"Reckless" ataman Marusya Nikiforova

In the 20s, almost all photographs of the heroine of the article were destroyed. But on this collage I made with portraits of four chieftains (three of them are invented) there is the only reliable one - from the prison archive

Today we will continue the story about M. Nikiforova and talk about her activities as the commander of the Free Combat Brigade. The memory of this woman was preserved in the collective images of other chieftains. For example, this one - Lelka from Boris Lavrenyov's story "Wind" and the 1926 Soviet silent film of the same name:

Here is how B. Lavrenyov describes it:

“The woman is wearing a brand new gray leather jacket, pale pink breeches with a silver hussar lace, varnished boots with spurs, a saber hanging on the side, all in silver, on the other side a parabellum in a case, on the head a black hat with a red bow ...

I walk, let the red rooster go, and the barefoot walks with me. A detachment of chieftain Lelka.

And such an ataman of the civil war was seen by the audience in the film "Bumbarash":

Sofya Nikolaevna Tulchinskaya is a difficult woman, a representative of Bohemia - like Rodin's student Marusya Nikiforova:

“Well, what a bandit I am! I am an etoile, my dear, St. Petersburg etoile!”

(French Etoile - "star").

And this is perhaps the only reliable photograph of M. Nikiforova, it was preserved in the prison archive:

Atamansha Marusya

As already mentioned in the previous article, in the Little Russian and Novorossiysk provinces of the Russian Empire, the peculiarly understood ideas of anarchism were traditionally very popular. At the same time, against the background of other anarchists, it was the Ukrainian ones who stood out with special extremism. The term "Southern anarchism" even appeared. By the time Nikiforova arrived in the Yekaterinoslav province, Gulyaipole was already under the control of Makhno. There was also an anarchist cell in Aleksandrovsk, and Marusya quickly took it into her own hands. Having led the local anarchists, she began to "collect tribute" from local landowners, manufacturers and bankers - "for the holy cause of the revolution", of course. Rejections were not accepted. Only one of the "clients" - a certain Badovsky managed to "expropriate" a million rubles. The scale of the activity was such that she was even arrested by local policemen, but they were soon forced to release her - “in recognition of past revolutionary merits”, and also out of fear that the prison would be stormed. Yes, and Makhno promised, in case of refusal, to burn the estate of the government commissioner, the landowner B. Mikhno. Supporters of Nikiforova carried her out of prison in their arms.

After the robbery of the cashier of the Elvorti plant, when five thousand people were left without a salary, Nikiforova was wounded by the indignant workers of this enterprise. Her detachment had to endure a real battle, and then the Bolsheviks came to her aid. Then she nevertheless left Aleksandrovsk.

In December 1917, Nikiforova met with her Parisian acquaintance, Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, who at that time was the commander of the Bolshevik troops in the South of Russia. As we remember from previous article, Marusya received carte blanche from him to form cavalry units for the Red Army. Instead, she created her own, personally subordinate to her, "Free Combat Squad". On December 25-26, this detachment participated in the establishment of Soviet power in Kharkov (here Marusya became famous by distributing things "requisitioned" in local stores to the population). Then, on December 28-29, her squad participated in the capture of Yekaterinoslav - this time they had to fight with the Haidamak detachments of the Central Rada.

On January 2, 1918, Aleksandrovsk was taken, and then the Bolsheviks, Nikiforova’s “team” and the “Black Guard” Makhno, who came to their aid, managed to stop and disarm the Don Cossacks returning from the front, who intended to go through Aleksandrovsk to Ataman Kaledin. At the end of January, Makhno returned to Gulyaipole.

It must be said that relations between Makhno and Nikiforova were far from warm. Marusya claimed to be the leader of all anarchists in the vast Yekaterinoslav province, she accused Makhno of "statist bias"and made claims that he"weakly oppresses the local bourgeoisie"- does not produce sufficient "terrorist pressure". And at first, everyone assigned the first role to Nikiforova. So, in the fall of 1917, the newspaper "Kyiv thought" called Makhno "associate of Marusya Nikiforova". But Nestor turned out to be a much stronger leader, and, most importantly, he had a clear and understandable program for everyone. He called Nikiforova not an anarchist, but "anarchist» special, without a plan of action and committed to «the spirit of slovenliness and irresponsibility". These accusations were absolutely justified. Without a creative program, Marusya quickly sank to the level of an odious field commander, and soon she herself began to be called "associate of Makhno».

