Cold South Ossetian summer of 1920
100-year anniversary of the 1918-1920 genocide. From June 12 until the end of that terrible month of the 1920 year, heavy battles were fought in South Ossetia. The retreating Ossetian detachments desperately snarled at the Menshevik Georgian forces that were superior in numbers, but they could no longer change the situation. Their only task was to delay the advance of the enemy as long as possible, thereby gaining time for the evacuation of civilians. In fact, it was a real outcome - a whole people in a hurry took off and went to seek shelter to the north. The few remaining in their native land were faced with rampant violence. Starting from June 12, practically all the villages captured by the Georgian Mensheviks were either plundered or put to fire.
On the very first day of the attack of Georgian troops on June 12, the village of Pris was burned. On June 12-13, the Ossetian settlement, a region of Tskhinvali, in which mainly Ossetians lived, was almost completely destroyed. On 14 of June the villages of Kohat, Sabolok, Klars and others were betrayed. On June 20, the aphid village burned, in which representatives of as many as four clans had once lived. Most of the villages from Tskhinval to the village of Verkhny Ruk Georgian troops burned.
Special “successes” in this fiery bacchanalia were achieved by Valiko Dzhugeli, one of the commanders of punitive Georgian detachments. This “people's guardsman” and “general” carefully recorded their actions in a kind of diaries, which were later published abroad under the title “Heavy Cross”. When the author read this artifact of Menshevik Georgia, he did not leave the feeling of psychological instability of Jugheli. His painful craving for fire was too obvious from the text:
Dzhugeli absolutely unashamedly describes the artillery shelling of mountain villages. He did not shy even when describing the ruin of Dzau (referring to him as Java in the Georgian manner), indicating that this was “the heart of South Ossetia” and “must be pulled out”. At the same time, Valiko justifies this by the struggle for "democracy." This song seems to be as old as the world.
Where Ossetian houses were not burned, they were mercilessly robbed, or even completely requisitioned. The story of Martha Matveevna Dzhigkaeva 1913 born in the village of Jer, recorded after known events by her relatives, is indicative:
Escape from their native places, when the native shelter erected in the harsh conditions of the mountains and, perhaps, standing in its place for decades, or even centuries, is enveloped in fire, a tragedy in itself. But the suddenness of the attack, the small number of fighters able to defend themselves, the persecution by the “people's guard”, the lack of supplies and snow-covered mountains turned the tragic outcome into what would now be called a humanitarian catastrophe, which goes hand in hand with genocide.
A fighter of one of the Ossetian detachments Viktor Gassiev recalled how sometimes they had to watch the death of compatriots in powerless anger. So, on 13 of June, during the evacuation of one of the villages, two women, a mother and daughter of 18 years old, lagged behind a group of refugees. The group discovered the disappearance of the villagers already on the mountain pass. Soon, in the valley by the stormy river, two figures of unhappy women were seen, followed by the Georgian "people's guard" on their heels. The intentions of the "guards" were not a secret. Therefore, in order to save the honor, the mother and daughter rushed from the steep bank in an instant swallowing their mountain stream.
The situation was not even better in the numerous wagons themselves. Cold, hunger and unbearably difficult road forced people to do unthinkable things. Here is how those days were remembered by the commander of one of the detachments, Mate Sanakoev (participant in the First World War, knight of the George Cross, knight of the orders of St. Anna of the 2 and 3 degrees, St. Stanislav of the 2 and 3 degrees, St. Vladimir of the 4 degree):
On the approach to the Main Caucasian Range, people were almost completely exhausted, and in front was the snowy Mamison Pass, rising 2911 meters above sea level. It is difficult to breathe in such places, but people walked with the children, hungry and frozen. Someone was simply blown away by an icy wind, someone in a starving dizziness fell into the crevices himself, and someone simply did not have enough strength. The exact number of refugees forever remaining in the icy highlands is unknown, maybe hundreds, maybe thousands.
Those who were lucky to force the pass and go to the villages of North Ossetia, faced with new difficulties. All of Russia was in a fever of revolutionary winds, and in the Caucasus, wherever you were at that time, party conflicts were aggravated by ethnic conflicts so characteristic of the region. Thus, the local authorities were completely unprepared to accept such a number of refugees: there was no food, no medicines, no decent housing, and people exhausted by the transition could only rely on the hardest work, literally for food. As a result, the refugees were scattered in several villages.
