synchronization unit, as well as a simplified design of the housing reduces the cost.
Those. we can talk about the approximately equal manufacturing cost of the GX-6 and AK-107 / AEK-971. If we take into account that before the AK-107 / AEK-971 barrel is used up, it will take up to ten times to replace a set of a frame, a balancer and two gears, then we can talk about reducing the cost of the GX-6 life cycle.
It seems correct to take into account the cost of ammunition spent on hitting targets. The GX-6 assault rifle with a half-free bolt is up to five times more accurate than AK-107 / AEK-971 assault rifles with rigid locking of the barrel channel when firing bursts from uncomfortable positions with medium-trained arrows. With an equal resource of 10000 rounds, the number of targets hit will also increase five times. Due to this, 40000 rounds of ammunition costing 10 rubles each or 400000 rubles for the entire life cycle will be saved.

3. Arrow action algorithm when replacing a magazine:
- the shooter presses the button of the lock of the store, after which the store is thrown forward from its shaft under the action of the spring of the lock;
- the shooter transfers his hand over his shoulder, pulls the magazine (length of the order of 500 mm) from the vertical cell of the shoulder bag and inserts it into the shaft until the latch clicks;
- the shooter pushes back the manual reloading handle, which returns to its original position under the action of the return spring.
The slide delay in the GX-6 is absent due to the presence of a cartridge feeder, which requires a mandatory upward pull to capture the first cartridge from the magazine.

4. It is likely that the time to reload one store will increase, but given the double capacity of the store, the total number of reloads will also be reduced by half.

5. Creating a light machine gun for a low-pulse cartridge based on the GX-6 is impractical, because:
- the capacity of the assault rifle store is approaching the capacity of the machine gun store;
- The bullpup scheme imposes certain restrictions on the design of a drum-type magazine.
On the other hand, an extension of the stock by 200 mm makes it possible to naturally combine the basic design stated in the assault rifle with a box for the cartridge belt of a single machine gun of 7,62 mm caliber. In this case, it will be necessary to replace the telescopic feeder with a standard lever feeder while maintaining the supply of cartridges from top to bottom.

[Ch0sen1]

When evaluating the cost of a rifle, you do not take into account the transition to a new cartridge, and this is a rather considerable cost.

[Andreas]

You are right - the costs of OCD are not included in the cost of serial production of an assault rifle and cartridges for it.
This is a standard approach - for example, the cost of the "Kalashnikov assault rifle, model 1947" also did not include the cost of developing this and competing models of automatic weapons for the new cartridge 7,62x39 mm, as well as the cost of developing the cartridge itself and technological preparation of production.
It is clear that without R&D and restructuring of production at the moment, the Russian Armed Forces would still consist of PPS-43 and a rifle of the 1891/1930 model. Therefore, now, 39 years after the introduction of the AK-74 and at the beginning of the development of a new look for individual automatic weapons, there should be a choice between alternative solutions - such as the AK-12 or GX-6.
The costs of developing prototypes and conducting comparative tests will amount to several orders of magnitude less than will be spent on subsequent development and technological preparation of production for the winning sample.
In the speech of Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin last year, the technical re-equipment of the cartridge industry was announced, regardless of the transition / not transition to a new type of ammunition. Those. the costs for the technological preparation of the production of new-type cartridges have already been planned under the item "modernization of production".

[bazilio]

Another question for the author is that at present all models of assault rifles have approximately the same automation scheme because of the optimal price-reliability ratio. If it turns out that the proposed model will be rejected for adoption due to cost, is it possible to adapt the ammunition system of this sample to the classical automation system? just a large-capacity store that does not advocate for dimensions, it will sound tempting))

[Andreas]

The design of the telescopic cartridge feeder in combination with the magazine, located on top along the barrel, is fully suitable for the classic gas evacuation system for firearms automation, made in the bullpup form factor. The only change that needs to be made to its design is to move the gas engine under the barrel.

[I think so]

And now it’s not too lazy to engage in garbage ... Yes, from the first time it is clear that this is not a life scheme:
1. The cartridge and the weak, and special, and serial production is not adjusted. And try to fix ... The shape of the cartridge contributes to jamming during automatic shooting and minor pollution.
2. The mechanics are rather elaborate, which means it is WARRANTED not reliable and short-lived. (There is still not enough timing belt there, just kidding).
3. Shop on top. A lot of problems with the installation of all sights ...
4. The result. Is there a sheepskin at all? Small smoothing of returns and all the advantages ...

The author would do something useful ... for the family, for example ... a country sheaf binder or some kind of shredder ... there would be more benefit ... by God ...

[Peacemaker]

It is necessary to be glad that someone is trying to come up with a new one, and not to draw a minuscule from schemes that are already brought to practical perfection and do not have tangible development prospects, technical progress is supported by such people
You might think that the first copies of AK were an example of technical excellence

[bazilio]

Quote: I think so

The author would do something useful ... for the family, for example ... a country sheaf binder or some kind of shredder ... there would be more benefit ... by God ...

Do not get personal.
By your logic, then you need to minimize all NICOR and be content with what has already been invented.

[I think so]

Where is the transition to personality? Here are just recommendations for a more useful use of the author’s abilities. Well, above were listed the reasons for the failure of the project lying on the surface. If the author argued refuted my comments, then another matter, BUT there is nothing to object, respectively, the recommendations remain valid ...
And of course it is necessary to engage in R&D, but PROFESSIONALS, not amateurs, should be engaged in this. Of all the cracks of this "project", just PRET amateurism. In my design bureau, such a "project" would be called "kindergarten junior group". Nobody is forcing anyone to be content with something, but there are OBJECTIVE EXPERTISE criteria for R&D and R&D, and none of them even comes close to such a "project".
Where is the novelty of the idea? No, its main idea back in the years of the war was tested and rejected.
Where is the original design? No, all of its principles have been known for a long time already tested and NOT accepted for service by any army.
Where is the prospect of modification? Not at all, the design can be adopted only in this particular form, neither a change in the power of the cartridge, nor a change in caliber, nor the application to existing ammunition .... etc. etc.
And you say R&D, "... you need to rejoice ...". Here we BREAK from this state of affairs, just right ...

[bazilio]

Perhaps you are right, your first comment just sounded rude.

Quote: I think so

but PROFESSIONALS must do this,

What if it’s a hobby? Let’s say you are a design engineer, but in your spare time you paint landscapes. Well, I wanted to show you my work, and prof. the artists criticized, and without explanation, it’s just the author, go better the fences at the dacha are beautiful, there is no need for special skill. I do not protect the author of the article, I just urge to be treated with understanding, constructive dialogue, the world of friendship chewing gum and all that)))

[Igarr]

So what...???
I liked it.
Only right away I can offer an alternative scheme. - where two nested trunks (into each other) - will rotate one opposite to the other.
By type of spyglass. The microscope is there, the telescope. Binoculars.
The reactive moment is extinguished.
By cutting counter-movement - you can change the speed of operation as you like.
On each tube (well, my name) - you can put your coil spring .. one, two. five ... reduced spring requirements, I mean.
Cooling system - Mama Do not Cry. An internal tube can be made generally primitive.
One minus ... the store, too ... will ride in the hands. Or the feed path of the cartridge lengthens .. unreasonably.
Patented.
For ... well, let's say ... six months.

[Andreas]

Quote: I think so

1. The cartridge and the weak, and special, and serial production is not adjusted. And try to fix ... The shape of the cartridge contributes to jamming during automatic shooting and minor pollution.
2. The mechanics are rather elaborate, which means it is WARRANTED not reliable and short-lived. (There is still not enough timing belt there, just kidding).
3. Shop on top. A lot of problems with the installation of all sights ...
4. The result. Is there a sheepskin at all? Small smoothing of returns and all advantages

1. The energy of the 5,56x35 mm cartridge is equal to the energy of the 5,56x45 mm cartridge due to the equal weight of the propellant charge with its smaller volume — the density of the pressed charge is 1,75 grams per cubic cm against 0.7 grams per cubic cm of bulk charge.
The development of a new type of automatic weapon with multiply improved characteristics without the simultaneous development of a new type of cartridge for him is impossible. This is evidenced by both positive (AK-47, M16) and negative experience (automatic Baryshev, AN-94, AK-107, AEK-971).
The shape of the metal sleeve of the 5,45x39 mm cartridge is close to cylindrical, the shot sleeve is removed from the barrel chamber with a sufficiently large residual pressure of the powder gases. At the time of extraction, it is elastically deformed to a cylindrical state (and not only elastically - some of the spent cartridges are plastic deformed in violation of the geometry so that they are not inserted back into the chamber). And nothing, AK automation works even with contamination of the barrel chamber. Moreover, the GX-6 automation will work, using cartridges with composite sleeves, the friction coefficient on steel of which is 3,5 times less than that of metal.