Nestor Makhno next to Pavel Dybenko, November-December 1918

Later, a legend appeared that Marusya Nikiforova was Makhno's mistress. One of its creators was B. Pilnyak, who in 1924 stated in the story "Ice drift":

“At night she wished to be the father’s wife, and the father never saw a more frantic woman.”

Z. Sheinis fantasizes about this topic:

“It was stuffy in the car, it carried a fumes. In the caustic shag smoke, Bela Kun saw the father reclining on a bearskin ... To the left, Maruska Nikiforova, the father's cohabitant, was attached to the felt mat ... She was drunk and looked at Bela Kun with dazed eyes.

It is curious that at the time described (1920) Marusya Nikiforova had already been arrested (and then executed) by the Whites.

At the same time, Marusya was an excellent speaker. Makhno himself recalled that Nikiforova's speeches made a huge impression on the listeners. According to him, after the speeches of the Bolshevik orators, the Cossacks often openly laughed, and listening to Marusya, they took off their hats and “crying like children».

Nikiforova said:

“Anarchists do not promise anything to anyone. Anarchists want people to become self-aware and take freedom on their own.”

Makhnovets N. Zuichenok retells one of her speeches as follows:

“Three hundred years the house of the Romanovs existed – three hundred years of tyranny; The dog has become more valuable than the human. And all this scoundrels legalized. Three hundred years accumulated anger, millions of fighters gave their lives for a brighter future. Sacred hatred, hatred to death for slavery and oppression; revolutionary passion, boundless power into the creative forces of the masses—this is the driving force that must not allow us to calm down. Our business is to prepare the masses for a broad popular uprising and to make a revolution not in the place of the people, but together with the people.”

Echelons of Atamansha Marusya

The backbone of the Nikiforova detachment was made up of "ideological" anarchists. But all sorts of adventurers, deserters, as well as peasants looking for "additional extra earnings" reached out to the lucky ataman. There were also outright criminals, which is not surprising. Pan-anarchists Abba and Wolf Gordin, for example, explicitly called:

“Shacklers, thieves, murderers, prostitutes! Sons of the dark night, become knights of the bright day, create anarchy."

The criminals willingly followed this call, and a ditty has come down to our time, the authorship of which is attributed to Sasha Cherny (it is known in several versions):

Anarchist pulled off me
Short fur coat aunt.
Ah, that's what he taught
Mr Kropotkin!

This is the footage of the film "An Optimistic Tragedy" (the leader of the rental in 1963, the prize of the XVI Cannes Film Festival "For the best embodiment of the revolutionary epic”), in which the female commissar managed to make a normal combat-ready unit out of an anarchist sailor detachment:

In this film, the heroine, after killing a potential rapist, utters the famous phrase:

“Well, who else wants to try the commissar body?”

After that, the leader of the anarchists (Leader) respectfully says to one of the henchmen:

“This woman is valuable to us, she has an anarchist streak.”

But back to Marusa Nikiforova.

The number of her detachment sometimes reached a thousand people, this "team" moved on trains, armored cars, horses, carts were transported in 105 wagons. In the famous song "Apple" then there were such lines:

Oh, apple, where are you going?!
Before Marusya in the echelon to earn some money!

On March 22, 1918, the Odessa Leaflet reported on the skirmish of Marusya Nikiforova (who was called "specialist in matters of indemnities imposed on the civilian population of outback”) and Grigory Kotovsky in the town of Berezovka. Marusya demanded a "legendary" amount, threatening "slaughter all the inhabitants". But Kotovsky, who happened to be nearby, said:

"Soviet power is sufficiently provided with funds and does not need extortionate income."

G. Kotovsky, photograph, 1919

He ordered the villagers not to pay anything to Marusa, promising to deal with anyone who "will respond to her criminal call". Kotovsky was supported by the nearby Red Army detachment of 150 people. Nikiforova chose to retreat.

