The many-faced Lev Zinkovsky (Zadov). Adventurer, anarchist, Makhnovist, NKVD officer

Lev Zinkovsky (Zodov, Zadov) in different years of his life

В previous article little was told about the anarchist Theodosius Shchus, who became the closest associate of Nestor Makhno. Today we will talk about another famous "Makhnovist" - Leib ben Yehud Yudkevich-Zodov, better known as Lev Zadov. But since the pre-revolutionary years, he himself preferred to call himself Lev Zinkovsky. And his younger brother Daniel, who also served with Makhno, took the surname Zotov. Both Lev and Daniil later became members of the NKVD, both were repressed and shot in 1938.

"Lyova Zadov"

Many people know the hero of today's article based on the novel by A. N. Tolstoy "Walking through the torments." Frankly, the writer did not spare him and even slandered him, exposing him as a hysterical psychopath and a sadist. In fact, people who knew Lev Zinkovsky-Zodov well describe him as a calm and reasonable person. His son Vadim, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, a colonel in the Soviet Army, also writes about this:

“In my life I have not heard from my father not only swearing, but even a rude word. Using the example of my father and mother, I could not imagine that there could be scandals in families ... He was kind and affectionate - this is never forgotten, although fate did not offend him either by force or by a strong character.

Alexei Tolstoy states in his novel:

“The name of Levka Zadov was known in the south no less than Makhno himself. Levka was an executioner, a man of such amazing cruelty that Makhno allegedly even tried to hack him to death more than once, but forgave him for his devotion.

And more:

“Levka Zadov sat, magnificently curly, ruddy, enjoying the power over a man, the horror that he inspired.”

Michael Weller adds:

“And the smile (at Zadov) - it’s better not to meet this in a dark alley ... devoted Makhno, like a dog ... Levka shot the officers himself.”

In general, we have before us simply the reincarnation of Malyuta Skuratov in the description of Karamzin - no less.

Let's continue to quote Alexei Tolstoy:

“Now a shiny, smiling man in a short undercoat, which operetta celebrities and coupletists wore in the provinces, came in, somewhat waggling from fullness ... Well, look at me,” said the man in the undershirt, “I’m Lyova Zadov, you don’t need to lie with me, I will torture you, you will answer."

Let us pay attention to the fact that “Leva Zadov” by Alexei Tolstoy for some reason speaks surzhik, which is hardly common in the proletarian Donbass, where Zinkovsky-Zodov was born and raised, especially in Jewish families. The word "torture" used by him in the novel in this case does not mean "to torture", but only "to question". And "look at me" means "look." That is, there is no narcissism and there is no promise of torture: Tolstoy's hero orders Roshchin to look into his eyes, warns him not to try to deceive him, and offers to honestly answer the questions asked.

V. Belokurov as Leva Zadov, frame of the Soviet film "Walking Through the Torments", 3rd series ("Gloomy Morning"), 1959, Roshchin's interrogation scene:

And this is how we see him in the Soviet 12-episode film of 1974-1977. (performed by N. Penkov):

These actors are completely different from the real Lev Zinkovsky-Zodov:

In fact, Makhno's head of counterintelligence was a certain Lyova Golik, a former turner from Gulyaipole, who is often confused with the hero of the article. And Lev Zinkovsky-Zodov worked more in intelligence: he was engaged in the introduction of agents into enemy headquarters and created very effective mobile reconnaissance groups. The actions of Makhno's army, unexpected for the opponents, are largely his merit. Zinkovsky's activities during his service with Makhno were thoroughly investigated in 1924, when he surrendered to the Soviet authorities, but the investigators could not find evidence of his participation in the torture of prisoners of war or in the massacres of civilians.

Let's return to A. Tolstoy's novel. Here is what Lyova Zadov tells Roshchina about himself on the way to Yekaterinoslav (which the Makhnovists are going to take in alliance with the Reds):

“I don’t understand how you haven’t heard of me before. Odessa carried me in her arms: money, women ... It was necessary to have my heroic strength. Ah, youth! In all the newspapers they wrote: Zadov is a poet-humorist. Well, don't you remember? I have an interesting biography. Finished the real with a gold medal. And dad is a simple binduzhnik from Peresyp. And immediately I - to the pinnacle of fame. It is clear: handsome as a god - this belly was not - bold, impudent, luxurious voice - a high baritone. Cascades of witty couplets. So it was I who brought into fashion a short undershirt and patent leather boots: a Russian knight! .. All of Odessa was plastered with posters ... Oh, does Zadov feel sorry for something - he changed everything jokingly! Anarchy is life! Rushing in a bloody whirlwind. Don't be silent, kitty, be kind to Leva, or are you still angry? You love me. Many turn pale when I talk to them... But to whom I am a friend, he is devoted to me to death... They love me very much, very much."

Here, frank fantasies have already gone. Born near the now well-known city of Bakhmut, Lev Nikolaevich Zodov becomes an inhabitant of Odessa and dramatically changes his role: instead of the sinister Malyuta Skuratov, we suddenly see the comical Popandopulo from the film “Wedding in Malinovka”.

M. Weller also did not consider it necessary to climb not only “into the wilds”, but even into reference books:

“Zadov, and in another way Z (e) nkovsky ... from Odessa, but they heard - from the Kherson region. He keeps the worn out poster with him: there he is a circus artist.

And what really happened?

The origin and youth of Lev Zodov

The hero of our article was born on April 11, 1893 in the agricultural Jewish colony Veselaya, which was located in the Bakhmut district near Yuzovka (modern Donetsk). This is the territory of the Yekaterinoslav province, in which Theodosius Shchus and Nestor Makhno were also born. By the way, look at the maps of Novorossia and Yekaterinoslav province in 1914:

The Yudkevich-Zodov family was large (4 sons and 6 daughters) and poor, their parents had only two acres of land. The hero of the article could not boast of education - 2 classes in a Jewish school. By the way, later Leo was baptized according to the Orthodox rite.

In 1900, the Yudkevich-Zodovs moved to Yuzovka, where his father began working as a cab driver. The lion grew up as a real hero, and at the age of 16 his height was 2 meters. Recall that before the "acceleration" was still far away, the average growth of Russian conscripts in 1910-1913. was 169,1 cm, in 1914-1917. - 168,4 cm. Against the background of his peers, Lev Zodov seemed like a real giant. Alexey Tolstoy attributes to him the words:

“I hit twice - once on the head, the other on the lid of the coffin.”

At this time, Leo got a job as a loader at a mill, at the age of 18 he became a wheeler at a metallurgical plant: he “chased a goat” (wheelbarrow), delivering ore to blast furnaces. The weight of the ore loaded into such a wheelbarrow ranged from 500 to 800 kg, for one “flight” the “goats” paid one kopeck, and the working day was 12 hours. Do you already understand the reasons for the revolution in Tsarist Russia? It is not surprising that Lev became fascinated by the ideas of anarchism and became a member of the "Flying Combat Squad", which committed several expropriations: a robbery of an artel worker of a mine, a post office and a railway ticket office in Debaltseve. In 1913, Lev Zodov was arrested and sentenced to 8 years of hard labor. The verdict was quite mild, since according to Russian laws, a 20-year-old giant with “pood” fists was still considered a minor (citizens of the Russian Empire became adults when they reached the age of 21). It was in prison that Lev Zodov began to call himself Zinkovsky. But ill-wishers until the end of his life called him not even Zodov, but Zadov.

Two revolutions

Like all "politicals", Leo was released after the February Revolution. Having been released, he again got a job at the factory and was elected headman of the shop committee. After the October Revolution, he became a member of the Council of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies of Yuzovka. At the end of 1917, at the head of an anarchist detachment, he was engaged in the usual and familiar business - "expropriation of expropriators." But his detachment also clashed with the Cossacks, who raided the villages of Donbass.

In February 1918, Zinkovsky was subordinate to the anarchist Chernyak. When the Rada called on Austrian and German troops to Ukraine, their detachment was defeated and retreated to Tsaritsyn, where it was disarmed by the Bolsheviks, who, apparently, not unreasonably accused the newcomers of robbing the local population and looting. The Yuzovsky anarchists were arrested for 10 days, and then sent to fight against the White Cossacks of Ataman Krasnov. Unaccustomed to discipline, the “Chernyakovites” left their positions after three months and dispersed in all directions. Lev Zinkovsky and Chernyak at the end of 1918 ended up in Gulyaipole, the capital of the republic of Nestor Makhno. Leo's brother, Daniel, was also there.

