The name "The Road of Life", which Leningraders gave to the ice road through Lake Ladoga, which began work on November 22 on 1941, is not a poetic image. This was the only way that allowed besieged Leningrad to survive and even help the front, which received the weapons produced in the besieged city.
The road began to operate in those days when food standards in the city were reduced to the tragic 250 g of bread per day for workers and 125 for all the rest, people began to die of hunger by the thousands. Soldiers on the front line received 500 grams of bread. But even to preserve these norms, at least a thousand tons of food was required daily.
To save the city and help the front, it was necessary to do an incredible thing: to create from scratch a whole infrastructure, which had to operate smoothly the whole winter, solving many problems. Such a project seemed difficult even in peacetime. In fact, it was a victory for science, and first of all physics, over Hitler’s tactics, which used hunger as a means of warfare.
"The construction of the ice road through Ladoga is an absolutely grandiose and bold idea even for peacetime, especially considering that Ladoga was not studied enough at 1941 year, including its ice regime. The largest lake in Europe has a very changeable temper in general and has always been considered very difficult in all respects, including for shipping, "notes Sergey Kurnosov, director of the State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Siege of Leningrad.
“The way of life is usually presented to the average man as a road on ice, along which one-and-a-half moths with flour go to Leningrad,” says Kurnosov. “But in reality it’s a huge infrastructure created literally from scratch that allowed supplying Leningrad and Kronstadt during the years of the blockade , and the Oranienbaum bridgehead, and the troops of the Leningrad front, and the Red Banner Baltic Fleet. The Road of Life has many components: this is the "air bridge" with the mainland, and the Ladoga military flotillaprotecting Ladoga communications, and the North-Western river shipping company, which carried out transportation during navigation, when the lake was not covered with ice; this is a telephone and telegraph cable, which provided communication with Moscow, and a high-voltage electric cable, which made it possible to supply electricity to Leningrad from the Volkhov hydroelectric station — these cables passed along the bottom of the Ladoga. This is the pipeline, which also ran along the bottom of Lake Ladoga, supplying the city with fuel. "
Leningrad, as a metropolis, has never been and could not be self-sufficient in terms of food, emphasizes the director of the museum. It was self-sufficient only as a city-front, because it could produce most of the military armaments itself.
When designing the Roads of Life, the experience of the past was taken into account, when ice tracks became a convenient crossing, sometimes more reliable and comfortable than the autumn-spring roads, ice tracks were also used for military purposes. “Was the Road of Life an urgent invention of blocked Leningrad? Yes and no,” said Kurnosov. “On the one hand, it was certainly an urgent invention. On the other hand, the idea of moving on the ice existed long ago. In St. Petersburg, before the revolution movement on the ice of the Neva in winter was a generally accepted phenomenon. These roads completely replaced bridges. "
But all the ice communications that preceded the Road of Life were short-term and were not designed for a huge transport and human flow that ran along the ice of Lake Ladoga in 1941 – 43.
Ice Intelligence
The idea of an ice track has been discussed in Leningrad since September 1941. "24 of September to AA Zhdanov, members of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front were presented materials in the form of maps and text on 34 sheets. Then we reported on the expected nature of freezing and the duration of ice cover preservation. On this day, the draft Ladoga Life Road was born" , - wrote in his memoirs the head of the ice service of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, Mikhail Kazansky.
He played a big role in organizing the ferry across Ladoga. "Kazan distinguished itself both as an organizer, and as a designer, and later as a pilot - both water and ice. He accompanied the ships during navigation and supervised the maintenance of the ice route. He had the nickname Ice Grandfather, and the" grandfather "was at the time of his work Roads of life were only 25 years ", - said Sergey Kurnosov.
The preliminary ice route between Kobona and Kokokrevo was laid on the basis of materials provided by scientific studies and surveys by fishermen - the old-timers Ladoga.
