War of England against Russia, Germany and the Slavs of the Balkans
The beginning of the First World War. Germany made a strategic mistake. In Berlin, it was believed that England would not fight. That Germany is ready for war, but in England and France they prefer to wait until Russia is combat-ready. In reality, the masters of the West deliberately pitted Russians and Germans, and deliberately led to the destruction of not only Germany, but also Russia.
Balkan Wars 1912 — 1913 completed the liberation of the Slavs from Turkish oppression, but caused new problems. The contradictions between the Balkan countries intensified. The defeated Bulgaria longed for revenge and the return of the lost territories. Greece and Serbia were not satisfied with the borders of Albania. Italy wanted to strengthen its position in the western part of the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire was waiting for an opportune moment to take revenge, regain at least part of its positions on the peninsula, and take away the Aegean islands from Greece.
Behind the contradictions of the Balkan countries was a higher level of confrontation between the great powers in the Balkans and the Middle East. Germany strengthened its position in Turkey, England opposed it. In Sofia, Bucharest and Athens, there was a fierce diplomatic struggle between the Entente and the German bloc for the military-political orientation of the Balkan countries. So, Petersburg tried to incline Romania towards the Entente. Bucharest was actively trading. Romanians demanded concessions from the Austro-German Union at the expense of Hungary - in Transylvania. Therefore, Vienna believed that the matter was hopeless, since Hungary could not be cut in favor of Romania. Berlin, however, believed that it was necessary at all costs to keep Bucharest on its side. Therefore, Germany demanded concessions from Hungary to the Transylvanian Romanians. Also, the Russian government tried to restore the Balkan Union with Bulgaria, to attract Romania to it. In turn, Austro-German diplomacy drove offended Sofia to its side. In Berlin, they wanted to achieve rapprochement between Bulgaria and Turkey in order to neutralize the Entente in the Balkans through their joint efforts.
Austria-Hungary believed that in order to preserve the empire and suppress the national movement, it was necessary to crush the seditious hearth - Serbia. In Vienna, they saw in Serbia and South Slavic propaganda a danger to the future empire. Belgrade, however, cherished hopes for the creation of "Greater Serbia" on the ruins of the Habsburg empire. Russia traditionally supported Serbia, but was cautious, fearing a big war. Serbia was supposed to restrain Austria-Hungary.
Thus, Serbia became a convenient fuse for the start of the pan-European war. Russia could not leave an ally in trouble. Once the Austro-Serbian conflict broke out, it was enough for Petersburg this time not to yield to the Central Powers - and the Austro-Russian war would begin. The mechanism of military alliances would automatically work. Vienna could not have started a war without the consent of Berlin. And if such a war began, then the Second Reich is ready for it. France could not help supporting Russia, since the defeat of the Russians meant the collapse of hopes of revenge for the 1870-1871 war, and confrontation with the German bloc alone. In this situation, England also had to enter the war, as the masters of London and Washington organized a world war with the goal of destroying the Russian and German empires. England had to support France so that it could survive while the Russians would fight with the Germans in the East.
So the Balkans became the powder magazine of Europe. It was worth it to set fire to explode the entire European civilization. Therefore, in Belgrade and other Balkan capitals, special services and diplomats of the great powers, Masonic lodges, actively worked. The Serbian patriotic public, officers actively pushed for war, for the creation of "Great Serbia", for which it was necessary to destroy the Austro-Hungarian empire.
The main enemy of England was Germany. Rapid economic growth, military-industrial potential and fleet The Second Reich challenged the world British Empire, its dominance in trade, colonies and sea communications. The German world was dangerous for the Anglo-Saxons. It was a competitor within the western project itself. Anglo-German antagonism has become one of the main factors that caused the world war (along with the desire of the masters of the West to solve the "Russian question"). London and Washington needed to crush the German world for hegemony in Europe and the world.