Lev Zinkovsky on the left, his brother Daniel in the center

Some historians believe that Lev Zinkovsky already then began to cooperate with the Bolsheviks - they allegedly were sent to Makhno, whom the new authorities did not trust, but were forced to seek an alliance. The basis for this version was the testimony of Zinkovsky himself, given by him after his arrest in 1937:

“In August 1918, an order from Tsaritsyn arrived in our detachment that we were becoming a regular part of the Red Army. Money was also sent to pay salaries. As the chief of staff, I was entitled to 750 rubles, and to an ordinary Red Army soldier - 50 rubles. As an anarchist, I disagreed with this position. And with the consent of the detachment commander Chernyak, he went to the headquarters of the Southern Front, and from there he was sent to Ukraine, to the rear of the Germans.

However, other researchers do not believe his words and consider him a banal deserter.

In the service of Father Makhno

In S. Yesenin's poem "The Country of Scoundrels" there are the following lines:

And in response to the party team,
For the tax on peasant labor,
A gang on a gang whistles across the country,
Considering the will of power as a whip.
And who can we blame?
Who can close the window
So as not to see how the pack is guarded
And the peasantry love Makhno so much?

I must say that the famous "dad" was a very frail man with a height of only 160 cm and therefore did not like tall people.

Two-meter Lev Zinkovsky-Zodov also at first did not enjoy the special location of Makhno. However, the wife of the "father" - Galina Kuzmenko, who often worked with the Yuzovsky anarchist, was always on his side, and Makhno gradually began to trust him.

In this photo we see his wife Galina Kuzmenko in the form of a sister of mercy

At first, Lev Zinkovsky was appointed assistant commander of the regiment, in which he himself recruited new fighters from the surrounding peasants. In addition, he was engaged in the production of propaganda leaflets and even edited the newspaper "The Way to Freedom" - until the anarchist prison teacher Makhno, Pyotr Arshinov, who replaced him in this post, arrived in Gulyaipole. In March 1919, he was part of the "Initiative Group for the Recovery of Indemnities from the Bourgeoisie", which was headed by his former commander, Chernyak. It was Chernyak who first proposed the creation of counterintelligence in the Makhno Republic, but this idea was not immediately interested in the "father". At the beginning of June 1919, there was a break in relations between Makhno and the Reds. By order of Trotsky, some commanders of Makhno's army were killed in Kharkov. After that, 12 people of the Chernyak group went to Moscow, where they became part of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups (MFAG), which on September 25, 1919 organized a terrorist attack on the premises of the Moscow Committee of the RCP (b) in Leontievsky Lane. 12 people were killed, including the secretary of the committee, Vladimir Zagorsky, after whom the city of Sergiev Posad received a new name in 1930 (in 1991 it returned its former name). Zinkovsky-Zodov did not participate in this adventure. In the autumn of 1919, we see him as a member of Makhno's headquarters, head of counterintelligence of the First Donetsk Brigade and deputy head of all army intelligence. In particular, he exposed the plot of E. Polonsky, a former sailor from the Black Sea and commander of the 3rd Crimean regiment, who planned the assassination of Makhno.

In May 1920, Zinkovsky-Zodov became a member of the "Commission for Anti-Makhnovist Activities". In October, he received the post of commandant of the Crimean (infantry) corps of the Makhnovist army, which on November 8 attacked Wrangel's army, fording the Sivash Bay. The Makhnovists then did not obey the order to leave the Crimea for the Caucasus - and were defeated by units of the Red Army. Lev and his brother Daniel managed to cross the Sivash again and return to Makhno. Since then, breaking out of the encirclement, Lev Golik, already mentioned above, died near Melitopol, his deputy Zinkovsky became the head of Makhno's entire intelligence and counterintelligence service, as well as the head of his personal guard.

The remnants of the Makhnovist troops managed to unite on December 7 near the village of Novospasovka, Berdyansk district. According to the centurion V. Belash, Makhno still had significant forces - about three and a half thousand cavalrymen and five thousand infantrymen, 16 guns and 500 machine guns. They were surrounded by a huge army of M. Frunze (up to 90 thousand soldiers, armed with 150 guns, 700 machine guns, 6 armored trains, 8 armored cars, 8 airplanes) - and managed to break through. Near the village of Buzovka (Kiev province), on January 3, 1921, they attacked the headquarters of the 14th Cavalry Division, and its commander, Alexander Parkhomenko, who became the hero of the film of the same name, shot in 1942, was also killed. This story It is also interesting because the younger brother of this red commander fought in the army of Makhno.

Alexander Parkhomenko and Joseph Stalin, frame of the film "Alexander Parkhomenko"

In the role of Makhno - Boris Chirkov, hero of socialist labor, holder of three orders of Lenin, winner of four Stalin prizes and the Stanislavsky State Prize of the RSFSR

Makhno's forces were fading, support from the peasants was decreasing. In the battle of March 16-17, 1921, the largest part of his army, led by the "dad" himself, was defeated by the 9th Cavalry Division of the Reds, losing the chancellery, convoy and artillery. Makhno was almost taken prisoner, but in early May he again had about 4 thousand soldiers with 190 machine guns and 8 cannons.

June 13, as you remember from previous article, the closest associate of Makhno Theodosius Shchus died. And on June 27, a detachment of 500 cavalrymen, in which Makhno was located, was practically destroyed. There was no longer any hope of winning. Only the last 78 fighters, including the wounded "dad", managed on August 28, 1921 to cross to the right bank of the Dniester. According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, it was Lev Zinkovsky-Zodov, at the head of a small detachment of 20 people, posing as a red commander, who managed to disarm the border guards and organize the crossing. In Romania, the Makhnovists were sent to an internment camp; only Makhno, his pregnant wife, Lev Zinkovsky and his brother Daniil were allowed into Bucharest. However, they did not have money to live in the capital, and therefore all four soon preferred to join the rest of the detachment. Then they moved to the small town of Gimesh, where the men worked at a sawmill.

Homecoming

Makhno did not sit still and in 1922 went to Polish Galicia, hoping to raise an uprising of local Ukrainians there, but was arrested. The brothers Lev and Daniil did not follow Makhno. In 1924, agents of the Sigurantsy tried to recruit Zinkovsky: he was asked to create a detachment from the former Makhnovists for sabotage operations on the territory of Soviet Ukraine. Zinkovsky agreed, and on June 9 the Romanians helped him cross the border. After that, he brought his people to the village council of the village of Pashtanki (25 km from the state border) and surrendered with them to its chairman. They were “received” by Dmitry Medvedev, the future commander of the Pobediteli special partisan detachment, which included the battle group of the famous intelligence officer Nikolai Kuznetsov. At that time, he served as deputy head of the Odessa Cheka.

D. N. Medvedev

The members of the Zinkovsky detachment were almost immediately amnestied - according to a decree issued on November 3, 1921, and the brothers spent about 6 months in prison - the Chekists sorted out their past very carefully. In the end, Lev and Daniil were not only released, but also offered a job in the OGPU, which would have been impossible if they really were involved in the atrocities attributed to them by ill-wishers. The archives preserved a denunciation to the party control commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks that Lev Zinkovsky served with Makhno, with a short answer from the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs: “Authorities are aware of this.».

Later, stories appeared that the brothers bought their freedom by talking about the treasures of Makhno, but this is just a legend: in fact, why is the “father” worse than Kudeyar or Stenka Razin, who, according to legend, only did what they hid in caves or did they bury the gold they mined in the ground? "Eyewitnesses" said that they saw with their own eyes how Lev Zinkovsky got from a well in the village of Turkenovka (near Gulyaipol) "two four-bucket pans filled to the brim with jewels, gold and jewelry».

In fact, another chieftain, N. Grigoriev, who was killed on the orders of Makhno on July 27, 1919, was a great specialist in “treasures”. This one only in Odessa, which he captured, in a local bank and from the townspeople “took a billion”: 124 kilograms of gold bullion, 238 pounds of silver, 1 rubles in gold coins, and even mountains of “manufactory”.

In the already mentioned Soviet film of 1942 "Alexander Parkhomenko" Makhno personally kills Grigoriev. And he also sings the famous song “It’s nice, brothers, to live” to the harmonica very soulfully.