And here is what the Bolshevik S. Raksha tells about the clash with Nikiforova already in the Tauride province:

“The streets hung with hung weapons riders. They look like sailors in clothes, but so hairy that caps with ribbons looked like some kind of toy on their heads. I found Marusya by the black flag flying over the porch of the priest's house ... I was ready for a subtle conversation, but diplomacy turned out to be useless. Marusya did not hide her intentions. When she learned that I was from the Chelbass Revolutionary Committee, she said:
“We were just about to drop by to you this evening. I want to let a red cock through your fluids.
“You probably won’t get anything out of this. What is the size of your squad?
“Two hundred sabers,” answered Marusya, not taking her eyes off me, laughing.
“And we have four hundred bayonets,” I snapped, almost doubling the strength of our detachment.
Marusya jumped up:
“What are you, you bastard, scaring me?”
It seemed that she was about to grab the Mauser, but at that moment her adjutant, who had been silent until now, spoke up:
- Well, why should Marusya quarrel with the Bolsheviks because of some lousy liquids. Let's sing better: "Holy Father Ivane, what should we do, like vodka will not be tortured?"
And someone from the second half of the house, probably the owner, drawled in a bass voice:
"Lord have mercy, two and a half!".
On this, our conversation, in fact, ended.

Nikiforova was an opponent of the Brest peace concluded by the Bolsheviks, but, faced with German and Austrian troops, her detachment suffered a crushing defeat and retreated to the south. He was instructed to hold back the advance of the Germans and with battles along the coast of the Sea of ​​\uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbAzov gradually retreat to Mariupol. But Marusya arbitrarily removed her people from the front and came to Taganrog through Melitopol. Here she was arrested, but soon released under the patronage of the same Antonov-Ovseenko, who sent a telegram:

“The detachment of the anarchist Maria Nikiforova, like Comrade Nikiforov, is well known to me. Instead of dealing with the disarmament of such revolutionary fighting units, I would advise you to take up the creation of them.

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko

Numerous left-wing radicals also had their say, who presented the armored train of the anarchist Garin as the main argument. After that, Nikiforova’s detachment moved towards Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk, traditionally marking themselves there with robberies committed under the guise of expropriations - under the slogan: “Break the locks!". A telegram was sent to the Extraordinary Commissioner of the Southern Region, S. Ordzhonikidze, with an "explanation":

"A spirit that destroys is a spirit that creates."

Then there were "tours" in Essentuki, Voronezh, Bryansk, Saratov. In January 1919, Nikiforova was again arrested and this time taken to Moscow.

Return of Marusya

In Butyrskaya prison, having nothing to do, a former student of Rodin began to take painting lessons. The verdict of the revolutionary tribunal was more than mild. The Pravda newspaper reported on January 25, 1919, that Nikiforova was found guilty only of discrediting the Soviet government and of disobeying local councils in the field of hostilities. As a result, she was bailed out to an anarcho-communist member of the CEC Apollon Karelin and the same Antonov-Ovseenko, forbidden to hold responsible positions for six months.

In February 1919, Marusya Nikiforova arrived at Makhno's headquarters, who was by no means her like-minded person. He instructed her only "charity": the organization of hospitals and schools. She was not even allowed into the headquarters of the "father". Marusya quickly became disillusioned with Makhno, who was building his own peasant state and entered into an alliance with the Bolsheviks. She became a supporter of the Kharkov confederation of anarchists "Nabat", which criticized the "opportunism" of Nestor Makhno, supported the action in Moscow, when on September 25, 1919, the premises of the Moscow Committee of the RCP (b) in Leontyevsky Lane were blown up. The victims of the terrorist act were 12 people, including the secretary of the committee, Vladimir Zagorsky.

V. M. Zagorsky, whose name was for some time the city of Sergiev Posad

Treasurer Makhno A. Chubenko tells about such a curious episode:

“When Makhno was at the front, Marusya Nikiforova, armed to the teeth, arrived at the station (Tokmak) and asked:
- How much money do you have in the box?
- Three millions.
“I have to get this money to organize an underground anarchist organization in Moscow.
- Makhno will arrive, then I will give you. You can't do without it...
Marusya replied that there were thirty riders with her, and she would not reckon with me ... she got out of the car and went to call her detachment.

During this time, Chubenko led the train with the treasury to Fedorovka, where he met with the "father". Nikiforova also appeared:

“Makhno began to curse her and, drawing a revolver, wanted to shoot her, but Marusya was also ready with a weapon in her hands. For a long time they fought. Then Marusya began to ask:
Give me some money for the journey!
Makhno grabbed a bundle of currency and threw it out of the car to Marusya's people who surrounded the car, shouting:
"Take it, and I won't see you again!" You are doing nothing for the revolution, parasites, but you need to be fed!”