"12 began to explore the state of the ice along the routes of the planned routes," Mikhail Kazansky recalled. "Each step of the scouts was a step into the unknown. Where the springy ice crust sagged under the feet of the brave and cracked, you had to lie down and crawl."
On the night of November 16, hydrographs harnessed to sleds and with compasses, maps, lines (cables) descended on the bending ice in the area of the Osinovetskaya flotilla base and examined first the route from Osinovets on the western shore of Ladoga to Kobona on the eastern shore.
Almost simultaneously with the sailors, the 30 fighters of the 88 th separate bridge-building battalion conducted reconnaissance of this route. The detachment left Kokorevo with a supply of landmarks, ropes and rescue equipment, accompanied by two experienced fishermen who served as guides.
The commander of one of the groups of this detachment, I. Smirnov, later recalled: "In camouflage weapons, hung with grenades, we had a warlike appearance, but ice pickers, sleds with poles, ropes, and lifebuoys made us look like winter men of the Far North. "The scouts moved one to three to five steps apart and after every 300 – 400 meters they froze in ice landmarks.
On the same day, on the orders of General A. Shilov, an authorized representative of the Military Council of the Front, machines with flour for Leningrad were sent westwards from the separate company to cross the lake. The first detachment of seven lorries (GAZ-AA), each of which carried seven bags of flour, moved north of the Zelentsy Islands on ice no more than 15 cm thick.
The drivers were standing on the steps and in case of danger of the car’s failure, they would jump out under the ice. The detachment drove from Kobona about 20 km, but there was no way further - the ice ended, the polynya began. The machines had to, after unloading flour on the ice, return.
On November 19, a horse-drawn sleigh train from 350 teams went from Kokokrevo. On November 21, he delivered tons of flour to Osinovets 63, but his way was extremely difficult: in some places, the carriers unloaded sacks of flour from sleds onto the ice, carried out empty sledding, transferred the flour on their hands and loaded them into the sledge.
It was obvious that the launch of automobile traffic on the thin November ice was an extremely risky undertaking, but it was not possible to wait.
Order No.00172 "On the organization of an autotractor road through Lake Ladoga" was signed on the evening of November 19 on 1941. Arrangement of the route, the construction of infrastructure had to go along with the launch of the ice road.
What is a trough?
Traffic rules on the Road of Life were developed not at the State Traffic Inspectorate, but at the Leningrad Physical and Technical Institute (Physico-Technical Institute, Institute of Physics and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences). The possibilities of Ladoga ice as a pavement were investigated by a group of scientists of the Physics and Technology Department headed by Peter Kobeko. Physicists determined how the ice cover on the lake deformed under the influence of static loads of different size, what fluctuations occurred in it under the influence of the wind and changes in the sweep-surge water levels, calculated the ice wear on the tracks and the conditions of its break.
To automatically record the oscillations of the ice, the scientist of the Physics and Technology Department Naum Reinov invented a special device - a bending device. He could record ice oscillations in a time interval from 0,1 seconds to days. With his help, it was possible to determine the reason why in the first weeks of work the Roads of Life went under the ice about a hundred trucks: the problem was in resonance, which arose when the vehicle speed coincided with the speed of the Ladoga wave under the ice.
The effect was also provided by the wave reflected from the coast and the waves created by the neighboring machines. This happened if the lorry moved at a speed of 35 km / h. Scientists also did not recommend driving cars in columns and warned against overtaking on ice. When moving along parallel routes, the distance between the trucks should have been at least 70 – 80 m. The help of science allowed to reduce losses, and the route was exploited to 24 on April 1942 of the year. The last cars passed around Ladoga with the thickness of ice of all 10, see.
Leningrad meteorologists have compiled a special weather forecast for the winter of 1941 – 42 for Ladoga, constantly updated information on the lake regime, made detailed maps with ice surveys and a forecast of its development for two and ten days. Ice load capacity was determined anew several times a month; hydrological bulletins were predicted every ten days with predictions of ice thickness: it was measured more than 3640 times for the first blockade winter.