And for 78 Makhnovists who crossed the Dniester in August 1921, there was one gold ring, which Lev Zinkovsky removed from his finger and gave to Makhno's wife Galina in the hope that the Romanians would be ashamed to take it away from a pregnant woman (later it was supposed to be sold, to get at least some money for the first time). That is, even some "pathetic" bag of diamonds "daddy" did not take with him and then lived in Romania practically in poverty. The son of Lev Zinkovsky, Vadim, a colonel in the Soviet Army, answering a question about the "treasures of Makhno", said:

“If the father, as some say, had handed over the treasures of the NKVD and the Chekists used them, then this had already surfaced somewhere and somehow. Treasures cannot be hidden for a long time - you will use them, which means you will shine.

According to another version, also not documented, Lev Zinkovsky earned forgiveness by pointing out caches with weapons.

Service in the NKVD

It was then that Lev Zinkovsky-Zodov ended up in Odessa, where he spent 12 years. At the end of 1924, he became an employee of the OGPU in the Odessa region, his duties included the fight against smugglers. And again he met with Dmitry Medvedev, who in 1925 was appointed head of the Secret Department of the Odessa GPU. Then Lev Zinkovsky received the post of authorized foreign department of the OGPU in the Odessa region.

L. N. Zinkovsky

He created an intelligence network in Romania from Russian emigrants, received thanks and diplomas. In 1929, he was wounded during the liquidation of a dangerous saboteur and received a cash prize, gratitude from the OGPU of the Ukrainian SSR and a Mauser with a gold monogram: “For military merit". The names of at least two terrorists taken alive personally by Zinkovsky are known - these are white emigrants Dmitriev and Bogdanovich. He was awarded the second nominal weapon in 1932 - "for an active and merciless struggle against the counter-revolution". In 1934 he received an award for the destruction of a sabotage group that came from the territory of Romania. From the end of 1936 he worked as a senior commissioner of the 3rd department of the Odessa NKVD (counterintelligence).

L. Zinkovsky, 1930s

It is curious that until the arrest, Zinkovsky remained non-partisan. During the investigation, he showed that only from 1913 to 1921 he was an anarchist-communist. That is, it turns out that it was possible to work in responsible positions in the NKVD, receive awards - and not be a member of the party.

L. Zinkovsky with colleagues

In Odessa, Lev Zinkovsky got married - the wife of the owner of the apartment in which he rented a room left for him. This woman's name was Vera, she already had two children - daughter Alla and son Vladislav, who were adopted by a new husband.

Lev Zinkovsky with his wife Vera and daughter Alla, 1926

In 1926, the only common child was born to Leo and Vera - the son Vadim.

The younger brother of the hero of the article - Daniil (who, as we remember, took the surname Zotov) also worked against Romania - as an authorized representative of the Foreign Department of the OGPU, but in Tiraspol.

Daniil Zotov

Arrest and execution

At the end of 1935 in Romania, the Sigurantsey dealt a strong blow to the Soviet intelligence network, but the brothers did not suffer then - it was clear to everyone that in Bucharest there were professionals in counterintelligence, and work in intelligence was never without losses. But in 1937, Lev and Daniel were nevertheless arrested and accused of collaborating with the intelligence agencies of Romania and Great Britain. They also remembered the past of Lev Zinkovsky: in Odessa they “found”large underground Makhnovist organization”- about 90 people, including 10 communists. These accusations are now recognized as absolutely groundless. Suspicions seem more reasonable that Lev Zinkovsky confused counterintelligence and smuggling a bit and, taking advantage of his position, gave some scarce imported goods for sale to resellers.

The brothers were shot in 1938, Lev Zinkovsky on September 25, at the age of 45. According to cellmates, when he was taken away to be executed, he said quietly:

"With dignity."

In 1956, Vadim Zinkovsky's inquiry about the fate of his father was answered that he died of peritonitis on March 17, 1942.

The fate of the family members of Lev Zinkovsky-Zodov

The wife of the hero of the article was also arrested, but the investigators did not find grounds for taking the case to court, they released her about a year later. After the execution of her husband, she worked as a teacher in the village of Belorechenskaya, Krasnodar Territory.

The adopted daughter of Lev Zinkovsky, Alla, was a nurse and died at the age of 21 in Sevastopol on the Georgia ambulance transport, which was sunk by a German dive bomber on June 13, 1942.

Ambulance transport Georgia

Another child adopted by Lev Zinkovsky, Vladislav, was killed in a battle near Rostov - in 1943.

The only native son - Vadim Lvovich Zinkovsky, fought from January 1944, was awarded the medal "For Military Merit", the Order of the Red Star, the medal "For the Victory over Germany". He retired with the rank of colonel in 1977. Until 1998, he worked at the Gelendzhiktourism company. Died January 27, 2013.

V. L. Zinkovsky in 2012

He wrote the book "The Truth about Zinkovsky-Zadov Lev Nikolaevich - an anarchist, Chekist" and in 1990 managed to achieve the rehabilitation of his father. Two of his sons, grandsons of the famous colleague Makhno, also served in the army and both became colonels - like their father.

Comments

[Luminman]

This photograph is not of Lev Zodov, but of L. N. Gumilyov, the author of the passionate theory of ethnogenesis...

[Mavrikiy]

Quote: Luminman

This photograph is not of Lev Zodov, but of L. N. Gumilyov, the author of the passionate theory of ethnogenesis...

what is called removed from the tongue. It's nice that there are not only knowledgeable, but also attentive.

No options. Lips, ears. Ideological saboteurs slipped a photo to the author, and the author is culturally dense that he doesn’t know .... never seen L. Gumilyov? ... Or the author is like "our" sculptors: a Mauser rifle in the hands of a Russian soldier, and a German assault rifle in the drawing for Kalashnikov .... "I didn't know, I found it in a museum"...

[Silhouette]

He is. The ignorance of authors and editors goes on and on and on for days.

[know]

Lord physiognomists, do you know such concepts as rudeness and bullying? Suppose you got the wrong photo. You can point to this in a "normal tone", or you can - according to the principle "everyone around ..., I alone am D'Artagnan." Yes, and with snickering and the use of non-existent in the Russian literary language words like "pret". Decide for yourself which tone you prefer. And was it worth it?

[Silhouette]

Bydlyachestvo is to confuse Gogol with Hegel, Babel with Bebel, and Lev Gumilyov with Lev Zadov.

[haron]

Quote: Silhouette

Virtue is....

Quote: Silhouette

Ignorance of authors

Bullying and ignorance is when someone like you, on a glass accidentally dropped by another, starts a conversation about the price of spilled vodka.
People like you are usually called scavengers - hyenas or jackals.

[ee2100]

"Do you already understand the reasons for the revolution in tsarist Russia?" (c)

Until 1914, the working year was 264 working days. The holidays accounted for up to 101 days.
The average working day is 9,5 hours.
Now there are 118 non-working days and 14 of them are holidays.
The working day is 8 hours.
The average salary of a locksmith, until 1913, was 56.8 rubles, which, in terms of the price of gold in 2016, would be 133500 ₽.
Yes, everything is clear.

[Edward Vashchenko]

Alexander,
good day,

The average salary of a locksmith, until 1913, was 56.8 rubles,

Well, twenty-five again.
Is this for all locksmiths in a row? or 10% of highly paid workers in St. Petersburg and Moscow?
What about the working day? And a corner in a common room or a hut, is a bunk a place for 2-4 rubles?
How many locksmiths broke into breeders?
Why didn’t they all rush into a locksmith?
Most of the workers lived no richer than the rural middle peasant, just like he was on the verge of survival.
But in the countryside there was a longing for the land, so the "market" squeezed the peasants into the city.
Now if you search, you can also find a locksmith who receives "lots of"[i][/i], but on average, this is low-paid labor-intensive work, as it was before the revolution.
What kind of gold is there?
You must have been a locksmith at school at work, why pay millions?
Unless it’s only an intellectual locksmith with an incomplete secondary education, Polesov, who repaired stoves for 56,8 rubles

[3x3zsave]

Now if you search, you can also find a locksmith who gets "a lot"
Now, if you search, you can open, for example, a list of vacancies for PJSC Severnaya Verf and see that the proposed salary of a locksmith is quite consistent with that of an engineer.
Hello Edward!