In May 1919, Nikiforova arrived in Berdyansk, where she began to form her own detachment. At one of the rallies, she said:

“Comrades, you are called to fight for equality. The commissars sit in their offices "do not enter without a report", but talk about equality. Equality is only with Makhno, only with us. We are not on the way with the commissioners. As lightning flashes only in the sky, so equality flourishes only in anarchy! I call everyone against the whites and against the commissars! Rebels, commissars must be beaten!”

A. Selyavkin, who saw Marusya at that time, gives the following description of her appearance:

“In a black English jacket, breeches, in boots with iron leggings and a weighty Mauser on the side, Nikiforova had a dashing look.”

Then, together with her husband (Polish anarchist Witold Bzhostek), who came to her, Nikiforova went to the Crimea, where the whites finally “put an end” to her unlucky life.

The death of Marusya

So, in July 1919, Nikiforova, Bzhostek and 20 other anarchists went to Sevastopol, where they intended to organize terrorist acts. They said that the restless Marusya was going to organize an assassination attempt on General Slashchev. Some even claimed that she wanted to get to Taganrog and blow up Denikin's headquarters there. But on July 29, Nikiforova and Bzhostek were arrested by the White Guard counterintelligence. The verdict of the court-martial, chaired by the commandant of the Sevastopol fortress, General Subbotin, said:

“From the inquiry conducted by officials of the Sevastopol counterintelligence point, it can be seen:

I. That who calls herself Maria Grigoryevna Bzhostek, she is also nicknamed Marusya Nikiforova, is accused of the fact that in the period of 1918-1919, commanding a detachment of anarcho-communists, she carried out executions of officers, civilians, called for a bloody and merciless reprisal against the bourgeoisie and counter-revolutionaries ... thus, he is accused of crimes under Articles 108 and 109 of the Criminal Code, as amended by the Volunteer Army ...

II. That Vitold Stanislav Bzhostek, without taking personal part in the crimes committed, specified in paragraph XNUMX, but knowing about the commission of these, deliberately hid M. Nikiforova for himself, without bringing to the attention of the authorities.”

On September 3, 1919, Marusya and Bzhostek were shot. At the time of her death, Nikiforova was 34 years old. It is said that her last words were:

"Long live anarchy!"

It is curious that other “atamans” were later mistaken for Marusya Nikiforova: Marusya Sokolovsky (wife of the deceased ataman Sokolovsky), who operated near Kiev, “Black Marusya” and Maria Khrestovaya (sister of ataman L. Khrestovoy), who hunted near Poltava, as well as Maria Kosova , a participant in the Antonov uprising, who showed up near Kharkov.

Comments

[Scipio]

It’s a pity we didn’t finish earlier ..... How many lives I ruined !!!

[Proton]

"The revolution is conceived by romantics, carried out by fanatics, and scoundrels use the results."
The heroine is a vivid example of a fanatic, in her fanaticism similar to self-made rosalia.
Many thanks to the author for the series of articles, very interesting and informative.

[Kronos]

A frankly stupid statement, a revolution always benefits the people as a whole.

[kor1vet1974]

The heroine is a prime example of a fanatic

Fanatic of what? Anarchism? Revolution?

[parusnik]

If the Bolsheviks had shot Marusya, then in this article she would have had a more romantic image.

[ee2100]

The author of the book "The Song of My Murka" talks about the real heroines of the thieves' "Murka"
Some of them mentioned in the article also appear in the book.
Where did Edward's article go?

[VLR]

The anarchist Nikiforova would be deeply offended if she were compared to some criminal. So deep that I probably would have shot on the spot
Although, as noted in one of the comments to the last article, if anarchists had not met her, it is quite possible that she would have joined some kind of gang of thieves. But that's an alternate history.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: VlR

her anarchists, quite possibly, would have nailed to some gang of thieves.

Perhaps this is the case. That era left after all the memory of not only * commissars in dusty helmets * and the staff captains Ovechkins, but also such adventurous people. No wonder. The old familiar world was destroyed * to the ground ... *, to build a new They didn’t start. So such characters appeared. However? There were quite recently. Thanks to Valery for an interesting essay.
But still, it is not clear where the morning article by Eduard Vashchenko disappeared?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: ee2100

Where did Edward's article go?