From horses to buses
The freight turnover of the Osinovets cape - Zelentsy Island with a fork into Kobona and Lavrovo was determined by 4000 tons per day. The transshipment bases of the road were arranged in Osinovets, Vaganovo, Kobon, Lavrovo and at the station Ladoga Lake. From November 22, pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic was opened along the road, from 25-th - car traffic. From 26 November 1941, the order for the rear of the Leningrad Front, the ice road became known as the Military Highway No. XXUMX (WAD-101).
Food Trucks on the Road of Life
“At first, sled carts were allowed on the ice because he could not stand the cars yet,” says Sergey Kurnosov. “The ice, sufficient for the then road transport to move on, had to be at least 20 – 30 thick. See November November 19 1941 of the year went on a horse-drawn sleigh ride to the eastern shore of Ladoga, which returned to Osinovets 21 in November with flour for Leningrad residents. On the evening of the same day, a specially formed reconnaissance column of ten empty lorries went from Leningrad through Ladoga to 22 in November. the ice in the direction of Kobona came out already 60 machines, which returned, delivering 33 tons of bread to Leningrad.The ice road Life Roads began its work.Each of the one-and-a-half machines was loaded with only five or six sacks of flour - they were afraid that more endure, he bent under the wheels of gravity. "
The ice tracks were only in 12 – 15 km from the German positions, therefore the threat of airstrike or shelling constantly existed. Shells, bombs left openings, which were literally immediately frozen with ice in such a frost, the snow masked them, and sometimes it was absolutely impossible to detect them. The failed cars tried to pull out, but it was not always possible. Not only cars were saved, but also cargo: they were brought to Leningrad breweries, dried there and then used for baking bread.
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RўR ° RєR¶Rμ SЃ P "RμRЅRoRЅRіSЂR ° RґSЃRєRoS ... P · P ° RІRѕRґRѕRІ RїRѕ P> P ° RґRѕRіRμ RїRμSЂRμRїSЂR ° RІR" SЏR "RoSЃSЊ RјRoRЅRѕRјRμS,S <P ° SЂS,RoR" P "RμSЂRoR№SЃRєRoRμ RѕSЂSѓRґRoSЏ, With PI ‚РѕРј С ‡ РёСЃР» Рµ те, РєРѕС‚РѕСЂС ‹Рµ нужны Р ± С ‹Р» РЁР Р Р Р Р РРРРРР Р Р Р Р РњРњ. R Р Р ›µµµµµµµ Ђ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ СЊ РґРѕ Р ± Р »РѕРєР ° РґС‹.
The approaches to the Road of Life from the Kobona side were defended by the 1st NKVD Infantry Division, which defended Shlisselburg until September 8, from the Osinovets side - the 20th NKVD Division, which in October 1941 fought on the Nevsky Piglet. “The forces of sailors were brought up here, some of the artillery sailors were transferred to land units to service the artillery and anti-aircraft batteries that were installed along the route,” says Rostislav Lyubvin. “The huge forces of sappers constantly mined approaches from Shlisselburg.” She covered the road of life aviation Lenfront. From December 1941 to March 1942, pilots made more than 6000 sorties.
"RџRѕS,RμSЂRo, RѕSЃRѕR ± RμRЅRЅRѕ PI RїRμSЂRІRѕRμ RІSЂRμRјSЏ, ± F C <F" Ryo RѕS RμRЅSЊ P ‡ ± RѕR "SЊS € RoRјRo, â €" RєRѕRЅSЃS,R ° S,RoSЂSѓRμS, SЃRѕS,SЂSѓRґRЅRoRє RњSѓR RμSЏ RїRѕR · "† Roes Receptacle ЁРёР · РЅРё. РћРЅРё СЃРєР ° Р · Р ° Р »Рё, С ‡ то С„ Р ° РєС‚РЁС ‡ ески С € Р »РЁ РїРѕ РєС € С С Р РР Рј Р ° РІСРРРРРРРРРРРР РССРРРРРРРРРР РРСС СР РР Рј Р ° РІС РРРРРРРРР РРСС С С Р РР Рј Р ° РІС РРРРРРРРР РРСС С С Р РР РјР ° РІС РРСРРРРРР РРСС С С Р РР РРС Р € С € Рё РЃРёР ° Р · РRRёRRRRёRёRёRёR °R ° R · RRRRRR ‹S СR °RRєRёR РR »RјRRєRєS "ей".