From the report of Markarov, a member of the commission to investigate the situation of refugees in South Ossetia in the Ossetian regional executive committee of the city of Vladikavkaz from 24 on August 1920:
From a telegram from the Congress of Soviets of the Vladikavkaz District to the Vladikavkaz Regional Committee, the Regional Committee, and the Refugee Arrangement Committee of June 24 on the 1920 of the year:
As indicated above, the vast majority of the population of South Ossetia fled from their native land to the north. But in the republic there were still those who either simply could not take off or hoped for poverty and remoteness of their own village. Moreover, partisans and underground workers remained in South Ossetia and even in its capital. Soon they were to split into living witnesses and dead victims.
After the capture of Tskhinval, the Georgian Menshevik authorities decided to "put things in order." Soon, 13 ethnic Ossetians were captured or arrested, among whom was an 16-year-old teenager. All of them were declared rebels and bandits and put in the basement. On 20 of June at three in the morning they were taken out into the street and taken to the outskirts of the city. There, in the presence of a doctor, Vaclav Hersh and a Georgian priest Alexei Kvanchakhadze, they tried to force them to dig a grave. 13 Ossetians resolutely refused, despite the beating. After that, Kvanchakhadze invited them to repent of the crimes, but was sent to the same address as the executioners. Finally, almost in the morning the Georgians started executing. After the first salvo, Ossetians finished off with single shots.
When, after the liberation of South Ossetia, an inquiry was carried out in this case of execution without trial, many interrogated persons supplemented the picture with new details. So, a participant in the execution of Gogia Kasradze during one of the drunks boasted that he personally shot nine Communards and kissed the barrel of his gun. Other witnesses showed that the priest Kvanchakhadze who participated in the executions, the one who asked to repent, often fell into euphoria and shouted: “Beat the Communists and Ossetians.”
Philip Ieseevich Makharadze, chairman of the Georgian Revolutionary Committee in the 1921 year, recalled the events as follows:
The rampant violence stopped in the year 1921. In February 21, the Bolshevik troops attacked the Menshevik formations directly on the territory of Georgia. By the end of the month Tiflis was taken, and on 5 of March Tskhinval was liberated from the Mensheviks mainly by forces of Ossetian detachments formed in North Ossetia. Shortly after the victory of the Soviet regime in Georgia, a special commission was organized to investigate the consequences of hostilities in South Ossetia.
According to the commission, in the 1920 year in South Ossetia, the "people's guard" killed and died during the retreat and in the mountains of 5 thousand 279 people. 1 thousand 588 thousand residential and 2 thousand 639 farm buildings were burned. Almost the entire crop of 1920 of the year was destroyed, which for the agricultural region is akin to a death sentence. 32 thousand 460 cattle and 78 thousand 485 cattle died, i.e. virtually all livestock in the republic. However, these figures raise questions about the degree of reliability. Firstly, the commission for the most part consisted of ethnic Georgians. Secondly, it was problematic to count the victims who died on the mountain passes and in the gorges due to technical and weather conditions. Thirdly, it is not known whether the dead refugees in North Ossetia, who are known to have suffered from numerous diseases and were in extremely difficult conditions, were counted. All this has yet to be answered.
Partisans crossing the Mamison Pass. Painting G.S. Kotaeva
Truly Scorched Earth
On the very first day of the attack of Georgian troops on June 12, the village of Pris was burned. On June 12-13, the Ossetian settlement, a region of Tskhinvali, in which mainly Ossetians lived, was almost completely destroyed. On 14 of June the villages of Kohat, Sabolok, Klars and others were betrayed. On June 20, the aphid village burned, in which representatives of as many as four clans had once lived. Most of the villages from Tskhinval to the village of Verkhny Ruk Georgian troops burned.