An interesting thing turned out. According to a friend's comment, I tried to * climb * on this article, and?

Hi Sasha!

[ee2100]

Hi!
Sergey, do you understand something? Me not.

[ee2100]

Has appeared again! Miracles and more!

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: ee2100

Has appeared again! Miracles and more!

Yes. Recently. I believe that this is not a miracle, but some kind of system failure.

[bober1982]

Marusya loved to burn the Church, and her actions were conscious, while, according to eyewitnesses, she went crazy, reprisals against priests for her (him) were a crazy need.
From the point of view of common sense - she was insane, from the Orthodox - she was a witch.

[know]

In Butyrskaya prison, having nothing to do, a former student of Rodin began to take painting lessons.

Yes, if she had a normal hormonal background, we would probably know now a good artist and sculptor Maria Nikiforova.
But in the United States, children are deliberately maimed and mutilated, stuffed with hormones alien to the body. This, of course, still "backfires".

[kor1vet1974]

Nikiforov, is just one of the shades of the anarchist palette that existed in the Russian Empire, and then during the years of the civil war. The Bolsheviks collaborated with all the "shades of black", but these were temporary alliances at certain stages. Which, incidentally, is correct. they couldn’t allow this. The same Kolchak was invited by the Siberian Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik government to the post of Minister of War. Kolchak, in response, made a coup, dispersed and shot the members of the Directory who had invited him, ended in an ice hole for the admiral .. The Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks cooperated with the Bolsheviks. Something similar happened with Denikin.

[Timofey Charuta]

There is no such stupidity that even the smartest person could not think of ...

The former landowner and officer Bakunin, the prince and former imperial court page Kropotkin, the quiet teacher of the women's gymnasium, the German Max Stirner, and others invented anarchy. To such an extent they hated the state and the procedures established by it. "Any property is theft!" (Proudhon).

Interestingly, it was the German Max Stirner, who was the first to come up with all this (the famous book "The Only One and His Property"), who was offered back in 1848 to lead one of the many European revolutions at that time. A quiet teacher at a women's gymnasium (published his scandalous book under a pseudonym), after consulting with his wife, politely refused and started ... selling milk (then they lived happily ever after and went bankrupt on the same day).

Some historians believe that in 1918 Makhno met with the then still living former prince Kropokin. Allegedly, he suggested that he move to Gulyai-Pole and become the ideological leader of the Makhnovshchina. The old man politely refused. This historical version is depicted in detail in the good TV series "The Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno" (I watched all 12 episodes, you can watch it). By the way, there is also about the troubled Marusya - she is depicted as a sadist and a bitch.

Bakunin personally took part in various armed uprisings and revolutions, but only abroad - in the Czech Republic, Germany, etc.

This is me to the fact that the apologists of anarchism somehow did not really strive to realize their ideas in Russia. But, ironically, only here it was possible, and in vast territories.

I wonder what the victory of the anarchists in some France or England would look like?

An ideological dispute with an anarchist according to Soviet cinema:

[kor1vet1974]

I wonder what the victory of the anarchists in some France or England would look like?

In reality, the anarchists created an anarchist territory in Catalonia. Revolutionary Catalonia was organized along an anarcho-syndicalist lines, with trade unions in the cities and anarcho-communes in the countryside, but ended in the defeat of the anarchists.

[VLR]

And after the end of World War I, the anecdotal Republic of Fiume arose in Italy. The writer and poet Gabriele d'Annunzio, who proclaimed it, was not officially an anarchist, but he got just an "exemplary" anarchist pseudo-state, which was also called the "republic of air pirates." The "miners" flew seaplanes and intercepted merchant ships, and they also robbed coastal estates.

[hohol95]

Did they try to make their own products?
How to "rob the loot" so the first, but to the machine or in the field - "It's not for this that my mother gave birth to me !!!"