2. The mechanics of the GX-6 are based on one standard solution (sliding slide frame and shutter) and one non-standard solution (rotating cranks and connecting rods).
Cranks are installed with an interference fit in the seats of the receiver in the factory - reliability is guaranteed by the manufacturer during the entire period of operation. Cranks are put on / removed from the fingers of the bolt frame and cranks only when assembling / disassembling the mechanism. During operation, the connecting rod eyes completely close the contact surface from contamination. Thus, swivel joints are much more reliable than sliding joints.
You can also compare the resource of the crank mechanism of an assault rifle (15000 rpm) and the resource of a similar mechanism of an internal combustion engine (15000000 rpm), which differ by three orders of magnitude (a kind of safety margin).

3. The GX-6 magazine is located inside the weapon body. Sights are mounted on the housing along the Picatinny rail, which removes all problems.

4. According to TS GRAU N 61, the accuracy of firing medium-trained shooters from an unbalanced AK in the case of a single shot and in the case of a queue differs by an order of magnitude.
Balanced automation based on a gas engine such as AK-107 or AEK-971 reduces this gap by a factor of 6, unbalanced automation based on a half-free shutter like a Baryshev automatic machine halves, balanced automation based on a half-free shutter slowed by a crank mechanism, such as an assault GX-XNUMX rifles - at least three times.

[I think so]

Anders
1. The cartridge you are offering is CYLINDRICAL and this differs from ALL of the cartridges you have listed, the positive experience that you are trying to extrapolate to your cartridge. This extrapolation is incorrect. The cylindrical cartridge will swell, wedge, or even burst due to uneven loading along the length of the sleeve. Well, no one knows where the pollution or any anomalies will appear at the beginning of the sleeve or at the end.
Further: "... the coefficient of friction on steel which is 3,5 times less ...". Such a factor does not at all guarantee a decrease in the effort when removing the liner. Here, it will be more important with what force the sleeve will be pressed against the barrel. And if the stiffness of the sleeve is significantly lower than the metal one, then it will also be pressed much stronger, which means it will be worse to extract. As far as I know, composite materials are inferior to metal ones in strength and elasticity. Accordingly, the sleeve will simply burst before it can be removed.
2. All your THEORETICAL considerations are not based on EXPERIENCE. And therefore insignificant. The only thing that matters is that the mechanism is MUCH more complicated and has MUCH more moving and connecting parts, springs, springs, rivets, sliders and other things. Each of these joints reduces reliability and increases the cost of weapons. This is the axiom of gunsmiths. And no theoretical thoughts can outweigh the truth verified in THOUSANDS of constructions.
3. The store creates problems with an aiming device by the need to place them away from the place where it will be CONSTANTLY inserted and removed to prevent damage or clogging of these devices. Further, due to the size of the cartridge, the entire construction of the sights must be placed very HIGH over the entire circuit. According to my estimates, this is 8-12 cm. I can not imagine how to use such weapons ...
4. You are scaring us with some figures "... differs from each other by an order of magnitude ...". And what does that mean in a real combat situation. So here I am telling you the differences. At a distance of 350 meters (statistics on the use of such weapons), the spread is obtained within the size of the chest target. This means that if a fighter aims at the center of the target, then ALL bullets will hit the target. If we reduce this scatter by three, then nothing SIGNIFICANTLY changes. And for the sake of such a "goal" you propose to develop, manufacture, create machines for the production of both a unique cartridge and a unique weapon? Moreover, this weapon scheme will be PRINCIPALLY NON-MODIFIED under a different cartridge, under a different caliber. The scheme cannot be used for the full range of required weapons. We remember and AMAZED with the Kalashnikov scheme. An automatic machine for any cartridge, any caliber, any magazine disk, horn, auger. Machine gun, any cartridge, any caliber, a lot of magazines and ways of feeding the cartridge. And all this on practically the same mechanism - the differences are in small details - the power of the spring, the length of the piston, the shape of the extractor - EVERYTHING. One and the same equipment for the production of the entire range of small arms. And you propose to exchange all this splendor and convenience for a MYTHICAL by anyone and unconfirmed increase in accuracy for ONE unique sample? This is ridiculous.
Then I take my leave and no longer have the desire and time to polemicize with you. I remain with the opinion expressed by me in the last sentence of my first message.

[Andreas]

1. The cartridge sleeve of the GX-6 rifle is cylindrical, unlike conical cartridge cases of cartridges, for example, the M16 rifle, but the conicity of the latter is only 0,58 mm over a length of 36,52 mm, i.e. 1,5%.
At the time of the shot, the conical sleeve M16 completely turns into a cylindrical one under pressure from 4000 to 500 bar. Therefore, in the process of extraction from the chamber, it behaves in the same way as the originally cylindrical sleeve GX-6.
The conicality of the M16 sleeve is partially restored only after depressurization. This property plays its role only in the event of an emergency, for example, in the case of excessive bloating and jamming of the sleeve in the chamber during subsequent manual removal.
In the GX-6 liner, the antifriction property of the liner material plays a similar role, which, unlike the elastic properties of the M16 liner material, is not subject to deterioration under the increased energy of the propellant charges of the cartridges.
The carbon-carbon composite has the strength of brass. The cylindrical sleeve GX-6 is completely supported by its body on the chamber wall and the shutter mirror and is therefore unloaded from the action of elastic deformation.

2. The GX-6 project is based on the experience of the Yu-7.62 serial machine gun.
The number of moving parts of the reloading mechanism of the GX-6 rifle (five units, including the cartridge feeder) is equal to the number of moving parts of the AEK-971 rifle (five units, including two balancer drive gears).

3. The distance from the aiming line to the axis of the barrel in the GX-6 rifle is 100 mm, which is equal to the similar distance in the M16A1 and FAMAS rifles.
The inlet of the store’s shaft is located under the Picatinny rail. When using a modern collimator sight installed in the area of ​​the control handle, contact between the sight and the magazine will be completely excluded.

4. According to TS GRAU No. 61 at a range of 350 meters, when firing from uncomfortable positions with medium trained shooters, the second and subsequent bullets from the same line go beyond the chest target.
I consider the increase in shooting accuracy by 3-4 times not only essential, but very significant and decisive for the development of any new weapon-cartridge complex.
The maximum pressure in the chamber of the barrel caliber 5.45, 5.56, 7.62, 12.7 and 14.5 mm are at the same level. Therefore, the proposed automation system with a free bolt resting on a buffer spring and a semi-free bolt frame slowed by a crank mechanism is suitable for the entire line of automatic small arms (with the exception of submachine guns that are not designed for medium-range shooting). The differences will consist only in linear dimensions and, accordingly, in the mass of the moving parts of the reloading mechanism (i.e., as well as in the automation system with a gas engine).

[Alex Nikandrov]

I believe that it is time in small arms to switch to sleeveless ammunition, which is not actuated by a mechanical bolt-action-capsule, but electric, on the principle of a piezo-lighter, or stun gun.

[Andreas]

In early 1991, the German Border Guard was transferred to the HK G11 caseless assault rifles, purchased in the amount of 1000 units. After a few years, all of them were decommissioned due to spontaneous combustion of shellless cartridges in the barrel. Those. a cartridgeless cartridge is a completed stage in a small arms business.
The reliability of the mechanical trigger is an order of magnitude greater than the reliability of the piezomechanical trigger, especially in conditions of 100 percent humidity, for example, in fog.

[Droid]

- reduction of the maximum recoil momentum by switching from a closed to a half-free shutter

It is impossible.

- elimination of the throwing moment by raising the axis of symmetry of the butt to the level of the axis of the barrel with a corresponding upward movement of the line of sight of the aiming devices;

The deviation of the STP queue greatly depends on the position for firing, for example, when shooting from the AKM while lying with one’s hand, the STP deviates left and down, while standing with the hand right and up.

And what increase in shooting efficiency is expected?

[Andreas]

The magnitude of the recoil force with the M16 rifle closed is equal to the product of the maximum pressure in the barrel chamber by the cross-sectional area of ​​the sleeve and is 2880 kgf.
The magnitude of the recoil force with the semi-free bolt of the GX-6 rifle is equal to the spring force of the buffer spring - 1000 kgf.