Special “successes” in this fiery bacchanalia were achieved by Valiko Dzhugeli, one of the commanders of punitive Georgian detachments. This “people's guardsman” and “general” carefully recorded their actions in a kind of diaries, which were later published abroad under the title “Heavy Cross”. When the author read this artifact of Menshevik Georgia, he did not leave the feeling of psychological instability of Jugheli. His painful craving for fire was too obvious from the text:
“Now it's night. And lights are visible everywhere! .. The rebel houses are burning ... But I’m already used to it and look at it almost calmly ... The villages here are located at high altitudes and, obviously, the Ossetians imagined that they were beyond our reach! But now the lights are everywhere ... Burning and burning! Ominous lights ... Some kind of terrible, cruel, enchanting beauty ... And looking at these bright nightly lights, one old comrade sadly told me: "I am beginning to understand Nero and the great fire of Rome." The lights are on. Bivouac! The camp is sleeping. Around the dead silence. The night is clear, quiet. In the distance - the glow of a fire ... "
"General" Valiko Jugheli
Dzhugeli absolutely unashamedly describes the artillery shelling of mountain villages. He did not shy even when describing the ruin of Dzau (referring to him as Java in the Georgian manner), indicating that this was “the heart of South Ossetia” and “must be pulled out”. At the same time, Valiko justifies this by the struggle for "democracy." This song seems to be as old as the world.
Where Ossetian houses were not burned, they were mercilessly robbed, or even completely requisitioned. The story of Martha Matveevna Dzhigkaeva 1913 born in the village of Jer, recorded after known events by her relatives, is indicative:
“And the father was beaten: where are your loved ones, where did they go? Father says, I don’t know where they went, my children are here. And they began to destroy our house with us. And what did they do with our wooden house - the Georgians came and rented our house, took away and built a school for ourselves. And then we went to the forest, settled there, and then moved to Ordzhonikidze. Everywhere and everywhere we asked for bread from people, slices of bread, and we lived on this. ”
Terrible outcome
Escape from their native places, when the native shelter erected in the harsh conditions of the mountains and, perhaps, standing in its place for decades, or even centuries, is enveloped in fire, a tragedy in itself. But the suddenness of the attack, the small number of fighters able to defend themselves, the persecution by the “people's guard”, the lack of supplies and snow-covered mountains turned the tragic outcome into what would now be called a humanitarian catastrophe, which goes hand in hand with genocide.
Partisans crossing the Mamison Pass led by Gagloyev. Painting G.S. Kotaeva
A fighter of one of the Ossetian detachments Viktor Gassiev recalled how sometimes they had to watch the death of compatriots in powerless anger. So, on 13 of June, during the evacuation of one of the villages, two women, a mother and daughter of 18 years old, lagged behind a group of refugees. The group discovered the disappearance of the villagers already on the mountain pass. Soon, in the valley by the stormy river, two figures of unhappy women were seen, followed by the Georgian "people's guard" on their heels. The intentions of the "guards" were not a secret. Therefore, in order to save the honor, the mother and daughter rushed from the steep bank in an instant swallowing their mountain stream.
The situation was not even better in the numerous wagons themselves. Cold, hunger and unbearably difficult road forced people to do unthinkable things. Here is how those days were remembered by the commander of one of the detachments, Mate Sanakoev (participant in the First World War, knight of the George Cross, knight of the orders of St. Anna of the 2 and 3 degrees, St. Stanislav of the 2 and 3 degrees, St. Vladimir of the 4 degree):
“Our situation was getting worse. No one ate bread for a long time ... There were so many people that they did not fit in the gorges. It was something unimaginable. Old men, women with children left ... In these difficult days there were cases when exhausted women threw their babies into the turbulent mountain rivers swollen from the rains, and then they themselves rushed, preferring death to shame - to fall into the hands of the Mensheviks and become the subject of their most infamous bullying ".
On the approach to the Main Caucasian Range, people were almost completely exhausted, and in front was the snowy Mamison Pass, rising 2911 meters above sea level. It is difficult to breathe in such places, but people walked with the children, hungry and frozen. Someone was simply blown away by an icy wind, someone in a starving dizziness fell into the crevices himself, and someone simply did not have enough strength. The exact number of refugees forever remaining in the icy highlands is unknown, maybe hundreds, maybe thousands.
Those who were lucky to force the pass and go to the villages of North Ossetia, faced with new difficulties. All of Russia was in a fever of revolutionary winds, and in the Caucasus, wherever you were at that time, party conflicts were aggravated by ethnic conflicts so characteristic of the region. Thus, the local authorities were completely unprepared to accept such a number of refugees: there was no food, no medicines, no decent housing, and people exhausted by the transition could only rely on the hardest work, literally for food. As a result, the refugees were scattered in several villages.