However, in 1913 and in the first half of 1914 (almost until the very outbreak of World War II), the main efforts of London were aimed at masking the severity of the Anglo-German confrontation. British diplomacy did everything to deceive the Germans and lure Berlin into a trap. To Berlin before the very first shots of the World War was sure that England would remain neutral. Indeed, if in Berlin they knew for sure that England would take the side of France, then there was a high probability that the Second Reich would not have started the war. And the masters of the West needed Germany to start the war, become the "main instigator" and be defeated.
Therefore, before the outbreak of war, London flirted with Berlin in determining the borders in Albania. British diplomacy stopped putting sticks in the wheels of the Germans in financing the Baghdad Railway. For this, Berlin agreed not to continue the journey beyond Basra without the consent of the British, to the Persian Gulf coast, which was recognized as a sphere of influence of England. Also, by the summer of 1914, the Anglo-German convention on the division of the wealth of Iraq (oil from the Mosul district) was prepared. The British resumed negotiations on the 1898 agreement on the division of the Portuguese colonies. It was changed in favor of Germany. Now the Germans got almost all of Angola, although by agreement of 1898 they were transferred only part of this territory. This strengthened the position of German capital in Africa. Negotiations on the division of the Portuguese colonies as a whole were completed during the visit of the English King George V to Berlin in May 1913. This visit demonstrated the Anglo-German “rapprochement”. In August 1913, the Portuguese possessions agreement was initialed. True, London dragged on the signing and publication of the document until the end of July 1914, a few days before the outbreak of World War II.
British Foreign Minister Edward Gray (who held the post in 1905 - 1916 gg.) Did everything to impress Berlin that England will not participate in the war against Germany. In fact, London hypocritically encouraged the Second Reich to aggression. As a result of pacifist gestures and maneuvers of British diplomacy in Berlin and Vienna, it was decided that England would be neutral. In fact, it was an illusion that did not honor the Austro-German diplomats. The considerable contradictions inspired Berlin with the traditional contradictions of Russia and England, in particular, the conflict in Persia.
As conceived by the hosts of the West, Germany was to become the official instigator of the war. The Germans were going to “hang all the dogs”, accuse them of all crimes, so that they could easily dismember, plunder and rebuild the German world (Germany and Austria-Hungary). The second Reich was not going to save, he was initially sentenced to destruction. World War was conceived to create a “new world order”, and for this it was necessary to destroy the old world order, the monarchical empire, where the old aristocracy dominated. This old world stood in the way of the new - with the power of the “golden calf”, the slave-owning oligarchy and plutocracy (the political domination of the rich).
German military and political elite deceived. In Berlin, they were preparing for a traditional war: with the seizure of territories, resources, spheres of influence, but they did not think about a total restructuring of the political superstructure (only after the failure of the plans of the blitzkrieg they began to rely on the revolution in Russia). In the 1914 year, as it seemed in Berlin, the most favorable situation for the outbreak of war developed. Firstly, the Germans became convinced that England would not want to participate in the war with Germany. Secondly, Germany had the highest development rates among the capitalist powers, arming itself faster and better than anyone. As a result, the Germans better and faster than all prepared for war.
The calculations of the German elite were well laid out in July 1914 by the state secretary of the foreign affairs agency Yagov. “Basically,” wrote Yagov to the ambassador in London, “Russia is not ready for war now. France and England also do not want war now. In a few years, under all competent assumptions, Russia will already be combat-ready. Then she will crush us with the number of her soldiers; its Baltic fleet and strategic railways will already be built. Our group, meanwhile, is becoming increasingly weaker. ” The last words Yagov noted the expansion of the Habsburg Empire.