Shooting from the stop is shooting from a comfortable position. The GX-6 rifle is designed to increase the accuracy of automatic shooting from uncomfortable positions, for example, from a standing position. The estimated increase in accuracy is three to four times - due to the half-free shutter and balanced shock-free automation.

[Droid]

Mask value force recoil

The article is not about strength, but about momentum. The recoil force as well as the power can be reduced by stretching in time, which is what you plan. The recoil momentum cannot be changed by any automation.

The estimated increase in accuracy is three to four times - due to the half-free shutter and balanced shock-free automation.

Those. not enough. To replace the AK74, the GRAU put forward by the condition 1,5-2 times superiority in firing efficiency, which required an increase in accuracy in bursts in 5-10 times depending on the shooting position. AN-94 increased accuracy in 4,2-13,5 times and fulfilled the requirements for efficiency. With a standard 5,45 mm cartridge.

An increase in accuracy by 3-4 times is completely insufficient for a significant increase in the efficiency and profitability of the transition to a new machine gun and even a new cartridge.

Americans in the second half of the 80s to replace the M16A2 put forward the requirement of 2-fold superiority in efficiency. Otherwise, there is no particular sense in switching to a new machine gun and cartridge.

[Andreas]

I agree - it’s more correct to talk about reducing the recoil force in the GX-6 by increasing the time it affects the shooter.

Speaking of accuracy, I had in mind the decrease in the spread of the points of hit of the second and subsequent bullets in the target relative to the center of the target (when firing bursts from uncomfortable positions with medium trained arrows). With a limited target size (for example, chest) and an average firing distance (300-400 meters), a decrease in scatter by 3-4 times corresponds to a 100% hit of the second and subsequent bullets in the target compared to 100% missed in the same shooting from AK- 74.

Under these conditions, the GX-6 rifle has a firing efficiency equal to the firing efficiency of the AN-94 assault rifle. In this case, the GX-6 in comparison with the AN-94 has the following positive differences:
- the length of the exact queue is not limited by the automation device;
- the number of movable automation elements is half as much;
- automation is based on the rotation axes, which are completely protected from pollution during operation;
- the peak shoulder load of the shooter from the recoil force is 5,7 times less.
The latter allows us to speak with confidence about the possibility of a transition in the design of an assault rifle from 5,56 mm to 7,62 mm without loss of accuracy

[Droid]

Speaking of accuracy, I had in mind the decrease in the spread of the points of hit of the second and subsequent bullets in the target relative to the center of the target (when firing bursts from uncomfortable positions with medium trained arrows). With a limited target size (for example, chest) and an average firing distance (300-400 meters), a decrease in scatter by 3-4 times corresponds to a 100% hit of the second and subsequent bullets in the target compared to 100% missed in the same shooting from AK- 74.

Here I foresee mutual misunderstanding, therefore it is better to immediately decide on the same understanding of accuracy.
What do you mean by an increase in accuracy by 3-4 times? Is this a decrease in the median deviations of 3-4 times (i.e., a decrease in area of ​​9-16 times) or a decrease in the dispersion area of ​​3-4 times (i.e., a decrease of deviations of 1,73-2 times)? The superiority in accuracy of the AN-94 (and AEK) was considered precisely in terms of area and a maximum of 13,5 times. I do not believe that the GX-6 will surpass the firewall in this parameter, therefore I suggest that 3-4 times this is the dispersion area.

After we decide on this issue, we will be able to discuss further.

[Andreas]

By an increase in accuracy (the correct term that you have indicated) I mean a decrease in the median deviations of bullets.
For the GX-6 rifle, the possibility of increasing this indicator is based on the following technical effects:
- decrease in the peak value of the recoil force from 2880 kgf to 1000 kgf;
- lack of movement of the center of gravity of the weapon during the shot;
- the absence of blows of the bolt in the extreme positions;
- strictly unidirectional action of the recoil force throughout the entire queue.
A similar effect is achieved only in the machine gun AN-94, with the exception of the lack of movement of the center of gravity of the weapon. With the latter in mind, the GX-6 can predict an additional decrease in the dispersion area from 13,5 to 16 times compared to the AK-74.

[Droid]

I have doubts.
Firstly, on your chart, at the time of the shot there is a sharp jump in recoil force, although it is less than that of the AK74. The AN-94 recoil does not directly affect the arrow, but is transmitted through the shock absorber spring. Due to this, the recoil force builds up smoothly without peaks, and over time, the rate of increase in force slows down, then a second shot follows, after which the shooter feels a blow.
Secondly, because the rate of fire of a short burst is 3 times higher, then the barrel will deviate by an angle 3 times less than at a speed of 600 rpm. And given the first point ...
That is why I doubt that the GX-6 will equal or exceed the accuracy of the AN-94 in short bursts.

But even if it is nevertheless equal, then its effectiveness will again not exceed the AN-94.
In total, we will have two systems of equal efficiency (at best), but the AN-94 uses a standard 5,45 mm cartridge, is installed in all the standard mounts in the equipment instead of the AK74 without any alteration of the mounts.
The GX-6, on the other hand, will require a new munition, at close or equal efficiency, reworking all the mounts in equipment. Well, the cartridge feeding system raises doubts about reliability, and the vast majority of delays occur due to the fault of the feeding mechanisms.
Actually, until the product is made and tested, you can talk only about the main features.

[Andreas]

I agree - for the period of time from the moment the trigger is pulled to the moment the second bullet leaves the barrel, the arrow from the AN-94 side is affected only by the elasticity of the return spring.

For a similar period of time, a pulsating recoil force acts on the arrow from the GX-6 side, the value of which varies from 1000 kgf (buffer spring stiffness) to 10 kgf (return spring stiffness). Despite the pulsations of the magnitude, the force vector remains directed backward, which creates strictly longitudinal oscillations of the weapon along the axis of the barrel, which do not affect the accuracy of shooting.

The disadvantage of the AN-94 design is the lateral oscillations of the weapon due to the large displacement of its center of gravity - the barrel, receiver, bolt frame and bolt participate in the recoil, the total mass of which is more than 2/3 of the weight of the weapon. Transverse vibrations knock down the axis of the barrel from the line of sight.

Therefore, the accuracy of firing from a balanced GX-6 exceeds the accuracy of firing from an unbalanced AN-94.

Indeed, the AN-94 uses an existing cartridge, the GX-6 requires mastering the production of a new cartridge. But here it is necessary to take into account the fact that the AN-94 was rejected during army operation:
- firstly, due to an unreliable design, including a movable barrel, a receiver and a cable drive for the cartridge feeder;
- secondly, because of the length of the fixed line of two shots that does not meet the lines of real shooting.
Those. The AN-94 is de facto not an army weapon and cannot compete with the GX-6, in which:
- the barrel and receiver are motionless;
- all movable elements are completely protected from contamination by external bushings, with the exception of the bolt carrier moving in the open guides of the receiver (as well as in AK-47).

The supply of cartridges from the magazine to the barrel in the GX-6 is organized according to the principle of "hand-to-hand" - the feeder removes the cartridge from the magazine using two horizontal grippers covering up to 40 percent of the sleeve groove circumference and brings the cartridge to the chambering line, where it transfers it to "arms" of two vertical bolt extractors, also covering up to 40 percent of the liner bore circumference. This design completely eliminates the possibility of plugging the cartridge in the process of ramming into the barrel, unlike any known at the moment.

[Droid]

Therefore, the accuracy of firing from a balanced GX-6 exceeds the accuracy of firing from an unbalanced AN-94.

In fact, the AN-94 gave its results in practice. What about the GX-6?

that the AN-94 was rejected during army operation:

The price is 5 times higher than AK74M, the beginning of production in 98g, when the default struck. Actually, for the first reason, he is not in the army, and the second only aggravated.

firstly, due to an unreliable design, including a movable barrel, a receiver and a cable drive for the cartridge feeder;

AN-94 has successfully passed state and military tests and therefore meets the Soviet / Russian reliability requirements. No more than 0,2% of delays in difficult operating conditions.
-

secondly, because of the length of the fixed line of two shots that does not meet the lines of real shooting.

The longer the queue, ceteris paribus, the greater should be the optimal dispersion. GRAU requirements for the effectiveness of the AN-94 fulfilled.