From the report of Markarov, a member of the commission to investigate the situation of refugees in South Ossetia in the Ossetian regional executive committee of the city of Vladikavkaz from 24 on August 1920:
“The situation of refugees in South Ossetia is very dire. Cholera, typhoid, hunger have exhausted them so much that each of them looks out with animal fear, in Alagir and Salugardan they are either in the yard or in dilapidated houses ... Together with Dr. Yevklov we found a terrible picture that surpasses the worst picture. Refugees for 12-15 people are lying right on the ground. Each of 4-5 patients with typhoid fever with high temperature, covered with rags ... "
From a telegram from the Congress of Soviets of the Vladikavkaz District to the Vladikavkaz Regional Committee, the Regional Committee, and the Refugee Arrangement Committee of June 24 on the 1920 of the year:
“The revolutionary rebels from South Ossetia are in a very difficult situation. It is impossible to return to their homeland, because the government of Jordan still continues to burn villages of the southerners, persecutes and expels civilians, but it is technically impossible to settle them in the free lands of the North Caucasus in the near future. "
The death of those who did not escape
As indicated above, the vast majority of the population of South Ossetia fled from their native land to the north. But in the republic there were still those who either simply could not take off or hoped for poverty and remoteness of their own village. Moreover, partisans and underground workers remained in South Ossetia and even in its capital. Soon they were to split into living witnesses and dead victims.
The shooting of thirteen communards by Georgian Mensheviks
After the capture of Tskhinval, the Georgian Menshevik authorities decided to "put things in order." Soon, 13 ethnic Ossetians were captured or arrested, among whom was an 16-year-old teenager. All of them were declared rebels and bandits and put in the basement. On 20 of June at three in the morning they were taken out into the street and taken to the outskirts of the city. There, in the presence of a doctor, Vaclav Hersh and a Georgian priest Alexei Kvanchakhadze, they tried to force them to dig a grave. 13 Ossetians resolutely refused, despite the beating. After that, Kvanchakhadze invited them to repent of the crimes, but was sent to the same address as the executioners. Finally, almost in the morning the Georgians started executing. After the first salvo, Ossetians finished off with single shots.
When, after the liberation of South Ossetia, an inquiry was carried out in this case of execution without trial, many interrogated persons supplemented the picture with new details. So, a participant in the execution of Gogia Kasradze during one of the drunks boasted that he personally shot nine Communards and kissed the barrel of his gun. Other witnesses showed that the priest Kvanchakhadze who participated in the executions, the one who asked to repent, often fell into euphoria and shouted: “Beat the Communists and Ossetians.”
Monument to Thirteen Communards in Tskhinval
Philip Ieseevich Makharadze, chairman of the Georgian Revolutionary Committee in the 1921 year, recalled the events as follows:
“The brutal People’s Guards, according to the directives of the government, N. Zhordania and N. Ramishvili did such horrors as very little is known to history ... The Georgian Mensheviks set themselves the goal of the complete destruction of South Ossetia and this goal was almost reached. It was impossible to go beyond this. Ossetia was destroyed and razed to the ground. "
The rampant violence stopped in the year 1921. In February 21, the Bolshevik troops attacked the Menshevik formations directly on the territory of Georgia. By the end of the month Tiflis was taken, and on 5 of March Tskhinval was liberated from the Mensheviks mainly by forces of Ossetian detachments formed in North Ossetia. Shortly after the victory of the Soviet regime in Georgia, a special commission was organized to investigate the consequences of hostilities in South Ossetia.
A detachment of Ossetian partisans led by Mate Sanakoev (a figure in the center)
According to the commission, in the 1920 year in South Ossetia, the "people's guard" killed and died during the retreat and in the mountains of 5 thousand 279 people. 1 thousand 588 thousand residential and 2 thousand 639 farm buildings were burned. Almost the entire crop of 1920 of the year was destroyed, which for the agricultural region is akin to a death sentence. 32 thousand 460 cattle and 78 thousand 485 cattle died, i.e. virtually all livestock in the republic. However, these figures raise questions about the degree of reliability. Firstly, the commission for the most part consisted of ethnic Georgians. Secondly, it was problematic to count the victims who died on the mountain passes and in the gorges due to technical and weather conditions. Thirdly, it is not known whether the dead refugees in North Ossetia, who are known to have suffered from numerous diseases and were in extremely difficult conditions, were counted. All this has yet to be answered.
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