RњRoS ... F ° Röhr "RљR ° R · R ° RЅSЃRєRoR№ SЃSЂR RІRЅRoRІR ° ° P" P "RѕSЂRѕRіSѓ R¶RoR · RЅRo SЃ RјRѕSЂSЃRєRoRј RїRμSЂRμS ... RѕRґRѕRј" RџRμSЂRμRїSЂR ° RІSѓ RІRѕR№SЃRє RїRѕ P "RμRґSЏRЅS <Rј RїR" P ° C ° † RґR SЂRјR ° Rј RЅRѕS ‡ SЊSЋ, RЅRμ RІRoRґSЏ F ± RμSЂRμRіRѕRІ, Röhr "Ryo RґRЅRμRј, PI S,SѓRјR ° of the PS RїSѓSЂRіSѓ Ryo, RјRѕR¶RЅRѕ SЃSЂR ° RІRЅRoS,SЊ SЃ P" † RѕS RјR ° RЅSЃRєRѕR№ RїSЂRѕRІRѕRґRєRѕR No. of CIs средстРP °. RђRЅR ° F "RѕRіRoSЏ SЃS,R RЅRμS ° P ± RѕR" RμRμ RїRѕR "RЅRѕR№, RμSЃR" Ryo SѓS RμSЃS,SЊ ‡, ‡ C S,Rѕ RІRμS,RμSЂ SЃRЅRѕSЃRoR "RєRѕR" RѕRЅRЅS <RЅR ° F "SЊRґSѓ, RєR ° Rє Ryo RєRѕSЂR ° F ± F" Ryo, PI SЃS,RѕSЂRѕRЅSѓ RѕS, RїSЂRѕR "RѕR¶RμRЅRЅRѕRіRѕ RєSѓSЂSЃR ° SЃR" RμRґRѕRІR ° RЅRoSЏ. RќRμ SЂR ° F · RїSЂRoS RѕRґRoR ... "RѕSЃSЊ RІRoRґRμS,SЊ, RєR ° Rє RґSЂRμR№S "SѓSЋS, RЅR ° SЃRєRѕR" SЊR · RєRѕRј, SЃR "RѕRІRЅRѕ RѕS,RїRѕR" RoSЂRѕRІR ° F RЅRЅRѕRј "SЊRґSѓ P ± RѕRμRІS <Rμ RїRѕSЂSЏRґRєRo RїRμS ... RѕS,S <RєR ° Rє SЃSѓRјR ° SЃS € RμRґS € РёР№ ветер, РІС ‹СЂРІР ° РІ РёР · Строя Рстдельны С… Р ± РѕР№С † РѕРІ, РіРЅР ° Р »СЌС‚Рё" Р¶РёРІРІС ‹Рµ РїР ° СЂСѓСЃР ° РЅР ° РјРёРЅРЅС‹ Рµ РїРѕРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРммжжжжРРРР ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹РРРР ‹Р †Р †Р †Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р "Р "Р ‹Р¶Р¶Р¶РРР ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р ‹Р "Р ‹Р ‹РР РєРѕРј крутШлШсь РЁРÑРїСЂРѕРєРЁРґС‹ РІР ° Р »РЁССЊ Р ° втомР° С € РёРЅС‹. Р ”Р ° Р» еко РЅРµ РєР ° Р¶РґС ‹Р№ перех РѕРґ РєРѕРЅС ‡ Р ° Р» СЃСЏ Р ± Р »Р ° РіРѕРїРѕР» СѓС З РЅРѕ ".