Those. The AN-94 is de facto not an army weapon and cannot compete with the GX-6, in which:

The de facto AN-94 was adopted by the Ministry of Defense and is therefore already an army weapon, it has been tested and tested, it exists and is produced even in small batches ...
What about the GX-6?
Just think - there are two samples, one exists in the metal, uses a standard cartridge, has passed all the tests, meets the requirements for efficiency and is even produced a little. The price really bites.
The second sample exists only as a sketch, even according to the declared characteristics it does not differ in efficiency from the AN-94 in terms of efficiency, and it requires a new nonexistent cartridge. It is not known when it will be possible to create a new cartridge, the whole advantage of which is less weight and length, it is not known whether it will be possible to achieve the claimed characteristics in reality and how long it will take ...
And even if all this succeeds, the price of switching to a new machine and a new cartridge will be such that the AN-94 seems cheap. And this is with the same efficiency.

And what will the MO choose if it does itch to really replace the AK74?

[Andreas]

Assessment of the actual characteristics of the AN-94 should be based on an engineering approach, and not on officially approved characteristics.
Firstly, everyone knows the fact of the manipulation that was carried out by the GRAU of the Russian Ministry of Defense of the previous composition in 1994, when, in the process of state tests under the Abakan program, the requirement of the GRAU of the USSR Ministry of Defense to ensure a fixed queue of three shots was replaced by the requirement to ensure a fixed queue of two shots ... This alone gives reason to classify the AN-94 as a weapon of counter-terrorist units, and by no means an army one.
Secondly, weapons with a moving barrel and a receiver, i.e. with double the area of ​​contact and simultaneously contaminated open surfaces of the guides, by definition, cannot be a mass mobilization weapon.
Thirdly, the use of a cable drive in firearms is nonsense, which has no precedent in the entire history of weapons.
As a result, the AN-94 assault rifle is essentially a kind of stand, demonstrating under laboratory conditions a 13,5-fold reduction in the dispersion area of ​​bullets compared to the AK-74.

Now we will consider the AN-94 even from the point of view of a laboratory bench, designed to increase the accuracy of automatic fire from unstable positions by medium-trained shooters.
Unfortunately, all the tricks of the developers are divided into three organic shortcomings of its design, which only worsen accuracy when lengthening a fixed line up to three shots:
- the axis of the barrel of the machine does not coincide with the axis of symmetry of the butt, which generates a throwing moment on the weapon;
- in the process of performing a fixed queue, the center of gravity of the weapon is greatly shifted as a result of the rollback of 2/3 of its mass;
- after the completion of the fixed queue, the shoulder of the shooter experiences a cumulative return on all shots in the fixed queue, which in the case of three shots exceeds the load when firing with a 7,62x54 mm caliber sniper rifle (it is interesting after what time the average trained shooter leading automatic, rather than single fire, will earn a bruise on the shoulder and switch to the mode of non-fixed bursts with the loss of all the advantages in accuracy?).

The army practice of all countries of the world since the 1990s unequivocally testifies to the stillbirth of the fire-fighting scheme of increasing the accuracy of fire. Therefore, the comparison of the GX-6 even at the project stage with the rejected in practice AN-94 is technically incorrect.
Another thing is that the design indicators of the GX-6 are at the level of the requirements of the USSR GRAU for army individual automatic weapons that have not been implemented at the moment - reducing the dispersion area of ​​bullets by 16 times, reliability not lower than that of the AK-74, the turn is of unlimited length.
If these requirements are met, the increased costs of re-equipping arms and cartridge factories to produce a mass series of GX-6 assault rifles designed to completely replace the AK-74 assault rifle as mobilization small arms become justified. In terms of mass series, the price of the GX-6 will not exceed the price of the AK-74.

The only addition to the article under discussion and my comments on it is that before launching the series it is necessary to separately consider the use of larger caliber cartridges in the GX-6 - 6, 6.5 or 7.62 mm, since the stability margin incorporated in its design when firing bursts allows this (from experience in testing large-caliber models of automatic weapons of the Baryshev system).

[Droid]

Firstly, everyone knows the fact of fraud, which was carried out by the GRAU of the Russian Ministry of Defense of the previous composition in 1994, when, in the process of state tests under the Abakan program, it replaced the requirement of the GRAU of the USSR Ministry of Defense to ensure a fixed burst of three shots with the requirement to ensure a fixed burst of two shots ... This alone gives reason to classify the AN-94 as a weapon of counter-terrorist units, and by no means army ones.

There was no such requirement. Accordingly, all talk of fraud is, to put it mildly, not true.
examples: the Stechkin assault rifle TBK-0146 cutoff 2 shots, the TKB-0136-3M assault rifle had two cutoffs of 2 and 5 shots, the AKB-1 and AEK-978V assault rifles did not have a cutoff at all.

While the army is using a standard 5,45 cartridge there is no real alternative to the firearm design. And in the near future no one in the world is going to change the cartridge.

[Andreas]

The theme of the ROC "Abakan" was opened by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1981. As mandatory requirements, an increase in the effectiveness of firing in a burst from 1,5 to 2 times compared with the AK-74 and a length of a fixed burst of three shots (in the case of using such a firing mode) were established.
Until 1994, the requirement of a fixed line of three shots was replaced by the requirement of a fixed line of two shots. From the point of view of common sense, a two-shot turn is almost a single fire, the accuracy of which even with the AK-74 is quite satisfactory.
Therefore, the AN-94 does not meet the goal of the USSR Ministry of Defense - to create a new automatic weapon, the accuracy of firing with bursts of which is better than the accuracy of firing with bursts of AK-74.

The reason was not at all the inability of domestic gunsmiths to create such a weapon, but in an incorrectly specified condition of the task - to create a new weapon with qualitatively excellent characteristics under the old cartridge. Those. A negative result has been programmed.
Although it was enough to pay attention to the situation in 1947, when the USSR Armed Forces successfully switched to the mass view of automatic weapons under the so-called intermediate cartridge 7,62x39 mm.

Taking into account the negative experience of 1994 and the positive experience of 1947, the GX-6 project proposes not only a new weapon design, but also a new cartridge design.

[Droid]

Until 1994, the requirement of a fixed line of three shots was replaced by the requirement of a fixed line of two shots.

Once again this is not true. The final of the contest, which only Stechkin and Nikonov hit, is the end of the 80s and the beginning of the 90s. But back in the mid-80s, half of the presented submachine guns did not have a cutoff of 3 shots or did not have a cutoff at all
The presence of AKB-1 and AEK-978B that had no cutoffs at all, as well as TKB-0136-3M with a cutoff of 2 and 5 shots and TBK-0146 with a cutoff of 2 shots, shows that there is no requirement about the cutoff length as well as about the cutoff did not have.

[Andreas]

I am not saying that in the initial assignment of the USSR Ministry of Defense on the Abakan ROC there was a mandatory cutoff requirement after the N-number of shots (from the customer's side, this would be a strange requirement aimed at deteriorating the combat qualities of the weapon). It said otherwise - if the cut-off is mandatory to achieve the effect of increased accuracy, then the cut-off should be made no earlier than after the third shot.
This requirement was removed by the OCD customer during the tests after not a single sample of the weapons presented was able to provide firing efficiency with a burst of three or more shots at least 1,5 times longer than the AK-74, and those samples that could to fulfill this requirement, in accordance with their design limitations, had a cut-off of two shots and no more.
The Afanasyev machine gun TKB-0136-3M lost the competition, despite the presence of a cutoff of two shots, because even in this mode it was inferior in accuracy to the machine guns of the monitors of the Nikonov and Stechkin circuit with the same cutoff of two shots.

[Droid]

It said otherwise - if the cut-off is mandatory to achieve the effect of increased accuracy, then the cut-off should be done no earlier than on the third shot.

Where does it say that? The presence of 2 assault rifles with a cut-off of 2 shots at the first stage of the competition, then the appearance of the second version of the battery and AFM with a cut-off of 2 shots, directly contradicts this requirement. And no one said anything to Afanasyev and Stechkin, and then Nikonov and Kalashnikov joined them. And for some reason this did not bother anyone. But when the AN-94 was adopted, they immediately began to drive about violation of the requirements along the queue ... For some reason, it doesn’t bother anyone that the main competitor of the AN-94, the Stechkin assault rifle, from the very beginning had a cut-off of 2 shots and no nobody talked about violation of requirements. Moreover, reliable sources describing the Abakan contest also do not say anything about the requirements for the cutoff length, as well as about the availability of such. The most important requirement was to increase the firing efficiency by 1,5-2 times when using a standard cartridge. And how this problem will be solved with a burst of 2 or 3 shots did not really matter. Only Stechkin and Nikonov coped with the task, they achieved the required efficiency with a burst of 2 shots, the rest did not help either 5 shots or no cutoff at all.