[Edward Vashchenko]

Hello Anton!

Now, if you search, you can open, for example, a list of vacancies for PJSC Severnaya Verf and see that the proposed salary of a locksmith is quite consistent with that of an engineer.

So I don't argue. A qualified locksmith or milling machine operator received more than engineering and technical personnel in the USSR.
But this is a completely different story.
And how much does a locksmith earn in a conventional factory? and what is stopping him from switching to Severnye Verf PJSC in order to get more?
If a mechanic earns so much, why is there no queue at vocational schools, but everyone goes to institutes?
These are not questions to argue, but just thoughts out loud.

I asked the same questions about the pre-revolutionary locksmith:
which of them became a breeder under capitalism?
Or at least the foreman?
All my thoughts are not writing, not just chatter. I come from a family of workers from the USSR, my father went through all the stages from a corps builder to a shop manager, so I know all this firsthand. He himself worked at the SRZ.
Etc. and so on.
So it’s not for me to tell fairy tales about big salaries for locksmiths ...
I looked: at PAO Verfi - from 70 thousand, and for example, at the shipbuilding "Zaliv" - from 60 thousand i.e. at best, it will be 50 thousand with tax.

[know]

This may seem strange to many, but in the USSR an ordinary worker at a factory for some reason was guaranteed to receive more than an ordinary engineer and a shift supervisor (foreman) and could easily receive no less than a shop supervisor. And, of course, more than a doctor or a teacher. And now a good welder, turner or Belaz driver, a crane operator can receive a salary 2-3 times more than an "office inmate". And at the same time, you’ll get a job in the office, but you won’t find welders. Nobody wants to work with their hands.

[3x3zsave]

Eduard, what do you think, 150 rubles per hour is a normal salary for a person with zero work experience?

[Edward Vashchenko]

Eduard, what do you think, 150 rubles per hour is a normal salary for a person with zero work experience?

Anton - I don't know, honestly. Watching who?

[3x3zsave]

This is the starting salary bar for my helpers. For 30 years in construction, more than a dozen people have passed through "my vocational school". Not everyone remained in the profession later, but not one was offended by me, many still thank me. Probably a shitty capitalist of me.

[Edward Vashchenko]

This is the starting salary bar for my helpers.

Perhaps for those who start a profession in our time, this is true.
It all depends on the offer.
If for this money there is a choice for a conditional "young man" to work as a shift worker or an auxiliary worker, the choice will be obvious.

[Deon59]

150 rubles is about 1,5 euros per hour. In the Netherlands, from the age of 18, the rate starts from 10 euros, i.e. from 1000 rubles. In a day our man will earn so many others per hour.

[Mavrikiy]

Quote from Deon59

In the Netherlands, from the age of 18, the rate starts from 10 euros, i.e. from 1000 rubles.

Go to Holland and don't deny yourself anything.

[3x3zsave]

To be honest, 10 euros an hour these days, it's extremely rare for me to make money myself.

[Korsar4]

The main thing is that these hours follow one another carefully.

[Silhouette]

Before the Revolution, officers, for example, in Turkestan, received a month:
junior officer - 39 rubles. 75 kop.
Company commander - 86 rubles.
Battalion commander - 115 rubles.
Regiment commander - 309 rubles.
At the same time, the officer received uniforms free of charge only once - at the end of the military school. After that, throughout the entire service, sewing and repairing uniforms, he paid in full out of his own pocket, and it was not cheap. For the period described, prices were on average as follows:

Uniform - 65 rubles.
Frock coat - 32 rubles.
Jacket - 25 rubles.
Boots - 20 rubles.
Cap - 7 rubles.
Shoulder straps - 3 rubles.

[gsev]

Quote: 3x3zsave

a list of vacancies of PJSC "Severnaya Verf" and see that the proposed salary of a locksmith is consistent with that of an engineer.

The photographer, seller, barista, photographer and fashion model have higher. Therefore, in Russia, you can easily talk with a model filming in fetish outfits about the concept of a promising underwater drone rejected by subordinates of Gerasimov and Shoigu. On the other hand, a qualified locksmith may well replace the designer. For example, Tokarev began his working career as a blacksmith and metalworker.

[Silhouette]

But what, do all mechanics have to be highly paid? ... Are you serious? In the USSR, under the rule of workers and peasants, the ratio between high-paid and low-paid workers was about the same. Everything depended on the category and professional skills. The laws of economics are the same everywhere.
At school, at work, you did not locksmiths, but mastered skills at the student level. Do not be mistaken and do not get confused in terms, please.
And our rural middle peasant lived much better than the same middle peasant somewhere in Italy, Portugal or England. But it was not the middle peasants who made the revolution. They just took away everything acquired during the period of dispossession.
As for Polesov, this is not a funny, eccentric figure, but a tragic one. This is a declassed element, deprived of the right to engage in its activities and forced to repair repair stoves, so as not to die of hunger.
Your head is stuffed with distorted concepts and views based on the ideological clichés of the Short Course of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks

[Edward Vashchenko]

As for Polesov, this is not a funny, eccentric figure, but a tragic one. This is a declassed element, deprived of the right to engage in its activities and forced to repair repair stoves, so as not to die of hunger.

I would like to ask a question, not according to the Short Course of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, but what kind of activity does Polesov have, "declassed element" having incomplete secondary education:

disenfranchised

?
"Ideological clichés" do not prevent me from understanding that a triple student, who could not even finish high school, has no other activity than repairing stoves.
PS although the primus is not so easy to fix

[Silhouette]

Quote: Eduard Vaschenko

Ideological clichés "do not prevent me from understanding that a triple student, who could not even finish high school, has no other activity than repairing primus stoves and cannot.

Alas, they interfere. The great Russian writer N. Leskov twice stayed for the second year and was never able to finish the gymnasium, but before engaging in literary activity he was quite able to find a job. Aristotle Onassis also did not finish high school and started selling cigarettes on the street, which did not prevent him from becoming a billionaire, Demidov was a serf, Gubonin, Morozov and many others were also without education. Tretyakov's ancestors didn't even go to school. The ferocious tsarist regime did not prevent them from moving up the social ladder. The fathers of Kornilov and Denikin were from ordinary soldiers who advanced in the service. You have a very one-sided and primitive idea of ​​pre-revolutionary Russia.

[Edward Vashchenko]

You have a very one-sided and primitive idea of ​​pre-revolutionary Russia.

You are not only at odds with the knowledge of pre-revolutionary history, but also with logic.
What are Leskov and the fathers of Kornilov and Denikin, they did not become generals?
No one says that a three-year-old cannot be a dodgy and cunning entrepreneur, like Onassis, what does Russia have to do with it?
But Tretyakov and Denikin were educated, which cannot be said about Kornilov, by the way.
It is also possible that your great-grandfather could not read, but you are typing letters on the keyboard, there is no connection here.
The fact is that Polesov is a classic slacker and talker who claims that he knows more than those who achieve results, not Leskov.
But, because you protect him, it seems that this type is close to you in spirit and activity.

[Captain45]

Quote: Eduard Vaschenko

The fact is that Polesov is a classic slacker and talker who claims that he knows more than those who achieve results,

So the book says in black and white: "If there are no 3/8 inch dies, they still want to start up the tram!" (c) "Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov (you have to indicate in full, otherwise many do not ). Doesn’t this statement resemble any of the modern acting characters even here on the site, even in the blochosphere?

[gsev]

Quote: Silhouette

And our rural middle peasant lived much better than the same middle peasant somewhere in Italy, Portugal or England.

Fuel costs are very high in Russia. The Englishman lived in such a climate where it was not necessary either to buy or steal firewood to heat the hut. Poorer than the Russian peasant, perhaps only from Europeans were the inhabitants of Northern Scandinavia and Iceland.

[Luminman]

Quote: Eduard Vaschenko

You must have been a locksmith at school at work, why pay millions?

For skilled work, which is many times more useful than the products issued by a philosopher, historian or journalist...

[ee2100]

Good afternoon!
How they downvoted me!
Eduard, you want to confirm the official theory of Soviet historiography that people went into revolution because of the low standard of living.
My opinion is that people went into revolution because of the enormous stratification of society and the lack of social elevators.
What we are seeing now.