Thus, it was a strategic blunder of German diplomacy. Berlin believed that Germany was ready for war, and in England and France they prefer to wait until Russia is combat-ready. In reality, the masters of the West deliberately set off the Russians and the Germans, and deliberately did business to destroy not only Germany, but also Russia. The Russians acted as “cannon fodder”, and Russia was initially designated as a victim, not the victorious power. In Paris, London and Washington were not going to give the Russian Black Sea straits, Constantinople, Western Armenia, etc. The Russian empire was being prepared for destruction and dismemberment. Russia and Germany had to bleed themselves in a brutal and bloody massacre, and become victims of the masters of the West. Therefore, Russia's weakness in the 1914 year was a desirable factor for the masters of Paris and London. Russia lost a cadre army, the last stronghold of the Russian autocracy, in the war, and became an easy victim of the “fifth column” that the West had prepared.
In Serbia and in the Slavic regions of the Habsburg Empire there were organizations that fought for the liberation of the southern Slavs from the power of Vienna and their unification into a single state. Among the officers of the Serbian army there was a secret organization "Black Hand". Its goal was the liberation of the Serbs, who were under the rule of Austria-Hungary, and the creation of "Great Serbia". The leader of the secret organization was Colonel Dragutin Dmitrievich (nicknamed Apis), the head of the Serbian counterintelligence. "Black Hand" has become a shadow government in the country. The Serbian government of Pasic was afraid of this organization, of a military coup. There were other similar organizations, some were democratic. It was a great soil for foreign intelligence.
The old Austrian emperor Franz Joseph lived out his last days (he ruled from 1848 of the year). The political life of the empire was increasingly gained by his nephew and heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He did not belong to the "party of war", on the contrary, he planned a radical modernization of the empire, which gave a chance for its future. The heir was going to transform the dualistic monarchy (with a predominance of Austria and Hungary) into a triune state (Austria-Wengro-Slavia), where 12 national autonomies were formed for each large nation living in the Habsburg empire, not counting German formations and enclaves. The trialistic monarchy gave a chance to the monarchy and the Habsburg dynasty. Opponents of this idea was the “party of war”, which saw the exit in the rout of Serbia and “tightening the screws” in the Slavic regions of the empire. And the Hungarian elite, which, with such a reform, was losing control over vast territories - Croatia, Slovakia, Subcarpathian Rus, Transylvania and Vojvodina. Head of the Government of Hungary, Count Istvan Tysa even expressed his readiness for a new Hungarian revolution.
Thus, the peace plans of Franz Ferdinand interfered with the owners of the West, a significant part of the Austro-Hungarian elite and members of the Slavic secret societies, who dreamed about the collapse of the Habsburg Empire. Therefore, Franz Ferdinand was sentenced (as Stolypin had earlier, who did not allow Russia to be drawn into the war). Austria-Hungary had to oppose Serbia so that Russia would also be trapped.
For provocations they used members of secret Slavic societies. In the spring of 1914, it became known that in June the heir to the Austrian throne would arrive in Bosnia for military maneuvers. The Serbian counterintelligence believed it was a preparation for a war with Serbia. Mlada Bosna has passed a death sentence on Franz Ferdinand. Began preparing for the assassination. The performers were Gavrilo Princip and Nedelko Gabrinovich. Weapon the killers were supplied by the Black Hand, which has access to the arsenals of the Serbian army. That is, the trail led to Serbia.
The Serbian government guessed the plot and did not approve of it. Belgrade knew that St. Petersburg would not approve such an action that Russia was not ready for war. Serbia itself has not yet recovered from the consequences of the Balkan Wars. The Serbian authorities tried to prevent the murderers who were in Belgrade from returning to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The government ordered not to let them across the border. But the Serbian border guards associated with the “Black Hand” did not follow this instruction. Then Belgrade, through its envoy in Vienna, warned the Austro-Hungarian government about the danger of Franz Ferdinand’s trip to Bosnia. But this warning, like others, was ignored. Also the security of the heir to the throne was poorly organized.
Thus, everything was done to eliminate Franz Ferdinand. Obviously, here the interests of the Austro-Hungarian “party of war”, the Serbian conspirators and the masters of the West coincided. 28 June 1914 Franz Ferdinand was killed by the Principle in Sarajevo (The murder of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the mystery of the outbreak of the First World War).
To be continued ...