PS We are leaving the discussion of the GX-6 and are starting to analyze myths about the Abakan contest.

[Droid]

This requirement was removed by the OCD customer during the tests after not a single sample of the weapons presented was able to provide firing efficiency with a burst of three or more shots at least 1,5 times longer than the AK-74, and those samples that could to fulfill this requirement, in accordance with their design limitations, had a cut-off of two shots and no more.

This again is not so, the AN-94 provides 1,5-2 times superiority queue of any length. It will simply be an irrational expenditure of ammunition. 1,5-2-fold superiority is manifested after a cut in 2 shots, but no one forces to interrupt the queue. They fell further, anyway, you already surpassed AK74 1,5-2 times on the first two, the rest of the bullets are the same, they will add a little.

[Andreas]

I agree with you regarding the lack of open access to documentary evidence of the initial requirement of the USSR Ministry of Defense to cut off at least three shots, so this question is being withdrawn from the discussion.
But I cannot agree with your assertion that the AN-94 has an advantage over the AK-74 when firing a queue longer than two shots for a simple reason - after the first two shots, the arrows from the AN-94 receive a double blow to the shoulder, after which the third and subsequent bullets are guaranteed to go past the target. After that, the accuracy of the entire line will obviously fall below the level of AK-74. This indicator is a comparative characteristic of automatic weapons, and not the accuracy of the first two shots in line.

[Droid]

But I can not agree with your statement that the AN-94 has an advantage over the AK-74 in the production of a line of more than two shots for a simple reason - after the first two shots, the shooter from the AN-94 receives a double blow to the shoulder, after which the third and subsequent bullets are guaranteed to go past the target.

This will no longer matter. Already after the two with a high rate, the AN-94 is so ahead in terms of the probability of a hit that the AK74 will not catch up with it and a burst of 10 shots. The remaining bullets in the queue cannot worsen the probability of a hit. the whole lineon the contrary, they add probability, although not so much.

This indicator is a comparative characteristic of automatic weapons, and not the accuracy of the first two shots in line.

The most important indicator is the firing efficiency, which for the machine is expressed primarily in the probability of hitting or in the mathematical expectation of the number of targets hit per unit of time.

[Andreas]

I proceed from the approach enshrined in TS GRAU No. 61 - as a component of the performance characteristics of automatic weapons, the accuracy rate of all shots in the queue is used, and not just the first two.
In addition, misses the target of the third, fourth, fifth, etc. bullets in line sharply reduces, but does not increase accuracy. The probability of the restoration of the aiming at the target of the weapon (without interrupting the queue) and falling by the third and subsequent shots after the double impact of the recoil force for the average trained shooter is zero.

The meaning of automatic shooting at medium distances is to hit at least with one shot a target whose silhouette is not visible at a distance of 300-400 meters, but is only assumed, for example, from flares of a muzzle flame from a dark embrasure or against a background of terrain that blurs the enemy’s silhouette . When the shooting itself should be made from an uncomfortable position without focusing arms or elbows of the shooter in a fixed support. In this situation, it is precisely the accuracy of the firing by the burst in the given direction towards the alleged but not visible enemy that is important.

And in a situation of a convenient position for firing and line of sight of the enemy, you can always go to a single fire, where the probability indicator of hitting the target begins to play a role.

[Droid]

In addition, misses the target of the third, fourth, fifth, etc. bullets in line sharply reduces, but does not increase accuracy.

It is about hit probabilities. Roughly speaking, if from AK74 the probability of falling into a burst of 3 shots is 0.1, and from the AN-94 by a cutoff of 0.2, then subsequent bullets will only increase the probability, but in no way reduce it. And that is why even in bursts of 5 rounds the AN-94 is more effective than the AK74.
Because:
1. Already a high-temperature deuce gives such a chance that it will not reach the AK74 with 5 shots, and behind the deuce there are 3 more bullets that will also add percent probability.
2. When shooting at a low rate at the AN-94, the impact of the moving parts does not affect the arrow (unlike the AK74), and the recoil is transmitted through the shock absorber spring. And with the exception of the separation of the third bullet, the accuracy of the remaining bullets in the queue may be better than the AK74.

[Alex Nikandrov]

I was told that the sleeveless version was in a trial version, but modern technologies can correct previous failures, in addition, you can try the option of compressed gas in cylinders, as in pneumatics, but with a gas blast, as well as combustible sleeves from the film, that is These are options for a fundamentally new small arms.

[Andreas]

I will express a purely personal opinion - the time spent on developing a bullet weapon with gas propelling charges ignited by an electrozapal is quite comparable to the time spent working on a beam weapon with a laser energy source.
The second type of weapon will be clearly more promising in the next century.

[Droid]

Firstly, everyone knows the fact of fraud, which was carried out by the GRAU of the Russian Ministry of Defense of the previous composition in 1994, when, in the process of state tests under the Abakan program, it replaced the requirement of the GRAU of the USSR Ministry of Defense to ensure a fixed burst of three shots with the requirement to ensure a fixed burst of two shots ... This alone gives reason to classify the AN-94 as a weapon of counter-terrorist units, and by no means army ones.

There was no such requirement. Accordingly, all talk of fraud is, to put it mildly, not true.
examples: the Stechkin assault rifle TBK-0146 cutoff 2 shots, the TKB-0136-3M assault rifle had two cutoffs of 2 and 5 shots, the AKB-1 and AEK-978V assault rifles did not have a cutoff at all.

While the army is using a standard 5,45 cartridge there is no real alternative to the firearm design. And in the near future no one in the world is going to change the cartridge.

[Andreas]

Quote: Ch0sen1

When evaluating the cost of a rifle, you do not take into account the transition to a new cartridge, and this is a rather considerable cost.

When creating the prototype of the GX-6 assault rifle to test the new automation system, as a temporary solution, you can use the common 9x19 mm Para cartridge with a cylindrical sleeve, which is widely used in automation systems with a free and half free shutter.

[Andreas]

Quote: Droid

The most important indicator is the firing efficiency, which for the machine is expressed primarily in the probability of hitting or in the mathematical expectation of the number of targets hit per unit of time.

According to the "Tables of firing at ground targets from small arms of 5,45 and 7,62 mm" (TS GRAU N 61 edition of 1977), the probable deviations of bullets due to dispersion in height and lateral direction (Vv Sum) and total dispersion of bullets when firing bursts (Vb Sum) in a prone position from a support from an AKM machine gun with average trained shooters, it increases 8-9 times compared to single fire.
From unstable positions for shooting (from the knee, standing), the total dispersion in comparison with shooting from the stop increases by a factor of 2–3.
Those. for AKM, the accuracy of firing bursts from unstable positions is 16 to 27 times less than the accuracy of firing single shots from stable positions. This is the price of the issue of switching to an automatic weapon with a half-free shutter, slowed down by a crank mechanism.

[Droid]

Shooting efficiency is a complex quantity and depends not only on accuracy. It also depends on the persistence of the trajectory, combat rate of fire, the action of the bullet on the target and the reliability of the weapon. And the military is primarily interested in efficiency, which is expressed in the ability to hit as many targets as possible in the shortest possible time.

Regarding the transition to another weapon, I have already spoken out ... AN-94 is created, tested, put into service, uses a standard cartridge and is even produced in small batches. You just need to buy the AN-94, though its price is 5 times higher than the AK74M.
And the GX-6 does not exist in metal. In practice, the claimed characteristics are not confirmed, there is no cartridge. For the development and transition to the GX-6, it is necessary to surpass not the AK74, but the AN-94 in the same 1,5-2 times in terms of firing efficiency.

[Andreas]

According to the information you provided, the AN-94 surpasses the AK-74 by 13,5 times in reducing the dispersion area of ​​bullets when firing a burst from uncomfortable positions with medium-trained shooters.
In my estimation, the GX-6 will provide a reduction in this area up to 27 times compared to the AK-74, which corresponds to a 2-fold increase in accuracy compared to the AN-94.

Simultaneously with the development of the GX-6 prototype, it seems necessary to consider the use of a 6 mm caliber bullet of 5 grams used in the 6x49 mm cartridge, which was part of the ammunition of the AL-7 assault rifle and machine gun designed by Yu.A. Aleksandrov, as part of the proposed cartridge as well as the SVK sniper rifle designed by A.I. Nesterov.
With a barrel length of 600 mm, the initial velocity of the bullet will be 1000 m / s with a muzzle energy of 2500 joules. The length of a weapon made in the bullpup form factor will be about 850 mm. If we take into account the declared store capacity of 60 rounds, then the GX-6 assault rifle with its combat qualities will immediately correspond to three weapon models - an assault rifle, tactical sniper rifle and light machine gun.