Salary data. And do not argue that the locksmith lived well only in the capital cities!
The mechanic-intellectual Polesov you mentioned, as you remember, wanted to go back to the Republic of Ingushetia! He is, in fact, a counter-revolutionary.
There are many works devoted to the material well-being of the inhabitants of the Republic of Ingushetia.
As Libya once again proved - money is not the most important thing!

[Silhouette]

Quote: ee2100

My opinion is that people went into revolution because of the enormous stratification of society and the lack of social elevators.

People went into revolution for the same reason why the Ukrainians have now become our enemies in their majority (they have become Bolsheviks). That is, from a misunderstanding of what happened then and where it all will lead. Fooled and deceived by the revolutionary rhetoric and demagogy of both the provisional government and the Bolsheviks and all sorts of anarchists were also in incredible numbers (hence the Kronstadt and many other rebellions). And the social stratification is cleaner than what we had then, and to this day it is fine and today it exists in most countries of the world - in the same India, Pakistan and does not lead to revolutions.

[Edward Vashchenko]

Alexander good evening,

lack of social lifts.

- this common cliché about the elevator touches.
Usually it is social elevators that irritate people, when the son of a minister becomes a minister through the elevator, and his classmates slowly ride the escalator without a chance to even reach the head of the department.
Speaking of RI, it is completely inappropriate to talk about elevators, like escalators: 80% of peasants have an elevator where? To get a piece of land. How many hundreds of thousands of entrepreneurs, like in the USA, jumped into the elevator? Oh yes, Denikin and Kornilov? It is clear that in the army someone had to be a professional and fight, not just parquet shufflers. But their share was negligible.

[ee2100]

It is necessary to clearly divide people into followers, such as Lyova Zadov and the so-called. professional revolutionaries - read the opposition in exile, who themselves did not really know how to take power and what to do with it later.
These people had a goal of different Jews, of whom there were many in the opposition, they wanted equal rights with the Orthodox. Representatives of the national outskirts of the European part of the Republic of Ingushetia, and first of all, these are Poles and Caucasians, had separatist sentiments, etc.
As you know from the works of the Bolsheviks, the emphasis was placed precisely on the working class, as more conscious, and they did not pay much attention to the peasantry, which constituted the main backbone of the Republic of Ingushetia. Yes, they were used indirectly - by the promise of land plots. But to promise does not mean to marry! What only modern politicians do not promise! So it was at the beginning of the XNUMXth century.
In the Russian Federation, it was forbidden to buzz. Yourself is more expensive.
But let's take modern France.
That's where Lyova Zadov and his ilk would come in handy now. How the authorities of the fifth republic will resolve the issue of the discontent of the masses .... Let's see. But in Russia there was a revolution and these characters soared to third or fourth roles - read expendable material. So in fact it will be if a revolution occurs in France now. You can dream!
Conclusions must be done by everyone.
Renting housing for a worker in the Republic of Ingushetia, but it's expensive, up to 20% of the salary. And now. How much does it cost to rent an apartment? And the room? With a salary of 50K? What about the commute to and from work? It is not included in business hours.
All sections of the population of the Republic of Ingushetia at the beginning of the 90th century wanted changes, but not a civil war. In the late XNUMXs of the XX century, the entire population of the USSR wanted changes, and not what we have now. Once again, people have been deceived.

[gsev]

Quote: ee2100

Salary data. And do not argue that the locksmith lived well only in the capital cities!

The table you indicated is for brainwashing only people who did not live in modern Russia. Where in Russia did you see salt at 120 rubles per kg? If we calculate the wages of workers according to the food parity from the table, then the workers under the tsar-father earned 4000 rubles - 15 rubles in modern money. Well, maybe twice as much.

[know]

From what mothballed perestroika Ogonyok is this nonsense about "generous capitalists", "noble nobles", "good tsar" and "ungrateful cattle of workers and peasants" still being taken from? And what did they forget to write about the "crunch of French rolls"?

[Alex 1970]

Looks like "one from the noble class", my ancestors are classically divided in half, on the mother's side, laborers before the revolution, on the father's side after the revolution they were dispossessed and deported to Kazakhstan. There were no nobles like the majority of the population. The “crystal bakers” apparently believe that the farm laborers also drank “coffee” for breakfast, only my grandfather told him how they pulled out a tuft of hair from a kid, but how swollen from hunger and no crispy buns.

[know]

In the villages before the revolution, "sitny bread" ("sitnik") was considered a delicacy - just bread, but from flour sifted through a sieve. This was eaten only on holidays and not all.

[parusnik]

In the villages before the revolution, "sitny bread" ("sitnik") was considered a delicacy.

"The emperor and his family drink tea. The mother's samovar, artel. Each appliance has three pounds of sieve. There are a lot of grubs!" (C)

[Timofey Charuta]

All Russian classics - from Turgenev, Tolstoy to Bunin and Gorky - are about the hard life of ordinary people in Tsarist Russia and not a word about the "good father-king." Dostoevsky - "Humiliated and Insulted", "Poor People", etc. and so on. Apparently, these writers did not read Korotich's "Spark", some modern "crystal bakers" about the phenomenal 1913 and did not know how super and kayfovo the robots and peasants lived in Tsarist Russia.

Tsarist Russia attracted huge foreign investments precisely with beggarly wages and 11-12-hour working days, lack of rights for workers, dog labor conditions.

Execution of a demonstration of desperate people near the royal palace on Bloody Sunday 1905 - see Petition of workers and residents of St. Petersburg to submit to Nicholas II on January 9, 1905, https://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/jan1905.htm - nightmarish horror and not a word about French rolls.

"Sovereign!
We, workers and residents of the city of St. Petersburg of various classes, our wives, and children, and helpless old parents, have come to you, sovereign, to seek truth and protection. We are impoverished, we are oppressed, we are burdened with overwork, we are abused, we are not recognized as people, we are treated like slaves who must endure their bitter fate and remain silent. We have endured, but we are being pushed further and further into the maelstrom of poverty, lack of rights and ignorance, we are being strangled by despotism and arbitrariness, and we are suffocating. No more strength, my lord. There is a limit to patience. For us, that terrible moment has come when death is better than the continuation of unbearable torment ... "- in response, they received several volleys of live ammunition.

Below - the painting "January 9, 1905 on Vasilyevsky Island" by a contemporary of those events, the excellent artist Makovsky (and not nearly a Bolshevik). You tell these people how wrong they are and what a wonderful time they actually lived ...

-

[parusnik]

Apparently, these writers did not read Korotich's "Spark", some modern "crystal bakers" about the phenomenal 1913 and did not know how super and kayfovo the robots and peasants lived in Tsarist Russia.

Yeah, they didn’t read “Who Lives Well in Rus'” at school, the landowner N. Nekrasov nevertheless invented

[Silhouette]

The picture is a propaganda fake.

[Timofey Charuta]

I don’t like the picture of Makovsky - there are many photos of the execution near the royal palace on January 9th. What's wrong again?

[Silhouette]

K. Makovsky did not write such a picture. And the style is clearly not his.

[Old electrician]

ee2100 (Alexander)

The average salary of a locksmith, until 1913, was 56.8 rubles, which, in terms of the price of gold in 2016, would be 133500 ₽.

gee-gee-gee! Wine by the river, free caviar, and the sounds of Schulbert, and the crunch of French bread.
After the monetary reform of 1897-1899, the Minister of Finance Sergei Witte, the gold ruble was equated to 0,774234 g of pure gold.
The current gold rate at the Central Bank is 5663,03 rubles. per gram is exceptionally convenient for propagandists - bulkokhrusts, because at the command of the IMF, Nabiulina deliberately brought down the ruble due to the failure of anti-Russian sanctions. Do not go to a fortuneteller, in the near future we will have another round of superinflation and 133 thousand will seem like a penny. Therefore, let's compare the exchange rates of rubles not in 2016 or 2023, but in a calm 2013. Just 100 years after the blessed monarchy. How does it sing:

God save the Tsar!
Strong, powerful,
Reign for glory, for glory to us!
Reign for fear of enemies
The Orthodox King!
God save the Tsar!