[kor1vet1974]

Anarchist was not in the literal sense, as in Catalonia, the Constitution combined elements of anarchism, national syndicalism and democracy. But the Belgian anarchist poet Leon Kochnitsky became the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

[Timofey Charuta]

Thanks for the clarification. The Spanish anarchists did play a prominent role in that Civil War. Makhnovshchina in Spanish, but executions and requisitions from the bourgeois, the seizure of factories by workers - everything is like ours ... Even Hemingway and Orwell noted on this topic. An interesting read can be found here:
https://solodkyy.livejournal.com/63821.html

in the photo - Maroussia of the Spanish spill

[Richard]

Quote: Timofey Charuta

in the photo - Maroussia of the Spanish spill

In your photo - a girl who has nothing to do with anarchism. This is Marina Ginestà, a participant in the Spanish Civil War, a member of the International Brigade, an activist of the United Socialist Party of Catalonia. Before the civil war, she was a well-known Barcelona athlete and socialist. She became widely known in connection with a photograph taken by the German Hans Guttmann on the roof of the Hotel Colon in Barcelona on July 21, 1936. This is one of the most famous photographs of the Spanish Civil War.
a photo Marina Ginesta

[Richard]

And if you, Timothy, want to illustrate "Marus of the Spanish spill", then the Internet is full of photos of anarchists of Republican Spain in 1936. They are easily distinguished from other Republicans by their red and black anarchist banners, ties and field caps.

[VLR]

Good evening, Dmitry. Finally, after skipping two articles, you honored this one with your comments.

[Richard]

Good evening, Valery
In vain you are so, I always carefully read your articles. There are not so many worthy authors left on the site. If it's not a secret, what will be in the next article?

[VLR]

About a man who was considered a rival of Rasputin, and who treated Rasputin himself, as well as John of Kronstadt, ministers, aristocrats ... And he wanted to annex Mongolia, Tibet and China to Russia.

[Richard]

About the godson of Emperor Alexander III, the Tibetan doctor of the royal family, Peter Alexandrovich Badmaev?

What a twist! A very interesting character. Thanks, Valery. I look forward to your publication.

[gsev]

Quote: kor1vet1974

Revolutionary Catalonia was organized along an anarcho-syndicalist lines, with trade unions in the cities and anarcho-communes in the countryside, but ended in the defeat of the anarchists.

In Spain, in the Basque Country, there is a company producing servo drives, CNC and Fagor power supplies. It is organized as an anarcho-syndicalist trade union. To get a job there 20 years ago, it was necessary to invest about 100 euros in this company. So anarcho-syndicalism is actually more viable than the Stalinist model of communism, which has died out in Russia and China and Albania and Romania.

[hohol95]

Where did the future workers take 100 "European"?
Bank loan?
If you want to get a job - go to the enterprise. Interesting scheme.
Do they pay wages there, or does the employee add more money to the "factory's treasury" every month?

[lisikat2]

For justice: Kropotkin or Bakunin were not violent robbers

[Abigor]

faced with German and Austrian troops, her detachment suffered a crushing defeat and retreated to the south.

The People's Commissar of Justice, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Steinberg, colorfully wrote about the German offensive in Ukraine in his memoirs:

“Separate trains with omnipotent passengers armed to the teeth rushed along the railway lines, stations, post offices, telegraphs, direct wires were seized by any whim. Legends were created around these flying Dutchmen, who sometimes seemed to be resurrected groups of landsknechts. One Marusya Nikiforova, a brave and cruel commander who flew from point to point like a meteor, devastated the shops of women's and other outfits for her needs, acted under the protection of machine guns and armored cars, humiliated the Soviets, will make her stop with pain and bitterness in the future on this fragment of the Russian revolution.