[Droid]

In my estimation, the GX-6 will provide a reduction in this area up to 27 times compared to the AK-74, which corresponds to a 2-fold increase in accuracy compared to the AN-94.

Not accuracy, but efficiency.
Example. AN-94 surpasses AK74 in accuracy up to 13,5 times, and in efficiency up to 2 times.
"Feel the difference! © "In order to surpass AN-94 in efficiency by 2 times, you will not manage to increase accuracy. Just because there is some limit to the accuracy of automatic fire, and if the dispersion is less than this limit, then the firing efficiency will drop. In the extreme case, when the dispersion = 0 (all bullets to the point), the effectiveness of the burst fire will not differ from a single shot.

[Andreas]

Where can you get acquainted with the content of the concept of "efficiency" in relation to the AK-74 and AN-94 assault rifles?

[Droid]

Firing efficiency is related to all weapons, and not just to the AK74 and AN-94.
As for automatic weapons, then ...

[Droid]

When shooting to evaluate the effectiveness ...

[Andreas]

Based on the above main criteria for a comparative assessment of the combat effectiveness of automatic weapons, the following conclusions can be drawn from the comparison of the AN-94 assault rifle (with a magazine with 30 rounds and 4,4 kg) and the GX-6 assault rifle (with a 60 magazine cartridges equipped with a weight of 3,7 kg and an additional firing mode with a cut-off of two shots).

The average number of targets hit per shot without changing the store in a fixed burst mode of two shots:
AN-94 - 15 targets;
GX-6 - 30 targets

The average frequency of hitting a target in one shot without changing the store with one fixed burst of two shots:
AN-94 - 50% (15 targets out of 30);
GX-6 - 100% (30 targets out of 30).

Those. the criteria for making a decision on the development of a new weapon / cartridge complex are met - the combat effectiveness of the GX-2 is twice that of the AN-94.

[Andreas]

Additional criteria for a comparative assessment of the combat effectiveness of the considered samples of hand-held automatic weapons

.................................................. ......................... AN-
94 ..................... GX-6
Type of weapon ................................................ .....machine.
....assault rifle*
Automation system ........................ gas engine ......... half-free shutter
Design features .............. movable barrel ............ fixed barrel
.................................................. ............. and the receiver, ..... and the receiver,
.................................................. ............. nesbalan

[Droid]

You have two wrong assumptions here, one explicit and the other implicit.
Explicit - Shooting is limited by store capacity. But this is not so. Shooting is limited by the duration of the combat mission, and it is much more than shooting one store. Even in the case of repulsing an attack, when shooting with the highest possible rate of fire, we shoot not until the end of the store (the store is over and the end of the war), but until the attack is completely reflected.

Implicit - you have a probability of hitting a queue is 1, which is possible only if the probability of hitting the first bullet (single) is 1. Next, take an AK74, stick a 60-round magazine, translate an OD gun and hit 60 targets with 60 shots. And what is your superiority if the GX-6 in terms of the number of targets hit does not differ from the AK74 (if you shoot alone)? And why do you need in this case shooting bursts?

This is how the experiment described incorrectly leads to the opposite conclusions. I could just say that there is quite a 60-round magazine for the AN-94. Be careful in setting up thought experiments.

It would be correct to say that the GX-6 has a practical rate of fire of so many revolutions per minute, and the AN-94 has so much that in a tense moment of battle it allows you to hit so many targets per minute. However, I wrote about the 60-charge store. One could write that in battle a shooter manages to fire at X targets, which, given the probability of hitting P, gives us, on average, P * X hit targets per battle.

[Andreas]

For the objectivity of the comparative assessment, an additional condition had to be introduced - to assess what the concept of "shooting" in bursts is.
It was proposed to consider automatic fire as "shooting" within the capacity of a regular magazine. There is an objective basis for this - when switching to a non-standard magazine with a capacity of 60 rounds, the equipped weight of the AN-94 increases significantly and the weapon de facto goes into the class of hand-held pistols.
And when using full-time stores, the curb weight of the two compared weapon models is the same.

[Andreas]

Additional criteria for the comparative assessment of the combat effectiveness of the AN-94 and GX-6

……………………………………………… AN-94 ………………

[Andreas]

Comparison of the performance characteristics of the AN-94 and GX-6

……………………………………………… AN-94 …………………… .GX-6
Type of weapon ............................ assault rifle ... ... ... ... ... ... ... assault rifle *
Automation system ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... gas engine ... ... ... half-free shutter
Design features .............. ... movable barrel and ....... .. fixed barrel and
…………………………………………….…. The trunk, …… ... the receiver,
…………………………………………….…. Unbalanced ……. Balanced
……………………………………….… .Automatics ……………… .automatics
Caliber, mm ...................................... ... .5,45х39 ...................... ... ..6х35
The length of the weapon, mm .............................. ... 943 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Barrel length, mm ……………………… 405 …………………….… .600
Bullet weight, grams .................................. 3,4 .............................. ... ..5
Cartridge weight, grams .............................. 10 .............................. 10
Muzzle velocity, m / s ……… ..900 ……………………… ..1000
Muzzle energy, J ………………… .1377 ……………………… 2500
Sighting range, m …………… .500 ……………………… ..1000
Rate of fire, rounds per minute ... 1800/600 ** ..................... ..600
The capacity of a full-time store, cartridge .... 30 ...................................... 60
Weapon weight, kg .............................. 3,85 .............................. 3,4
The weight of the equipped store, kg ……… .0,45 ……………………… .0,9
Decrease in average area
bullet dispersion compared to
AK-74 when firing a burst
- of two bullets, times .................................. 13,5 .............................. 16
- of three bullets, times ...................................... 4,8 .............................. 16
- of four bullets, times .............................. 3,9 .............................. 16
- of five bullets, times .......................................... 3,3 ...................... .............. 16

Notes:
* designed to replace an assault rifle, sniper rifle and light machine gun
** a queue of two shots / a queue of three or more shots

[Droid]

All this is good, but there are two points.
1. The dispersal characteristics of the AN-94 in bursts of more than 2 rounds are not publicly available. Apart from rumors that it is worse than the AK74 (which I doubt) there is nothing.
2. The accuracy characteristics of the GX-6 are only desirable, which will turn out in practice is unclear.

[Andreas]

1. The increase in the average area of ​​dispersion of bullets for the case of firing from the AN-94 with a burst of three or more was calculated as the arithmetic average of the sum of the magnification factors when shooting with a cut-off of two shots (13,5 times) and when shooting the third and subsequent shots into queues (1 time).
The calculation is overvalued, since it does not take into account the withdrawal of weapons from the aiming line after the first two shots and a double strike of the firing unit in the rear wall of the AN-94 body.
According to the available information, in the case of firing a burst of three or more shots, the AN-94 can be put into firing mode without recoil of the firing unit, while the magnification factor will be 1. The absence of appropriate data in the public domain actually confirms this information.

2. For GX-6, the calculated characteristics are determined based on the known data of the AK-74, AN-94, AEK-971, AL-7 and many other experimental and serial designs.
In particular, an increase in the average bullet dispersion area was chosen at a level exceeding the AN-94 indicator (16 instead of 13,5 times), taking into account the fully balanced GX-6 automation.

3. I agree that practice is a criterion of truth.
As I have already noted, nothing prevents the interested party from making a prototype GX-6 in the form of a submachine gun using a 9x19 Para cartridge with a cylindrical sleeve as an ammunition, and after confirming the declared characteristics, solve the problem of joint development of a prototype assault rifle and a new cartridge for him with a composite sleeve.
The basis of the sleeve is fired pressed foam, which dramatically reduces the need for technological preparation for the creation of the first experimental batch of cartridges of a new sample.

[Droid]

According to available information, in the case of firing a burst of three or more shots, the AN-94 can be put into firing mode without recoil of the firing unit, while the magnification factor will be 1.

It is not.

The lack of open access to relevant data actually confirms this information.

Such information is publicly available, for example, in the 5,45-mm Nikonov assault rifle. Technical description and instruction manual. "

[Droid]

For some reason, two pictures in one comment do not work
And more.

