USSR after the Victory: Yugoslavia, China, Israel, the policy of "anti-Semitism"
Having won in the Second World War, the USSR was able to create its own world order - the world socialist system. It became an alternative for countries that did not want to follow the path of the West, becoming dependent on it. But by gaining access to the human, economic resources of the countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, pushing the western frontiers away from the borders of the Union, Moscow received a problem. It was necessary to help the young socialist regimes. To restore their economy, after the devastation of war. In the 1945-1952 years, the socialist countries received only long-term concessional loans of 15 billion rubles (3 billion dollars). Thus, an additional burden fell on the citizens of the Union, it was necessary not only to restore their country, but also to help the socialist countries. There were other problems - in 1948, there was a tendency, and in 1949, there was a complete rupture of relations with Yugoslavia. The reason was not only Tito’s “disobedience” and independence. Although it is clear that you have to pay for everything, and Yugoslavia received great help from Moscow. In all fairness, Moscow should have received certain “dividends”. The main reason was Tito's desire to create a new center of power in Europe. Thus, the old dreams of "Greater Serbia" of the Serbian nationalists were supplemented. Tito planned to create a “Balkan federation”, where Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania and even Greece should have entered.
It is characteristic that in Sarajevo, under Tito, a memorial museum of the Mlada Bosna organization was opened, dedicated to the people who participated in stirring up the First World War. The conspirators, the Serbs who participated in the organization of the murder of Franz Ferdinand - D. Dmitrievich, V. Tankosich and their associates, were awarded the title of "national heroes". Their activities were declared “useful for the liberation of the Balkan peoples.” In fact, Tito was engaged in provocative activities, undermining the unity of the socialist camp. That is why Stalin called the regime of Tito "Trotsky-fascist."
But with China, Stalin had a truly allied relationship. Although Mao Zedong, no less than Tito, bent his line. Negotiations in Moscow were difficult, going on for two months. But in the end, both sides found an acceptable result. Moscow made big concessions. China has been allocated a loan in 300 million dollars. The Soviet side promised to give up its rights in Manchchuria, in the five-year period, to Port Arthur and Dalny in the five-year period. But for this in China, joint Soviet-Chinese enterprises were created, the profits from which went not only to China, but also to the USSR. A mutual aid agreement was concluded for 30 years. Moscow understood that the ancient Chinese civilization, which had a huge territory, population, natural resources, could not be a satellite of the Union. But in opposition to the West, China can be a good ally.
The need for an alliance with China was confirmed in the Korean War. In 1950, with the permission of the United Nations, the Americans intervened in a conflict between the northern, communist government, and the southern, controlled by the United States. Huge American forces were sent to Korea. As a result, the war almost became a world war, especially if you look at the list of participants. From the West, parts of the United States and Great Britain were the main striking force; Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Greece, Turkey, Ethiopia, Thailand, and Colombia also participated. On the part of the socialist camp, the main forces were represented by the PRC, the USSR introduced military experts (pilots, anti-aircraft gunners, etc.), advisers. Moscow refrained from providing more powerful assistance to the DPRK. This could lead to the spread of the fire of war to other territories. So, our pilots, even though they shot down several hundred American planes, but were based in China, flew with Chinese identification marks.
With the "internationalism" in the USSR then already said goodbye. The Korean War did not receive such popularity as in Spain. The media did not promote it, did not instill that it was “our” war. Stalin did not intend to pay with Russian lives for the benefit of the "world proletariat". On the world stage, the USSR bent the line not of a “world revolution”, but of peace. Moscow was ready to stop the confrontation with the West, if readiness is mutual. The USSR was a self-sufficient country, it did not need other people's resources for survival. Moscow supported the international social movement for peace. In 1950, in Sweden, the Standing Committee of the World Peace Congress developed an appeal on the prohibition of nuclear weapons - in the Soviet Union, all adult citizens signed up for it. And in March, 1951, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a law on the protection of peace, which recognized war propaganda as the gravest crime. In June, the USSR's 1951 was the first to propose to the UN that on the Korean Peninsula "the warring parties would begin a discussion on a cease-fire and the achievement of a truce."
"Sovereign" line of Stalin
In domestic politics, Stalin continued the "sovereign" line. In Leningrad, there was a process of restoration of many historical names: Volodarsky Avenue again became Liteiny, Uritsky Square - Dvortsovaya, etc. In 1946, People's Commissars again became ministers, SNK - the Council of Ministers. In 1948, a solemn celebration of the 800th anniversary of Moscow took place, the tradition of honoring the anniversaries of Russian cities was restored. As part of the strengthening of the political and party elite of the state, a campaign was held to combat "servility to the West." Another campaign was against “rootless” cosmopolitanism, although for some reason it was being put in the bed of “anti-Semitism”. After 1991, it became absolutely clear that Comrade Stalin was completely right then. It was the disintegration of the political, party leadership, the creative intelligentsia, its "Westernism" that became the West's main weapon against the USSR and its peoples.