- and threw caps into the air!
It is known that the average workers in the country before the revolution received 37 rubles and 50 kopecks. The lowest wages were for workers in provincial factories, rural manufactories, laborers, porters. Their salary ranged from 8 to 15 rubles per month. Mostly, workers at the metallurgical plants in Moscow and St. Petersburg earned more. The salary of these workers at the beginning of the 25th century in Tsarist Russia ranged from 35 to 50 rubles. And the representatives of the so-called labor aristocracy, ie. professional turners, locksmiths, craftsmen, foremen received from 80 to XNUMX rubles a month. These aristocrats were isolated and did not do the weather, such as comparing current salaries in Gazprom and teachers.
At the Lena mines, for example, with hard labor without exaggeration, the wages of miners amounted to 30-45 rubles a month, which was ten to twenty times higher than the cash income of the peasantry. And what did they miss? And why did they climb under the bullets with such windfall profits? - Blame the "Short course of the CPSU (b)"!
The given figures should be multiplied by the ratio of the modern ruble to the royal ruble. According to experts, in 2013 this ratio was 1282,29. Thus, in the money of 2013, the worker before the revolution received (37,5x1282,29) about 50 thousand (48) rubles. Laborer of a provincial plant, respectively - 085x8 = 1282,29 rubles.
What could you buy with that money.
Under the tsar in 1914, meat could be bought for 19 kopecks per pound, that is, almost 42 kopecks (41,8 kopecks or 0,418 tsarist ruble) per 1 kilogram. If we recalculate this price for 2013 through the coefficient indicated above, we get 535 rubles 99 kopecks. That is, a worker in tsarist Russia could buy almost 50 (2013) kilograms of meat with his monthly salary (about 50 thousand rubles in 48,6).
Pike perch, for example, in those years cost 25 kopecks per pound or 55 kopecks (0,55 tsarist ruble) per kilo. In terms of our money, this is expensive - about 705 rubles. It turns out that fish was more expensive than meat in those days. And significant.
Flour on the eve of the revolution cost 8 kopecks per 1 pound (0,4 kg). There were 2,2 pounds in a kilogram. It turns out that a kilogram of flour cost almost 18 (17,6) kopecks or 0,176 royal rubles. In prices for 2013, this is almost 226 (225,6) rubles we would have to pay for a kilogram bag of wheat flour.
Rice in those years cost 12 kopecks per pound, or a little more than 26 (26,4) kopecks (0,264 tsarist rubles) per kilogram. In 2013, you would have to pay as much as 338 rubles for a kilogram pack of rice of those days.
A bottle of milk would have cost 8 kopecks (0,08 Tsarist ruble) on the eve of the revolution (per bottle). Or 102 rubles in 2013 for a bottle of the then whole cow's milk.
Tomatoes could be purchased at 22 kopecks per pound, or almost 50 (48,2) kopecks (0,482 tsarist rubles) per kilogram. 618 rubles per kilo in 2013 money. As they say, etc., etc.
These are the prices of the center of the Russian Empire. At the Lena mines, workers were fed rotten genitals of horses for a crazy price. And again, the "Short course of the CPSU (b)" is to blame!

[Reader_lover]

Do not forget that often the workers bought goods in a shop at the factory, which gave food on account of their wages, and there were completely different prices. And not downwards. I am silent about the work of children and women, about the working conditions themselves, about the housing of workers, about medicine (more precisely, its absence). Of course, there were also enlightened capitalists, but this is minuscule. Workers beat out something for themselves by strikes. Again, this is a theory about the Bolsheviks, magicians and aliens who flew in from another planet and bewitched Russia.

[ee2100]

If you carefully read the article and my comment, then the conversation is not about the eve of the revolution.
And for the unfortunate year 1913.
You can count not through gold, you can count through the shopping cart.
I'm talking about people like Lev Zadov, I'm sure that he lived normally, like a simple worker now. The fact that somewhere they were malnourished and starving - yes it was! I have a friend from Belarus, much older than me. So he says that whoever wanted to, prepared hay for the future for their pets until spring, and after the new year some of the characters removed the hay cover from the roof and it went to feed the animals. And this is before and after WWII. Koto wanted - he worked, and someone was lazy.
So always and everywhere.
If you want, host your rolls, and I have one grandfather from the poor, and the other is a veterinary assistant.
Anyway, I'm not blue-blooded. And what they are trying to solder to us is that everyone was starving, and therefore the revolution is for the poor in mind.

[Old electrician]

Koto wanted - he worked, but someone was lazy. So always and everywhere.

- you are absolutely right! There are those who know how to live, and there are loafers who do not know how and do not want to work. Under the tsar father, those who knew how to live ate oysters, which were brought alive from France. Those who did not know how to live worked hard at the Lena mines and ate the rotten genitals of horses, which they bought at the price of oysters from France. Because those who sold the rotten genitals of horses instead of meat knew how to live. When those who did not know how to live tried to protest, they were met with volleys. Because nefig. Each cricket must know its hearth. As a consequence, those who did not know how to live hated those who knew how to live. This mutual hatred tore apart the state, and just five years after the Lena massacre, those who knew how to live began to let out their guts. The Bolsheviks took advantage of this and came to power. They did something terrible, they announced:

Who does not work shall not eat!

Can you imagine the horror? In the morning, instead of the janitor giving me coffee in bed, I, like the last sucker, have to get up and go to the kitchen myself !!! Yes, you have to kill for it! Nikita Mikhalkov said it best:

The Bolsheviks did a terrible thing: they erased from the memory of the people our cultural heritage, memories of all that good and bright that was in the Russian people, including the memory of serfdom. Restoring the historical truth is our task.
...
At the suggestion of the Bolsheviks, people in Russia now think that serfdom was something like North American slavery. But this was by no means the relationship of a slave and a master, sons and a father. Many peasants did not want any "freedom". Yes, sometimes the landowner flogged the peasant: the same way a father flogs a disobedient child.
...
After all, what was serfdom? Serfdom is patriotism fixed on paper. A person is connected with his mother earth not only by a sense of duty, but also documented. Serfdom is the wisdom of the people, it is four hundred years of our history. And now, when I am offered to delete these four hundred years from our history, I say, “Brothers, so what do you think, our ancestors were fools?” ...

Thank God that these vile times have sunk into oblivion and everything has returned to normal. Let me give you an example from the present. We have a Developer, a Man who knows how to live. And not just to live, but to live beautifully. A kind of benefactor in the style of Mikhalkov. The city administration and not only them are fed. Of course, he is a member of the EP. And there are suckers who do not know how to live and do not want to work.
If these suckers knew how to live and knew how to work, they, like all decent people, would buy cottages for themselves and build any number of garages in these cottages. But no! Even under the bloody Bolsheviks, these suckers formed a garage cooperative. The bloody Bolsheviks gave them a paper, according to which the land under this cooperative is transferred free of charge for eternal use. Can you imagine how much this land costs today?! It's not just a tasty morsel, it's a fat morsel! But not the builder. Further everything is simple. The city administration is not bloody Bolsheviks for you. They drew red lines on the map and said that there could be no garages inside these lines, and you could wipe yourself with bloody Bolshevik paper. Because nefig. Each cricket must know its hearth. You say garage amnesty? Yes, with###whether they are on a garage amnesty, and Putin along with it. The developer needs the land, and you get out! As a result, more than half a thousand people dream of letting out their guts to the Developer, and the city administration, and the court, and other authorities.
I'll give you another example. Previously, the city had a bunch of factories where the local population worked. Then Gaidar came and the factories were gone. As this benefactor of Russia proudly said:

I destroyed this monster!

.
Now, on the site of the former factories, there are newfangled markets with a bunch of stalls. Slaves work in these stalls. You can't call them otherwise. If you're lucky, then the payment of a slave is 500 rubles per day without days off and a social package. It's already 15 thousand a month. But no sick leave, no pension. However, the usual rate is 400 or even 300 r per day.
If you are still lucky, then the owner will not demand sexual services from the slave and will generally pay her. However, the norm of behavior has become to take out the goods at night, and then bully the slave thief as you please. Everything is like under the king's father. Therefore, more and more people dream of letting out the guts of those who know how to live.
There are many such examples. Therefore, Soviet propagandists brazenly lied to us about the horrors of capitalism. In reality, everything is much worse. There is only one problem so far. As Vysotsky sang:

We didn’t make a scandal, we lacked a leader,
There are few real violent, and there are no leaders

In 1917, the leaders were found. Dream that this does not happen again, and new fathers Makhno and Levka Zadov do not come.