[Andreas]

I completely agree with the excerpts from the technical description and the operating instructions for the AN-94,
Until that moment, I was guided by a free retelling of these documents (in terms of the possibility of firing at a slow pace, starting with the first shot), but in a comparative assessment of the two models of weapons for the AN-94, I specifically cited the case when the turn consists of the first two shots in high pace and all the rest of the shots at a low pace.
In this regard, we can state the following:
- a doubled force blow into the weapon casing after the first two shots naturally knocks the weapon off the line of sight and reduces the accuracy of subsequent shots in the same queue as compared with the AK-74 (most likely, this is the reason for the lack of data on the accuracy of fire from AN-94 a burst of three or more shots in length);
- a declarative statement that the shooting at a slow pace is not accompanied by blows from the unit to the casing of the crafting itself, because the unit rolling back must be stopped, firstly, and, secondly, and reversed towards the barrel.
These two functions are performed by a spring, which rests on the casing and transfers to it all the load from the damping of the inertia of the unit. The elasticity of the spring is enough to better absorb shock from a single shot compared to shock absorbing from two shots. But in any case, it is only able to weaken the impact force of the unit on the casing, and not completely repay the impact.
To completely dampen the inertia force of a 2-kg unit, such a stiff spring is required that at a short recoil distance, the rate of fire with a burst of bursts of any length will be about 2000-3000 rounds per minute, which is not observed in practice. Therefore, a clear technical error was made in the above documentation - a blow to the casing of the unit is present, as in any other automatic weapon (an exception is a weapon with a crank reloading mechanism).
In addition, the reciprocating movement of the unit, the mass of which is half the weight of the equipped weapons, causes an increased lateral buildup of the AN-94 compared to the AK-74, where the mass of the bolt frame and shutter is only 0,4 kg (1/9 of the weight of the equipped machine gun), which also reduces the accuracy of the third and subsequent shots from the AN-94 compared to the AK-74.
All three factors (double strike at the end of the first two shots, single blows at the end of the third and subsequent shots, increased buildup of weapons) reduce the accuracy of firing with an unfixed burst of AN-94. As a result, the special design of the assault rifle justifies itself only when the first two shots hit the target, subsequent shots in the queue always do not hit the target of limited sizes (100 percent non-target ammunition consumption). In fact, a fire translator would have to provide the possibility of only single firing and firing a burst of two shots.
Shooting a burst of two shots makes sense only with a direct view of the target. In the case of firing on muzzle flares, a greater consumption of rounds (from three to five) is required to destroy the entire area of ​​the alleged location of the enemy (about 1 square meter for a distance of 300-400 m). Since the first two bullets in the line will go to one point, and all the rest will go outside the affected area, to the extent the AN-94 cannot be considered an army weapon.

[Droid]

- a declarative statement that the shooting at a low pace is not accompanied by blows of the unit on the casing of the crafty in itself,

If shooting at a slow pace is accompanied by blows, then this does not correspond to the technical description, i.e. marriage. Such products are subject to return to the manufacturer.

These two functions are performed by a spring, which rests on the casing and transfers to it all the load from the damping of the inertia of the unit. The elasticity of the spring is enough to better absorb shock from a single shot compared to shock absorbing from two shots. But in any case, it is only able to weaken the impact force of the unit on the casing, and not completely repay the impact.

The shock absorber spring weakens the impact after the two at a high rate, subsequent low-rate shots are not accompanied by impacts because:
1. The recoil momentum of one shot is not enough to completely compress the shock absorber spring, the unit does not reach the extreme rear position (it is written in the instructions).
2. A shot (at a slow pace) occurs when the unit comes to the front position. In fact, we have shooting at the roll-out of the assembly.

[Andreas]

1. This is a clear mistake - in order to shocklessly slow down the firing unit, the stiffness of the spring of the shock absorber must be equal to the recoil force from the shot - 2880 kgf or, in the case of shooting at a roll-out, 1440 kgf. The rate of fire would be about 2000 rounds, which is not observed.
Perhaps, it means that the elastic element consists of two stages - a return spring of low stiffness and long stroke (60 mm) and a buffer spring of high stiffness and short stroke (several mm). Such a design is used, for example, in the M16 assault rifle, although no one denies the striking nature of the reversal of the movement of the slide frame there.

2. Shooting at the roll-out of the unit really halves the shock load during subsequent rollback. This allows you to reduce the weight of the weapon, but generates strong vibrations around the transverse axis due to the cyclical displacement of the center of gravity of the weapon.
Accuracy of automatic firing from uncomfortable positions is reduced.

[Droid]

1

. This is a clear mistake - in order to shocklessly slow down the firing unit, the stiffness of the shock absorber spring should be equal to the recoil force from the shot - 2880 kgf or, in the case of firing at the roll-out, 1440 kgf. The rate of fire would be about 2000 rounds, which is not observed.

Not to force. The force of interaction of the spring and the unit depends on the degree of compression of the spring, according to the law F = k * x
And it is necessary to consider rigidity for stopping a moving body through the energy of the spring. Unit recoil energy = spring compression energy.
The recoil energy p ^ 2 / (2 * m) is the square of the pulse divided by the two masses of the unit, let the mass be 2 kg, and the recoil momentum 5,45 = 0,49 kgf * s = 4,805 N * s. In this case, the energy of the unit is 5,78 J
Let the length of the rollback to full repayment be 3 cm or 0.03 m
Spring compression energy k * x ^ 2/2
then k * x ^ 2/2 = 5,78 J => k = 2 * 5.78 / (0.0009) = 12.84 * 10 ^ 3 N * m or 1309 kgf * m.
This is in the most extreme case, when the spring extinguishes recoil energy without rolling out and is not preloaded itself. If the spring is preloaded by 10 kgf, then the spring stiffness will be less than k = 643 kgf * m. If the preload force is 15 kgf, then the stiffness will be k = ~ 310 kgf * m

[Andreas]

Most likely so - you are more competent than me in quantitative evaluations.
In this matter, I am guided by a well-known historical fact - in 1944, Shpagin presented a machine gun with a free shutter weighing 7,62 kg and a high rate of fire for the selection of a new type of weapon model chambered for 39x1,2. Calculations showed that in order to achieve a rate of fire of 600 rounds per minute with a spring rate of 10 kgf, it would be necessary to increase the shutter weight to 6 kg, i.e. three times the weight of the firing unit AN-64 (which is a direct analog of the free shutter by the method of its deceleration).
You can do the opposite for the option of moving parts weighing 2 kg and estimate the stiffness of the return spring at 30 kgf, but then the rate of fire with an unsecured burst will increase to about 1400 rounds per minute (taking into account the lower energy of the cartridge 5,45x39), which is unacceptable in terms of ammunition consumption and trunk resource.

[Andreas]

In 94, the AN-1997 assault rifle was adopted by individual military units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Taman Division of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

To date, the AN-94 is actually withdrawn from service for the following reasons:
- several times greater sensitivity to pollution and breakdowns due to the increased number of moving parts of the automation, only ten units (barrel, receiver, bolt, bolt frame, return spring, buffer, trigger, cable, pulley and cartridge feed) against two units AK-74 (shutter and slide frame);
- deteriorated combat qualities in terms of army conditions of use.

The combat qualities of the AN-94 are limited by the following design flaws:
- firing mode with a fixed burst of two shots at a rate of 1800 rounds per minute is identical in accuracy to firing with a single shot from AK-74;
- firing mode with an unsecured burst at a rate of 600 rounds per minute has a grouping of the third and subsequent shots below the grouping rate of all shots when firing a burst of AK-74 due to an AN-94 barrel being thrown up after a double shot of the firing unit upon reaching its extreme rear position after execution first two shots.

As a result, the AN-94 assault rifle turned out to be relatively suitable (if you do not take into account sensitivity to pollution and breakdowns) only for combat use by the counterterrorism units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB of Russia, the tactics of which involve hitting each target with two shots in a row.

[Droid]

To date, the AN-94 actually retired the following reasons:

In fact, we are armed with the Nagan revolver, Maxim machine gun, three-ruler, PPSh, PPS. I almost forgot about Berdan’s rifle No. 2 ...
Withdrawal from service is a whole procedure and is carried out by order of the Minister of Defense.
And why the AN-94 is practically not purchased, this is because its price is 5 times higher than the AK74M and the start of production was in default. And still it is necessary to retrain personnel, it is necessary to turn over all army for preparation of methodical and educational materials and other.
Why if everything was worked out in the USSR for AK74? Take and use. And it is better to hand over the AN-94 somewhere to the warehouse for there is no one to teach soldiers, because we don’t know him. Yes, and in the warehouse it will be more intact.