The crowd listens to the announcement of the beginning of the war. Berlin. August 1914 of the year
Balkan "powder keg"
Balkan Wars 1912 — 1913 completed the liberation of the Slavs from Turkish oppression, but caused new problems. The contradictions between the Balkan countries intensified. The defeated Bulgaria longed for revenge and the return of the lost territories. Greece and Serbia were not satisfied with the borders of Albania. Italy wanted to strengthen its position in the western part of the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire was waiting for an opportune moment to take revenge, regain at least part of its positions on the peninsula, and take away the Aegean islands from Greece.
Behind the contradictions of the Balkan countries was a higher level of confrontation between the great powers in the Balkans and the Middle East. Germany strengthened its position in Turkey, England opposed it. In Sofia, Bucharest and Athens, there was a fierce diplomatic struggle between the Entente and the German bloc for the military-political orientation of the Balkan countries. So, Petersburg tried to incline Romania towards the Entente. Bucharest was actively trading. Romanians demanded concessions from the Austro-German Union at the expense of Hungary - in Transylvania. Therefore, Vienna believed that the matter was hopeless, since Hungary could not be cut in favor of Romania. Berlin, however, believed that it was necessary at all costs to keep Bucharest on its side. Therefore, Germany demanded concessions from Hungary to the Transylvanian Romanians. Also, the Russian government tried to restore the Balkan Union with Bulgaria, to attract Romania to it. In turn, Austro-German diplomacy drove offended Sofia to its side. In Berlin, they wanted to achieve rapprochement between Bulgaria and Turkey in order to neutralize the Entente in the Balkans through their joint efforts.
Austria-Hungary believed that in order to preserve the empire and suppress the national movement, it was necessary to crush the seditious hearth - Serbia. In Vienna, they saw in Serbia and South Slavic propaganda a danger to the future empire. Belgrade, however, cherished hopes for the creation of "Greater Serbia" on the ruins of the Habsburg empire. Russia traditionally supported Serbia, but was cautious, fearing a big war. Serbia was supposed to restrain Austria-Hungary.
Thus, Serbia became a convenient fuse for the start of the pan-European war. Russia could not leave an ally in trouble. Once the Austro-Serbian conflict broke out, it was enough for Petersburg this time not to yield to the Central Powers - and the Austro-Russian war would begin. The mechanism of military alliances would automatically work. Vienna could not have started a war without the consent of Berlin. And if such a war began, then the Second Reich is ready for it. France could not help supporting Russia, since the defeat of the Russians meant the collapse of hopes of revenge for the 1870-1871 war, and confrontation with the German bloc alone. In this situation, England also had to enter the war, as the masters of London and Washington organized a world war with the goal of destroying the Russian and German empires. England had to support France so that it could survive while the Russians would fight with the Germans in the East.
So the Balkans became the powder magazine of Europe. It was worth it to set fire to explode the entire European civilization. Therefore, in Belgrade and other Balkan capitals, special services and diplomats of the great powers, Masonic lodges, actively worked. The Serbian patriotic public, officers actively pushed for war, for the creation of "Great Serbia", for which it was necessary to destroy the Austro-Hungarian empire.
Anglo-German “rapprochement”
The main enemy of England was Germany. Rapid economic growth, military-industrial potential and fleet The Second Reich challenged the world British Empire, its dominance in trade, colonies and sea communications. The German world was dangerous for the Anglo-Saxons. It was a competitor within the western project itself. Anglo-German antagonism has become one of the main factors that caused the world war (along with the desire of the masters of the West to solve the "Russian question"). London and Washington needed to crush the German world for hegemony in Europe and the world.
However, in 1913 and in the first half of 1914 (almost until the very outbreak of World War II), the main efforts of London were aimed at masking the severity of the Anglo-German confrontation. British diplomacy did everything to deceive the Germans and lure Berlin into a trap. To Berlin before the very first shots of the World War was sure that England would remain neutral. Indeed, if in Berlin they knew for sure that England would take the side of France, then there was a high probability that the Second Reich would not have started the war. And the masters of the West needed Germany to start the war, become the "main instigator" and be defeated.