And here we come to one of the brightest episodes in the biography of Marusya - the first dispersal of the Soviets in the history of Russia and the execution of the House of Soviets. The city of Elisavetgrad once got on the way of the Marusya detachment. The city was ruled by the Soviet, which consisted of right SRs and Mensheviks - according to Marusya, inveterate counter-revolutionaries. And Marusya, as a true anarchist, did not intend to recognize any authorities, especially these rotten intellectuals. As soon as they entered the city, the Marusin detachment, like, indeed, all the then anarchist and Red Guard detachments, engaged in robberies of the civilian population, called for beauty gratuitous expropriations. And rightly so, because the fighter for the bright ideals of the revolution had to eat, and drink, of course, change worn-out clothes for more luxurious ones and join the values ​​of material culture. And where to get all this if not in the bins of the hostile bourgeois class and the ideologically alien intellectual stratum? Local authorities maintained order in the city with the help of police detachments, which consisted mainly of high school students. It must have happened that Marusya, who was driving from a successful expropriation in a car, was fired upon by a patrol of snotty high school students. In response to this, the wounded Marusya ordered to open fire from two armored cars on the building of the Elisavetgrad Council. It was the first execution of the House of Soviets in history, which was also carried out with the use of heavy armored vehicles. The counter-revolutionary Council ordered the city workers' squad and the Union of Front-line Soldiers to clear the city of Marusya. The workers were tired of the fact that Marusya’s boys, armed to the teeth, always drunk, were operating in the city, they wanted a quiet, peaceful life, they did not understand what happiness it was to live in a city where anarchy and anarchy reigned, skillfully created by the fighters of Atamansha Marusya. And the irresponsible workers, along with The reactionary Cavaliers of St. George obeyed this Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik rabble and drove the Marusin detachment out of the city. Luckily, an old friend of Marusin's, the sailor Polupanov, a Bolshevik widely known in the vicinity, drove past the city on his armored train. Marusya complained to him about the Council. Polupanov went berserk: "Oh, you are so, female dogs ... To offend my friend Comrade Nikiforova!" The half-drunk sailor Polupanov deployed the turret gun of the armored train, but did not manage to fire direct fire from the main caliber at the building of the Elisavetgrad Council. Elisavetgrad immediately surrendered to the mercy of the formidable winner. The council was dispersed, but Marusa did not have long to reap the fruits of her victory - the Germans were advancing and had to retreat to Taganrog, the temporary capital of Red Ukraine, along with motley detachments of the Red Guards, Black Guards, Green Guards and other various Left Social Revolutionaries.

[kor1vet1974]

And rightly so, because it was necessary for the fighter for the bright ideals of the revolution to devour, well, drink

The fighters for the bright ideals of the “white movement”, “national” movements, of course, went hungry.

[lisikat2]

"driven over the threshold" and who needs: parasites, robbers and rapists?. All Nakhchiyan, Far East, Azerbaijan, Krivoy Rog and what else were: "quasi states"?
They died to rob, rape

[kor1vet1974]

You are confusing something here. And very strongly. The Krivoy Rog-Donetsk Republic was created to fight the German troops by and large, when, after the conclusion of the Brest peace with the UNR, the occupation of Ukraine began, Soviet Russia itself could not conduct combat, was in the negotiation stage Germany. For the same purposes, the Odessa Soviet Republic was proclaimed. The Far East, it’s more cunning. By the time the Far East was proclaimed, part of the Far East was occupied by Japan and the United States. The Soviet government did not have the strength to fight them and proclaimed the Far East. parliament, multi-party system, everything is as it should be. The Far East Republic established diplomatic relations with the USA. The USA forced Japan to evacuate its troops. The Japanese were not stupid, they organized a white coup. only Sakhalin remained behind them until 1925 and it would not be given back. If not the Tokyo earthquake of 1923, which caused unprecedented economic damage to Japan. After the Japanese left, the Americans counted on preferences from the FER, the Americans also evacuated the troops. , decided to join the RSFSR. The Americans were so offended that until 1933 there were no diplomatic relations between the USSR and the USA, this of course was not the main reason, but one of them. There was also Menshevik Georgia, Dashnak Armenia, Musavatist Azerbaijan, nationalist states in Kazakhstan, Turkestan .. There was such an Olonets Republic, created not without the support of the White Finns ..

[Alexey RA]

Quote: kor1vet1974

It should be known further there that the Whites were defeated, the Japanese were forced to leave the Far East, only Sakhalin remained behind them until 1925 and would not be given away. If not the Tokyo earthquake of 1923, which caused unprecedented economic damage to Japan.

To be precise, what the Japanese gave Northern Sakhalin - the territory of the island north of the 50th parallel. South Sakhalin, also known as Karafuto Prefecture, was returned to the USSR only in 1945.
And the Japanese gave up our territories only after obtaining concessions for oil production in Northern Sakhalin (stopped in 1943) and fishing in the Far East. Moreover, Japanese fishing in Soviet waters was not limited to concessions - the Japanese fished everywhere, but IJN covered this business. Actually, the pre-war Japanese SKR-kaibokans of the Shimushu type were built precisely in order to unload naval destroyers from the unusual tasks of covering fishermen.

[Timofey Charuta]

Marusya Nikiforova (actress Anna Ukolova) in the TV series "The Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno" (2006) - for the overall development of the series is worth watching.