РќРљР'Р ”РЅР ° Р” РѕСЂРѕРіРµ жиР· РЅРё: против РїСЂРѕР ± РѕРє Рё преступлений№
RќR ° R'RђR "-101 SЂR ° F ± RѕS,R ° F" SЃRІRѕRґRЅS <R№ RѕS,SЂSЏRґ P "RμRЅRoRЅRіSЂR RґSЃRєRѕRіRѕ RѕR ° ± P" P ° SЃS,RЅRѕRіRѕ SѓRїSЂR ° RІR "RμRЅRoSЏ RјRoR" Roes † RoRo. ROSE PROFESSIONAL TRAVEL CLEAR RELEASTERS, SURROWS, SURRESTERS, SURRESTERS РЅС ‹С… Р ± Р ° Р · Р ° С…. Р 'РЅР ° С ‡ Р ° Р »Рµ СЂР ° Р ± оты Р ”РѕСЂРѕРіРё жиР· РРРё РЅР ° ее отдел СЊРЅС ‹С… СѓС ‡ Р ° СЃС..РєР ° С РЅРёРєР ° Р »РЁ РїСЂРѕР ± РєРё — эту РїСЂРѕР ± Р »РµРјСѓ СѓРґР ° Р» РѕСЃСЊ СЂРµС РСРСР Рє 26 РекР° Р ± СЂСЏ.
"PC, Rs P ± C ней РЅРµ СЂР ° Р ± отР° Р », тем Р ± РѕР» ее С ‡ С ВРС РІ РїРµСЂРІС ‹Рµ РґРЅРё СЂР ° Р ± РвСРР Р» Р ° Р РРґРЅР ° СРСРР SЃSЃR °, Ryo RїRѕ RЅRμR№ C € P "of the PS RґRІRoR¶RμRЅRoRμ PI RѕR ± Rμ SЃS,RѕSЂRѕRЅS <. R'RѕRґRoS,RμR" Ryo RЅR ° F "P ° RґRѕR¶SЃRєSѓSЋ S,SЂR ° SЃSЃSѓ RІS <RμR · P °R ° R »Ryo, уже проех Р ° РІ РїРѕС Ð СРРЁ 300 РєРє РїРС РїСРРСРРRRRRRURSRRѓС РРСС РРРРСРРРРРРРРРР-РРРРРРСРРРРРСРРСРРРРРРРРРRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRCRRRUSRUR RЅRμ, â € "RїRѕSЏSЃRЅSЏRμS, RѕSЃS,RoSЃR P" P ° PI P> SЋR ± RІRoRЅ.  € "RљRѕRіRґR ° ± RѕS,R Röhr" Ryo RўRoS ... RІRoRЅ, SЃRєR "P ° RґS <RїRμSЂRμRјRμSЃS,RoR" RoSЃSЊ PI PI RѕSЃRЅRѕRІRЅRѕRј SЂR R№RѕRЅ RџRμR ° "P" C <RїSѓS,SЊ SЃRѕRєSЂR ° S,RoR "SЃSЏ RґRѕ 40 RєRј, SЃS,R ° F" of the PS F "‡ RμRіS Rμ, Ryo P" SЋRґRo RїSЂRoRμR R¶R · ° F " Рё РЅРµ тР° РєРёРјРё РёР · РотР° РЅРЅС ‹РјРё".