Therefore, before the outbreak of war, London flirted with Berlin in determining the borders in Albania. British diplomacy stopped putting sticks in the wheels of the Germans in financing the Baghdad Railway. For this, Berlin agreed not to continue the journey beyond Basra without the consent of the British, to the Persian Gulf coast, which was recognized as a sphere of influence of England. Also, by the summer of 1914, the Anglo-German convention on the division of the wealth of Iraq (oil from the Mosul district) was prepared. The British resumed negotiations on the 1898 agreement on the division of the Portuguese colonies. It was changed in favor of Germany. Now the Germans got almost all of Angola, although by agreement of 1898 they were transferred only part of this territory. This strengthened the position of German capital in Africa. Negotiations on the division of the Portuguese colonies as a whole were completed during the visit of the English King George V to Berlin in May 1913. This visit demonstrated the Anglo-German “rapprochement”. In August 1913, the Portuguese possessions agreement was initialed. True, London dragged on the signing and publication of the document until the end of July 1914, a few days before the outbreak of World War II.
British Foreign Minister Edward Gray (who held the post in 1905 - 1916 gg.) Did everything to impress Berlin that England will not participate in the war against Germany. In fact, London hypocritically encouraged the Second Reich to aggression. As a result of pacifist gestures and maneuvers of British diplomacy in Berlin and Vienna, it was decided that England would be neutral. In fact, it was an illusion that did not honor the Austro-German diplomats. The considerable contradictions inspired Berlin with the traditional contradictions of Russia and England, in particular, the conflict in Persia.
British Foreign Secretary Edward Gray
Germany decides to war
As conceived by the hosts of the West, Germany was to become the official instigator of the war. The Germans were going to “hang all the dogs”, accuse them of all crimes, so that they could easily dismember, plunder and rebuild the German world (Germany and Austria-Hungary). The second Reich was not going to save, he was initially sentenced to destruction. World War was conceived to create a “new world order”, and for this it was necessary to destroy the old world order, the monarchical empire, where the old aristocracy dominated. This old world stood in the way of the new - with the power of the “golden calf”, the slave-owning oligarchy and plutocracy (the political domination of the rich).
German military and political elite deceived. In Berlin, they were preparing for a traditional war: with the seizure of territories, resources, spheres of influence, but they did not think about a total restructuring of the political superstructure (only after the failure of the plans of the blitzkrieg they began to rely on the revolution in Russia). In the 1914 year, as it seemed in Berlin, the most favorable situation for the outbreak of war developed. Firstly, the Germans became convinced that England would not want to participate in the war with Germany. Secondly, Germany had the highest development rates among the capitalist powers, arming itself faster and better than anyone. As a result, the Germans better and faster than all prepared for war.
The calculations of the German elite were well laid out in July 1914 by the state secretary of the foreign affairs agency Yagov. “Basically,” wrote Yagov to the ambassador in London, “Russia is not ready for war now. France and England also do not want war now. In a few years, under all competent assumptions, Russia will already be combat-ready. Then she will crush us with the number of her soldiers; its Baltic fleet and strategic railways will already be built. Our group, meanwhile, is becoming increasingly weaker. ” The last words Yagov noted the expansion of the Habsburg Empire.
Thus, it was a strategic blunder of German diplomacy. Berlin believed that Germany was ready for war, and in England and France they prefer to wait until Russia is combat-ready. In reality, the masters of the West deliberately set off the Russians and the Germans, and deliberately did business to destroy not only Germany, but also Russia. The Russians acted as “cannon fodder”, and Russia was initially designated as a victim, not the victorious power. In Paris, London and Washington were not going to give the Russian Black Sea straits, Constantinople, Western Armenia, etc. The Russian empire was being prepared for destruction and dismemberment. Russia and Germany had to bleed themselves in a brutal and bloody massacre, and become victims of the masters of the West. Therefore, Russia's weakness in the 1914 year was a desirable factor for the masters of Paris and London. Russia lost a cadre army, the last stronghold of the Russian autocracy, in the war, and became an easy victim of the “fifth column” that the West had prepared.