[Grim Reaper]

Only for the photo of Kotovsky, the author has a hundred thousand five hundred.
Thank you. Rarely did I enjoy reading so much.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Grim Reaper

Only for the photo of Kotovsky to the author

And how do you like these photos of Grigory Ivanovich?

[Grim Reaper]

And what did you mean by that? No, I have never seen it. When a man types in the search box instead of "naked girls" - "Kotovsky" .... Well, let Kotovsky be ZK. Yes, they are all there, through the first or second. I just wrote that the photo is beautiful.

[Richard]

And how do you like these photos of Grigory Ivanovich?

good evening Serezha These photos are not uncommon. Keep a photo of G.I. Kotovsky from the family archive of his son G.G. Kotovsky. They wear the legendary commander from early childhood until the last hour

[Richard]

The house-museum of Kotovsky in the Moldavian Hincesti, where the hero of the civil war was born and spent his childhood, was a landmark in Soviet times. Photo: Leonid Ryabkov

And today, all the exhibits mysteriously disappeared from the Kotovsky house-museum in Hincesti, the museum itself was liquidated in the 90s, and the historic house turned into an ordinary residential building, becoming the personal property of the former head of the local administration. Who lives there now is unknown.
Today the museum has turned into an ordinary residential building. Photo: Leonid Ryabkov

COMMENTARY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MOLDOVA
Where did Kotovsky's personal belongings go?
- We did not receive a single exhibit from the house-museum of Kotovsky in Hincesti. - says the deputy director of the Moldovan Republican Museum Elena Postica. - No exhibits, no documents, no photographs, no personal belongings. Irina Goncharova, head of the museum's funds, confirmed the same to us.
Ivan Khariton - head of the local administration:
- When I took over cases a couple of years ago, I also asked where the exhibits from the former house-museum of Kotovsky were stored. I was told that they were sent to Chisinau. Where did they go, and where are the exhibits of the museum now, no one knows ...

[ArchiPhil]

I understood, I realized, I repented. I won’t send photos to strangers anymore. Who knew, SHO they are so ... harsh.

[lisikat2]

Good day to all.
Valery, thanks for Marusya Nikiforov.
I knew about her "gulkin's nose", but thanks to Valery, I learned a little more.
I thought for two days and could not formulate my attitude to her: this is not a man and not a woman, but some crazy creature.
I can swear and inflict severe injuries, but a woman and it hurts me when women and children were killed. But in the trial of Nikiforova, I am on the side of the whites. They stopped something "frostbitten"

[kor1vet1974]

If the whites had not shot her, the reds would have shot her, and do you know when? In 1921 .. Definitely, and maybe even the peasants themselves .. I wanted to arrange terror, in response the whites intensified their terror .. I was driving, not with specific tasks, but because, they said, or fight normally, but look, another such trick .. or do drawing .. I didn’t want to do drawing, I realized that the Bolsheviks are no longer joking .. And I decided to do the old, on the white territory, but it didn’t grow together.

[VLR]

You, as a physician, will probably be very interested in the following article about a mysterious, even mystical doctor. Some called him a charlatan, others - almost a magician, many compared him with Rasputin, and some put him above the "Old Man"

[Grim Reaper]

I am not a doctor. But intrigued ... I'm waiting.

[lisikat2]

I apologize in advance: I am disgusted with blood 1918-1920 and 1937-19$8
I don’t see the difference: “Leninism”, Stalinism”, but what is better Dybenko, Antonov-Ovseenko? Polupanov? They interpreted discipline and decency in their own way.
Kotovsky is more decent Judging by Shulgin: "Days" 1920 "

[kor1vet1974]

I don't see the difference: "Leninism", Stalinism"

Stalin, the real successor of Lenin's work, is to make a red emperor out of him, the kingsmen, came up with the term Stalinism.

the better Dybenko, Antonov-Ovseenko? Polupanov

Who is better or worse?

[qQQQ]

Quote: kor1vet1974

Stalin, the real successor of Lenin's work, is to make a red emperor out of him, the kingsmen, came up with the term Stalinism.

There is a fundamental difference. Lenin, this is a world revolution, the successor of the cause of Lenin - Trotsky. And Stalin - the construction of socialism is possible in a single country. According to Lenin-Trotsky, Russia was firewood for inciting revolution in the rest of the World. Stalin built a world-class power.