Сотрудники РјРЁР ”РЁС † РёРё РѕРєР ° Р · С‹ РІР ° Р »РЁРѕРител СЏРј тех РЅРёС Ð РµСЃРєСѓСРРРРРСРРСС РРРССРСРС… РЅРЁС РР ° Р »РР °R °RRёRёRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRЅ Р "RњS <P · P ° P ° SЃS,R" Ryo RѕS ‡ RμRЅSЊ RјRЅRѕRіRoS ... SЂR ° F ± RѕS,RЅRoRєRѕRІ P "RѕSЂRѕRіRo R¶RoR · RЅRo, â €" RІSЃRїRѕRјRoRЅR ° RμS, P> SЋR ± RІRoRЅ.  € "RЇ S,RѕRіRґR ° RμS Rμ SЃRїSЂRѕSЃRoR ‰ "‡ S,Rѕ C P · R ° S,RμS ... RЅRoS RμSЃRєR ‡ ‰ ° SЏ RїRѕRјRѕS SЊ, Ryo RѕRґRoRЅ RІRμS,RμSЂR ° of the PS RјRЅRμ SЃRєR ° F · P ° R": R ± РµСЂРµС € СЊ РіР ° РµС ‡ РЅС РµСЂСѓ восстР° новить РјР ° С € РёРЅСѓ, Р ° РїСЂРё перегрР· РєРµ СЃС‚R ° РЅРѕРІРёС СССЃСЏ РС Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р РєРµ РСРРСРРЃРРС РР Р, Р ° РїСЂРё РерегрР·РРµ SѓR · C ‡ RoRєRѕRј ".
P - P ° PїRµSЂRІSѓSЋ P · RyoRјSѓ SЂR ° R ± RѕS, C ‹P Р P ґ P ґ P Р R Р R Р R S P ј СЅССЅЅЅЅјјјјј‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ † † † † ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹ЏЏЏЏЏ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ЅЅЅЅЅЅЅЅЅЅЅЅЅЅ‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ ‹‹ оев РјР ° С € РёРЅ. "RњRoR" Roes † RoSЏ SЂR ° F ± RѕS,R ° F "P † ° RїSЂRoRЅS RoRїRoR ° F" SЊRЅRѕ Ryo RІS <SЏSЃRЅSЏR "P °, RїRѕS ‡ RμRјSѓ RІRѕRґRoS,RμR" SЊ SЃS,RѕRoS P ± RμR · RІSЃSЏRєRoS … RїSARROS ‡ RёRЅS ‚R ° Pј, RіRґRµRЅRµRїР »Р РР РРѕРеноSЃSSRЊSЊRѓS ROWS RYSTROSTERS R РRѕRЃRЃRЃS РS РR РRЊSѕРЅЊѕ Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р Р РіРѕРІРѕСЂРёС ‚СЃРїРµС † РёР ° Р» РОСЃС ‚РњСѓР · РµС РїРѕР» РёС † РёРё. R'RѕSЂSЏSЃSЊ SЃ ‰ C ... Roes RμRЅRoSЏRјRo RЅR ° F "RѕSЂRѕRіRμ R¶RoR · RЅRo, Rє RєRѕRЅS † Sѓ RјR SЂS,R ° ° ° 589 RіRѕRґR RјRoR" Roes † RoSЏ Röhr SЉSЏR · "P Sѓ RїSЂRμSЃS,SѓRїRЅRoRєRѕRІ 1942 ° C ‚РѕРЅРЅС‹ продуктов, РІ том С ‡ РЁСЃР »Рµ 33,4 тонны РјСѓРєРё. RљRіRРRРRR. RyoS † P °. Р'С ‹Р» РЁ тР° кже С „Р ° кты, РєРѕРіРґР ° С € РѕС „еров РїСЂРёРІР» екР° Р »РЁ Р · Р ° С ВРС, С ‡ то РѕРЅРё Р ± СЂР ° Р »Рё деньги Рё С † енностRё Сѓ СЌРІР ° куирЃемы С… РёР · Р ›РµРЅРёРЅРіСРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРРР РР РР РЁЂЂЂЂЂтЂЂньгги Р †Р †РЅР ‹СіРіРё иенньгиаІР‹С ‹R
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