[Andreas]

Berdan No. 2, Nagan, Maxim, three-ruler, PPSh, PPS - legally withdrawn from service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. If the AN-94 would be in need of someone, the organization of its large-scale production in the 15 years that have passed since the moment of formal putting into service could reduce the selling price to the level of AK-74. But let's not talk about sad things.

In order to go directly to the topic of this article, it should be noted that the designs of the AN-94 and GX-6 have similarities in one aspect - both models have rollback dampers for the moving parts of the reloading mechanism, and the AN-94 has two such dampers built into the return and shock absorbing springs.
The only difference is that for the AN-94, the dampers are located behind the moving parts, respectively, weighing 0,4 kg, stroke 60 mm and a duration of 0,03 seconds and a weight of 2 kg, stroke 60 mm and a duration of 0,1 seconds, while The GX-6 damper (buffer spring) is located behind the very first movable part - a shutter weighing 50 grams, a 5 mm stroke and a duration of 0,001 seconds.
It is in this design feature that the difference in the degree of imbalance and, accordingly, the accuracy of firing by the bursts of the first and second weapon models lies.

[Droid]

Quote: Andreas

Berdan No. 2, Nagan, Maxim, three-ruler, PPSh, PPS - legally withdrawn from service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Newspaper "Red Star"
http://old.redstar.ru/2006/12/01_12/n.html

Byelorussia
The National Army removed a number of small arms from armament and proceeded to their disposal. First of all, the PPSh machine gun, Mosin rifle, Goryunov machine gun, 7,62-mm Degtyarev machine gun, RP-46 machine gun, system revolver are to be removed from service and disposal. Nagana.
An analysis of the state of small arms carried out in the armed forces showed that some of its samples are outdated, their technical characteristics and high-quality condition do not meet modern requirements. They are discontinued in the manufacturing countries and do not find further use in the armed forces.
Some weapons will go to museums and film studios. Applications have already begun to come from these organizations. A prototype PPSh appeared in 1940. The Degtyarev light machine gun was adopted by the Red Army in 1927, and the Goryunov machine gun in 1943.

Belarus finally managed to remove them from service. But in Russia, nobody removed them from service.

If AN-94 would need someone

LJ Denis Mokrushin. Visit Report of the 16th Separate Special Forces Brigade
http://twower.livejournal.com/661958.html
Draftee Day 2009 at 27 Motorized Rifle Brigade Part 3 - Small Arms, Mines and Defense Means
http://vitaly.livejournal.com/63835.html

[Andreas]

Berdan No. 2 was withdrawn from service in the 1890s, Nagan, Maxim, PPSh-41 and PPS-43 in the 1950s, a three-line rifle in the 1970s.
The removal from service and disposal of weapons stored in warehouses are different processes that do not coincide in time. For example, PPSh-41 and PPS-43, after being decommissioned, were widely supplied to the African people's liberation movements in the 1960s. The same thing happened in Belarus - the cleaning of warehouses from weapons removed from weapons, but still stored in the form of material assets.

I looked at the photo reports from the military units at your links - everywhere in the hands of the military there are numerous AK-74 assault rifles, and on the stands, one per part is an exhibition copy of the AN-94 assault rifle. At the stand of the 16th spetsnaz brigade, the AN-94 was particularly impressed with sniper optics - probably, the servicemen did not pick it up from the moment of delivery from the factory and did not even read the instructions for use (they consider it a sniper weapon).

[Andreas]

Another model of weapons chambered for 6x49 mm is the TKB-0145K self-loading sniper rifle in the bullpup layout, designer A. B. Adov, a branch of OAO KBP - TsKIB SOO (Tula), 1990s.
Design features - a suspended barrel, the intake of powder gases from a muzzle.

[Andreas]

Comparison of the performance characteristics of known models of hand-held automatic weapons with the GX-6
http://www.dogswar.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=746&start=520

[Andreas]

Comparison of the combat effectiveness of the AK-74M (caliber 5,45x39 mm, barrel length 415 mm) and GX-6 A2 (caliber 6x35 mm, barrel length 650 mm) when firing medium-trained arrows at a chest target measuring 50x50 cm

Accuracy of a single shot from a prone position from an emphasis to a range of 100 m:
AK-74M * .... 4 cm
GX-6 A2 .... 2,9 cm (1 MOA)

Accuracy of shooting - deflection of bullets when firing a burst from a standing position with a hand at a range of 300 m:
AK-74M *
- the first bullet in height 54 cm, side 36 cm
- subsequent bullets in height 182 cm, side 139 cm
GX-6 A2
- the first bullet in height 13,5 cm, side 9 cm
- subsequent bullets in height 45,5 cm, side 34,75 cm

* Tables 27 and 28. Tables of firing at ground targets from small arms of 5,45 and 7,62 mm calibers. TS GRAU N 61 edition of 1977

[Andreas]

The project of a sniper bullet designed for firing from a barrel with an oval-screw channel of the Lancaster system. The barrel material is stainless steel, the barrel bore is titanium carbide.

The body of the bullet is made of heat-strengthened steel, clad with tompak. The surface of the bullet is biconvex, with the exception of the part located in the center of mass where the lead belt is located in the annular recess, made of lead bronze with increased plastic and antifriction properties.
The body of the bullet is machined on turning equipment with an accuracy of 0,001 mm and is ground.

The largest diameter of the body of the bullet is equal to the smallest diameter of the barrel. The diameter of the leading belt is equal to the arithmetic mean of the largest and smallest diameters of the bore.
At the beginning of the movement of a bullet in the barrel under the influence of pressure of the powder gases, the material of the leading belt acquires an oval-helical shape, flowing from the area in contact with the surface of the bore of the smallest diameter, into the area in contact with the surface of the bore of the largest diameter.
The bullet in the barrel is maintained due to the point contact of the trailing edge of the animating part and the leading edge of the bottom part on the surface of the barrel of the smallest diameter.

[Andreas]

The project of a half-shell sniper bullet designed for firing from a barrel with an oval-screw channel of the Lancaster system. The barrel material is stainless steel, the barrel bore is titanium carbide. The pressure in the chamber is 4400 bar, the barrel resource is 10000 shots. Bullet weight 10 grams, barrel length 100 calibers, muzzle velocity of 1000 m / s, muzzle energy of 5000 J.
The bullet consists of a steel core, a lead shirt and a tompack shell. In order to increase armor penetration, the core can be made of tungsten carbide or tungsten. In the front part between the core and the shell there is a cavity filled with Teflon. When hitting an obstacle, the core generates a hydraulic shock in Teflon that destroys the head of the shell in order to eliminate its pulling into the obstacle.
The diameter of the core is equal to the minimum diameter of the cross section of the barrel bore minus the shell thickness. The shell is fully animated except for a small cylindrical section in the tail. The diameter of the cylindrical section is equal to the arithmetic mean of the largest and smallest diameters of the bore. The bottom of the bullet is made without a shell with a concave surface of the shirt.
The pressure of the powder gases acts in a radial direction on the shirt and the sheath, blocking the movement of the bullet in the barrel (similar to the Mignet pool). Keeping a bullet in the barrel channel is ensured by compression on the cylindrical section of the surface of the shell and shirt in the shape of the cross section of the barrel channel. Along two opposite helical lines located along the smallest diameter of the barrel bore, the shell is crimped up to contact with the bullet core.

Due to the optimal aerodynamic shape (for flight conditions at supersonic speed) and the absence of grooves on the outer surface, the ballistic coefficient of the bullet is estimated at 0.55, which, combined with the complete obturation of powder gases in the bore, can provide a 5 percent increase in the initial speed and 10 -percent increase in speed at a distance of 1000 meters.
The accuracy of firing a bullet from a cantilever-hung barrel manufactured with a tolerance of 0.001 mm and unloaded from torsional vibrations, in a closed shooting range and mounting a weapon in the machine, is estimated at 0,25 MOA (R100).

[Marek Rozny]

Andreas, if no one in Russia is interested, I can advise you to contact Kazakhstan Engineering JSC to present your idea. This is a state defense consortium in Kazakhstan, they are now paying a lot of attention to the production of new types of weapons, and are ready to cooperate with various organizations from different countries.
Try what the hell is not joking? In the end, Mikhail Kalashnikov created the prototype of his legendary assault rifle in Kazakhstan;) If the military leadership of the Almaty region did not support him, then who knows - would Kalashnikov realize his idea?
It's great when there are people with technical imagination, do not give up, knock on the door.

Thomas Edison conducted 10 thousand experiments to improve the light bulb.