Kaiser Wilhelm II in the foreground, Field Marshal August Von Mackensen in the second. Around 1914 of the year
Murder in Sarajevo
In Serbia and in the Slavic regions of the Habsburg Empire there were organizations that fought for the liberation of the southern Slavs from the power of Vienna and their unification into a single state. Among the officers of the Serbian army there was a secret organization "Black Hand". Its goal was the liberation of the Serbs, who were under the rule of Austria-Hungary, and the creation of "Great Serbia". The leader of the secret organization was Colonel Dragutin Dmitrievich (nicknamed Apis), the head of the Serbian counterintelligence. "Black Hand" has become a shadow government in the country. The Serbian government of Pasic was afraid of this organization, of a military coup. There were other similar organizations, some were democratic. It was a great soil for foreign intelligence.
The old Austrian emperor Franz Joseph lived out his last days (he ruled from 1848 of the year). The political life of the empire was increasingly gained by his nephew and heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He did not belong to the "party of war", on the contrary, he planned a radical modernization of the empire, which gave a chance for its future. The heir was going to transform the dualistic monarchy (with a predominance of Austria and Hungary) into a triune state (Austria-Wengro-Slavia), where 12 national autonomies were formed for each large nation living in the Habsburg empire, not counting German formations and enclaves. The trialistic monarchy gave a chance to the monarchy and the Habsburg dynasty. Opponents of this idea was the “party of war”, which saw the exit in the rout of Serbia and “tightening the screws” in the Slavic regions of the empire. And the Hungarian elite, which, with such a reform, was losing control over vast territories - Croatia, Slovakia, Subcarpathian Rus, Transylvania and Vojvodina. Head of the Government of Hungary, Count Istvan Tysa even expressed his readiness for a new Hungarian revolution.
Thus, the peace plans of Franz Ferdinand interfered with the owners of the West, a significant part of the Austro-Hungarian elite and members of the Slavic secret societies, who dreamed about the collapse of the Habsburg Empire. Therefore, Franz Ferdinand was sentenced (as Stolypin had earlier, who did not allow Russia to be drawn into the war). Austria-Hungary had to oppose Serbia so that Russia would also be trapped.
For provocations they used members of secret Slavic societies. In the spring of 1914, it became known that in June the heir to the Austrian throne would arrive in Bosnia for military maneuvers. The Serbian counterintelligence believed it was a preparation for a war with Serbia. Mlada Bosna has passed a death sentence on Franz Ferdinand. Began preparing for the assassination. The performers were Gavrilo Princip and Nedelko Gabrinovich. Weapon the killers were supplied by the Black Hand, which has access to the arsenals of the Serbian army. That is, the trail led to Serbia.
The Serbian government guessed the plot and did not approve of it. Belgrade knew that St. Petersburg would not approve such an action that Russia was not ready for war. Serbia itself has not yet recovered from the consequences of the Balkan Wars. The Serbian authorities tried to prevent the murderers who were in Belgrade from returning to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The government ordered not to let them across the border. But the Serbian border guards associated with the “Black Hand” did not follow this instruction. Then Belgrade, through its envoy in Vienna, warned the Austro-Hungarian government about the danger of Franz Ferdinand’s trip to Bosnia. But this warning, like others, was ignored. Also the security of the heir to the throne was poorly organized.
Thus, everything was done to eliminate Franz Ferdinand. Obviously, here the interests of the Austro-Hungarian “party of war”, the Serbian conspirators and the masters of the West coincided. 28 June 1914 Franz Ferdinand was killed by the Principle in Sarajevo (The murder of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the mystery of the outbreak of the First World War).
Archduke Austrian Franz Ferdinand
To be continued ...
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