[ee2100]

I like your fire!
Are you waiting for a revolution in Russia?
Everything can be. But without a clear and fair ideology that a person will accept, this will be another coup, as in 1991.
There is no point in discussing with you. You are citing special cases. And I know enough of them. And I am absolutely not happy with what is happening in Russia.
Can you name at least one authoritative person in Russia? That's it!
So, be patient and wait for the dictatorship.

[Old electrician]

I like your fire!
Are you waiting for a revolution in Russia?

- My fuse burned out a long time ago. A revolution is a change in the state system. It does not threaten us by definition. Because a revolution needs a driving force and a leading party. There is neither one nor the other in the Russian Federation, and is not expected. We are only in danger of revolt as in France. To my great regret, it did not end for France with the loss of statehood. In the event of a riot, we are guaranteed the loss of statehood.

[gsev]

Quote: ee2100

I like your fire!
Are you waiting for a revolution in Russia?

In the best case, the revolution in Russia will be made by Russian citizens; in the worst case, it will be organized by Europeans, Muslims or Chinese.

[Captain45]

Quote: Old electrician

After the monetary reform of 1897-1899, the Minister of Finance Sergei Witte, the gold ruble was equated to 0,774234 g of pure gold.
The current gold rate at the Central Bank is 5663,03 rubles. per gram is exceptionally convenient for propagandists - bulkokhrusts

You are confusing sour with fresh, namely gold content of the ruble those. the weight amount of gold, which is taken as a unit of the national currency in this case, the ruble and value of a gram of gold on the precious metals exchange. These are completely different things that have nothing to do with each other.

[Old electrician]

You are confusing sour with fresh, namely the gold content of the ruble, i.e. the weight amount of gold, which is taken as a unit of the national currency in this case, the ruble and the cost of a gram of gold on the precious metals exchange.

- there is an elder in the garden, and an uncle in Kyiv. Measuring salaries in 1913 at stock prices for gold in 2016 is just the idea of ​​ee2100. Therefore, if we translate 0,774234 g of pure gold of the royal ruble into its exchange value at 5663,03 rubles per gram in 2023, we will get simply fantastic numbers. It turns out that the exchange rate of the current ruble in relation to the royal ruble is already 4384,5. Accordingly, a worker under the tsar allegedly received on average 56.8x4384,5 = 249040,2 rubles - gee-gee-gee! Just a dream propagandist bulkohrust! If that were the case, then I would like to be a mechanic under the king's father!
I'm not an idiot to write such nonsense. The exchange rate of the royal ruble for 2013, 1282,29, was calculated by specialists, and has nothing to do with the exchange value of gold.
PS I already wrote that 2013 was quite stable, and the price of gold has not yet been so speculative. Therefore, the same experts to whom I refer gave such a ratio of the ruble exchange rate and the gold exchange rate for 2013 as 1:1,03. Those. in 2013, the difference was only 3%. How big this difference is at the moment I can’t even guess.

[Captain45]

Quote: Old electrician

- elderberry in the garden, and uncle in Kyiv. Measuring salaries in 1913 at stock prices for gold in 2016 is just the idea of ​​ee2100. Therefore, if we translate 0,774234 g of pure gold of the royal ruble into its exchange value at 5663,03 r per gram in 2023,

I'm sorry, but that's not me, but you started the topic in which, after an electric shock, because You are old

[Captain45]

Quote: Captain45

- elderberry in the garden, and uncle in Kyiv. Measuring salaries in 1913 at stock prices for gold in 2016 is just the idea of ​​ee2100. Therefore, if we translate 0,774234 g of pure gold of the royal ruble into its exchange value at 5663,03 r per gram in 2023,

So I didn’t say it, but you ... but you forgot to clarify what I said, namely GOLD VALUE OF NATIONAL CURRENCY UNIT, is not equal to the value of gold on the international precious metals exchange, which, by the way, is located in London, and therefore all these conversations are not equal to anything. Just la-la-la. Learn political economy, I learned it and passed the state exam in 1983 with +5 .. ... Pisyukhin ....

[Old electrician]

Just la-la-la. Learn political economy, I learned it and passed the state exam in 1983 with +5 ..... Pisyukhin ....

As I understand it, comprehending the text you read is simply an unbearable task. You attribute to me what I criticize. Therefore, I deeply doubt your ability to pass any exams.

[ee2100]

I have been on the road for two days and have just arrived.
Therefore, such a late response to your response to my comment.
The section where you have been brought is called historical, not propaganda! And I am glad that, after my comment, you delved into the study of the issue on which we are discussing.
You and I did not live at the beginning of the 100th century. And we judge those events by the stories of eyewitnesses. Which is also not XNUMX% true. All our judgments are evaluative and to some extent subjective. I will answer your arguments with my own arguments.
It's all vanity.
Who do you think is the authority now in the Russian Federation and how do you feel about dictatorship?
If there is no answer, then write.

[Old electrician]

You and I did not live at the beginning of the 100th century. And we judge those events by the stories of eyewitnesses. Which is also not XNUMX% true. All our judgments are evaluative and to some extent subjective.

Well then! Let's talk about my opinions. To do this, let's return to your post, from which all this fuss began:

ee2100 (Alexander)
17 July 2023 05: 32
NEW
-1
"Do you already understand the reasons for the revolution in tsarist Russia?" (c)
Until 1914, the working year was 264 working days. The holidays accounted for up to 101 days.
The average working day is 9,5 hours.
Now there are 118 non-working days and 14 of them are holidays.
The working day is 8 hours.
The average salary of a locksmith, until 1913, was 56.8 rubles, which, in terms of the price of gold in 2016, would be 133500 ₽.
Yes, everything is clear.

Judging by your text, there was such a beautiful country where a worker on average received 133,5 modern kilotugriks. It was just great, because nowadays not every high-class IT specialist can boast of such a salary. It can also be added that such a worker's salary is twice the salary of a modern doctor of science. Further, you claim that under the tsar, the worker worked 9,5 hours a day, only 264 days a year, and he had 101 holidays. In a word - blunder! Alas and ah, but evil has come! Literally before the valiant imperial army took the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, a German spy with a suitcase of Deutsche Marks arrived at the Finland Station in a sealed carriage and this wonderful country was gone ...
All anti-Sovietism is based on lies. You are no exception in this regard. Just look at your recalculation of salaries in 1913 at modern speculative gold prices. It's utter nonsense that many other than me have already pointed out to you, and even downvoted. By the way, I don't downvote anyone. I don't care about these tic-tac-toe.
Now about the essence of some of your statements. According to publicly available data, in 1913 only 7,9% of workers had an 8-hour day. I did not find any information about what kind of lucky ones they were. I suppose that here lies a linden composed by admirers of bulkokhrusts.
32,5% of workers had a working day from 8 to 10 hours. These included, for example, paper and printing workers. For them, in 1904, the length of the working day was 10,2 hours, and in 1913 (i.e. as a result of the revolution of 1905) - 9,4 hours. As I understand it, you only take them as the basis of your statistics. I note that the advantage of the workers of paper and printing production was high qualification and solidarity in the struggle for their interests. This is the only reason they had the shortest working hours.
Another 44,5% of workers worked 10 or more hours a day, and another 15,5% worked more than 11 hours.
As for the countryside, there they simply did not suspect such concepts as the length of the working day and days off, with an average monthly income of 1,5 to 4,5 rubles. I will add that the peasant population in 1913 was 85,8% of the total population of Russia.
In general, in any case, in terms of the duration of the worker and the income of the ordinary population, there is no smell of a blunder here.
44 days were declared official holidays with a non-working day, starting from Easter week and ending with the namesake of the Empress, in the Russian Empire. There are 52,14 - 52,3 weeks in a year and, accordingly, 52-53 days off. In total, this is no more than 97 non-working days, provided that not a single holiday coincides with a weekend. How you counted 101 non-working days in the royal year is a mystery to me.
However, neither the number of holidays in the year, nor the length of the working day, nor poverty, nor even the occasional horrendous famine, was the reason for the revolution. In all cases, the revolution requires the mutual hatred of the ruling elite and the rest of the people.
Bulkokhrusty clearly demonstrated their attitude towards the people, their hatred towards them during the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. There is a lot of evidence, I will not enumerate. Suffice it to say that for the sake of the crunch of a French roll, they served with dog loyalty to all, without exception, the worst enemies of Russia.
Currently, it is argued that the crimes in the civil war were supposedly equally committed by both whites and reds. Lies! Unlike the White Guard cattle, the Russian people in their bulk were and are noble. Yes! There were isolated cases of excesses. So, for example, in December 1917, angry soldiers tore to pieces the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army, Dukhonin, but the Reds did not have a single case of massacres like the White Army. Just don’t repeat the tales of the White Guard-Goebbels-Solzhenitsyn propaganda here.
Now about the dictatorship in our days. Anti-Sovietism is the highest form of Russophobia. All political forces in modern Russia are anti-Soviet-comprador. I do not believe a single word of Putin and Medvedev, if only because they officially admitted the guilt of the Russians in the execution of the Katyn Poles by the Germans. However, no clear evidence of this was presented. All evidence of the Germans' guilt is brazenly and shamelessly ignored by the official authorities. In turn, all the so-called evidence of the guilt of the NKVD bear clear traces of falsification. Tell me why this confession was made? For the sake of self-affirmation of the Polish Nazis in the right to kill Russians?
The entire government of the Russian Federation is Russophobic. The head of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, for example, brazenly and openly works for the US State Department, since the euro is already for 100 rubles. I read