Cosmopolitanism, the opposite of patriotism, has become a powerful tool in the ideological, information war. People were inspired by some "universal" values that are supposedly higher than state and national values. The ideas of globalism, individualism, principles: “the birthplace of a person is the whole world”, “the birthplace is where a person is good”, etc. In essence, this was the same Trotskyist “internationalism”, only in a different package. It is clear that not the peasants, or the workers, but the creative intelligentsia, the “golden youth” of that time, became the most susceptible to such ideas.
USSR and Israel. "Anti-Semitism"
It is ridiculous to call Stalin’s policy “anti-Semitic”; he was one of those to whom modern Israel owes its existence. The USSR supported and welcomed the creation of Israel in 1947. Stalin saw in the creation of a Jewish state the possibility of weakening the influence of the British and Americans in the Middle East. Israel was to become a neutral state, a “third force” in this region. But Jewish politicians immediately made a mistake leading to a catastrophe in the long run. Israel became an ally of the United States and England.
And the Israeli embassy in Moscow, headed by Golda Meir, began to establish direct contacts with Soviet Jews. In the capital of the USSR there were many Jews, in the state apparatus, among the intelligentsia, in the scientific community. It is clear that such agility in "establishing relations" could not please any normal ruler of the country. Therefore, the case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (EAC) arose.
In the 1942 year, the EAC was created, along with the Women's, All-Slavic, and Youth Committees. In 1943, the head of the JAC was directed by S. M. Mikhoels, writer I. S. Farer (also was an agent of the MGB) and others visited the USA, where they agreed to raise funds to help the Soviet Union. During a series of meetings with Jewish, scientific, cultural, and social circles, they also met with the head of the World Zionist Organization, H. Weizmann. He will later become the first president of Israel. Meetings will also be held with the head of the Sons of Zion lodge S. Vize and the leader of the Joint organization D. Rosenberg. During these negotiations, American Jews again raised the question of creating a Jewish republic in Crimea. Faroe said that the Crimea was interested not only Jews, but also "Americans, because the Crimea is the Black Sea, the Balkans and Turkey."
The EAC developed a report on the “Jewish Soviet Socialist Republic,” in February it was presented to Molotov. He put the project "on the shelf", it was not before. But members of the EAC believed in the success of the business, they were already sharing the “portfolios”, Mikhoels were called “our president”. And it cannot be said that the EAC did not have support in the Soviet leadership. The war ended, anti-fascist organizations were dissolved, and the committee continued to work. He published his Enikaite newspaper and a number of other publications, created several cultural and public organizations. He maintained contact with the American organization "Joint", which sponsored an attempt to create "Jewish autonomy" in the Crimea in the 20-30-s.
The EAT actually created some kind of parallel official power structures in the Union. The committee sent instructions to the local authorities in Belarus and Ukraine to provide for Jews who had returned after evacuation. He demanded to return the lost property to them, or to give monetary compensations, to give a priority right to receive housing, in the device for work. Reports about this activity went to Moscow, the MGB provided materials to Stalin. When Israel was created, “social” centers were discovered in the USSR, which agitated Soviet Jews to go to war with the Arabs. But the last straw, for the Kremlin, was the fact that when Golda Meir arrived in Moscow, huge crowds of people came to meet her - 30 thousand people. But the Soviet authorities did not inform anyone about this and did not convene people. It means that in the USSR there existed a force, a parallel power, which could alert and bring such masses of people to the streets. She had her own communication channels, branched structures, influence.
The Ministry of State Security quickly conducted an investigation and found that the notification and collection of people was going through the EAK. 20 November 1948 Politburo decides to disband the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. Its press organs and the bodies operating under the committee were closed. Mikhoels died in a traffic accident, other members of the EAK were arrested, 110 people received various sentences. It was stupid to blame the MGB of the USSR for the death of Mikhoels, he did not represent a large number so that he could not be arrested. Famous marshals were arrested in the USSR. There is a suspicion that he was eliminated by forces that were not interested in him talking.
In 1952, new information emerged, including about the wives of Molotov, Andreev, Voroshilov (the so-called "Institute of Jewish Wives"). Further attempts to lobby for the creation of the Jewish SSR in the Crimea were suppressed, such a proposal was made by Molotov. At the plenum meeting of the Central Committee, Stalin said: “What about Comrade Molotov’s proposal to transfer Crimea to the Jews? This is a gross mistake of Comrade Molotov ... ". And further - “We have Jewish autonomy. Is this not enough? Let this republic develop. And comrade Molotov should not be a lawyer for the illegal Jewish claims to our Soviet Crimea. ” After that, they conducted an additional investigation into the EAC case. Ferrer, Peretz, Markish, Kvitko, Bergelson, a total of 13 people, were shot in the camps.
Sources of:
Vert N. History of the Soviet state. M., 1994.
Semanov S.N. Stalin. Lessons of life and activity. M., 2002.
Shambarov V. Anti-Soviet. M., 2011.
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