The main objectives of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are:
1. Protection and sustainability of the ruble

And where is this protection? And where is the sustainability? Why Nabiullina, overtaking her squeal, has not yet been fired from the post of Head of the Central Bank? Why does the Duma take this for granted under the bravura enthusiasm of the media?
If we talk about the so-called opposition, then the ax has been crying for it for a long time. The Russophobia of Khodorkovsky, Kasparov and their associates is going through the roof. I can only pronounce Navalny's last name by changing "Nav" to "An".
Zyuganov to dictators - gee-gee-gee! He still cannot get rid of nostalgia for his carefree obkom youth.
When I hear the word “Prigozhin,” I immediately remember an anecdote:

The old king, the Viking king stands on the cliff of the fjord and says to himself:
“I, King Olaf, have built two beautiful cities. But no one calls me "Olaf the City Planner!"
“I, King Olaf, have five thousand warriors under my command!” But no one calls me "Olaf the warlord!"
- I, King Olaf, conquered all the lands from Britain to Greece, but no one calls me "Olav the conqueror!"
“But I only needed to have a sheep…”

What will the dictatorship of any such Russophobic personality give Russia? - Nothing! Ukraine already has such a dictator - the Great Ze. And what?! Did they feel better?

[ee2100]

It is a pity that you did not understand the main thing from my commentary on the article, where the author claimed that the revolution took place for purely economic reasons.
By 1917, everyone wanted change, so the February coup took place. People like Zadov were used as consumables. The article is about him.
As a precondition for revolution, there was certainly an economic factor. But he is not the main one. By 1917, a lot of problems and contradictions had accumulated in the Empire, which became the so-called. trigger hook.
It was most convenient for Bolshevik propaganda to point to the economy as the main message for the revolution. Now this mantra is repeated by many, including. and you.
Since you have already read about the life of the working people before the revolution, then read about the life of the proletariat after it.
Life has become worse, but this is not a prerequisite for a new coup.
The only way out of the current situation in the Russian Federation now is a dictatorship with a "human face". My opinion.
The main part of the people who hang out on this resource do not particularly bother themselves with the thought process, as they were taught at the university school, this is how they relate to historical processes. This is what state propaganda is based on.
Below I will give, without changing the spelling, the message of my former employee from Ukraine, which he sent me 3 days ago.
So think you heard in the media about something like that.
Good luck!
“As for you! Collect all debts from citizens! In one day, they blocked the cards of half the country and pensioners and drove them into debt through a bank account! The brush was blocked even from 100 gr. , he switched to the contract, closed the brush, one oshchad remained who also sent these misunderstandings of those who came)) Here they want to make heavenly Jerusalem, they clean Odessa harshly! It is the age that can object ... "
PS ZE is not a dictator - he's just a pawn. But the hand that leads them is very strong!

[Old electrician]

It was most convenient for Bolshevik propaganda to point to the economy as the main message for the revolution. Now this mantra is repeated by many, including. and you.

- as I understand it, you didn’t read my post or don’t want to read it, because I say the exact opposite. About Soviet propagandists. Quote from “I.V. Stalin History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): A Short Course. Under the editorship of the Commission of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; Approved by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1938. M .: OGIZ - Gospolitizdat, 1946. - 352 p. ":

Yesterday, still seeking an agreement with the tsar, overthrown by the February revolution, it [the Russian bourgeoisie], having come to power after that, was unable to think of anything better than to continue the policy of the hated tsar in everything in general. She, like the tsar, stood for "a war to a victorious end" despite the fact that the war became unbearable for the country and exhausted the people and the army to the last degree. She, like the tsar, stood for the preservation of mainly landowner ownership of land, despite the fact that the peasantry was dying from landlessness and landowner oppression. As regards the policy towards the working class, the Russian bourgeoisie went further in its hatred of the working class than the tsar, for it tried not only to preserve and strengthen the oppression of the factory owners, but also to make it unbearable through the use of mass lockouts.
It is not surprising that the people did not see a significant difference between the policy of the tsar and the policy of the bourgeoisie and transferred their hatred of the tsar to the Provisional Government of the bourgeoisie.

And where does it sound that

It was most convenient for Bolshevik propaganda to point to the economy as the main message for the revolution.

Why give out your propaganda Wishlist for Soviet propaganda and my political views?

The only way out of the current situation in the Russian Federation now is a dictatorship with a "human face".

I already know about socialism with a “human face”. Therefore, when they tell me about any political movement with a "human face", then in my understanding it only means that Russians will soon be killed.

An example of a dictatorship with a "human face". The photo shows the timid sprouts of the Hungarian Freedom, torn to pieces by Soviet tanks in 1956.
Nevertheless, I'm curious who you are prophesying as dictators and under what political sauce will he kill Russians?

[ee2100]

Your understanding is yours, mine is mine.
Who will be the dictator? HZ?
They will find.

[Destiny]

created very effective mobile reconnaissance groups

Leva's younger brother Daniel, who served with him, recalled:

"Leva's operational intelligence consisted of several groups of 2-3 people: young women, boys 13-14 years old, old people. Each group was on a cart. Such groups were sent 5-6. They traveled for several days and returning, they reported where which parts the enemy are located or where they are heading within a radius of 50-60 km. So the dad always knew the situation in detail.

Thank you for the story about the most interesting person of dashing times.

[north 2]

no less important is not only the question - is it not enough and exactly those who should have been repressed in 1937, how important is the question - were those who were then repressed fair and deservedly rehabilitated in 1990? Here the task of arithmetic with questions of equation also arises - if after the repressions of 1937, declared illegal in 1990, with the invasion of Hitler's hordes into the USSR in our Motherland, tens of thousands of policemen and henchmen of the Nazis appeared from their own Soviet citizens who hastened to kill Soviet people and began to serve the enemy who came to destroy the Soviet state, i.e. Russia, then how many hundreds of thousands or even millions of such reptiles would have appeared in the USSR if Stalin had not repressed them in 1937 and before the start of the Second World War? Who is strong in mathematics, solve the problem ...

[your1970]

Quote: north 2

Were those who were repressed then justly and deservedly rehabilitated in 1990?

You have confused the dates a little - primary an array of repressed people was rehabilitated back in Khrushchev times

[Captain45]

Quote: your1970

You have confused the dates a little - the main array of the repressed was rehabilitated back in Khrushchev times

The comrade did not put it that way, he meant rehabilitation in the public sphere, i.e. people were rehabilitated in the 50s, but they started talking loudly about it in the 90s. It seems to me don't judge him harshly .

[Sergej1972]

Rehabilitation was discussed loudly and openly in the late 50s and early 60s. But some people were rehabilitated in the late 80s and early 90s. For example, Bukharin, Rykov.

[parusnik]

Alexey Tolstoy, created a work of art. The main characters are fictional and Roshchin and Telegin and sisters, there is even A. Blok under a fictitious name. As a child, he thought that it was written in historical works of art, everything is true, You are Valery, so when you write articles, there are not enough connections in them. In today's article, they posted a portrait of L.N. Gumilyov, passing him off as Zinkovsky. And Zinkovsky, by chance, was not familiar with Voroshilov, like Kotovsky with Makhno? They simply had to meet, especially near Tsaritsin.

[Alex 1970]

Yes, as they say, the ways of the Lord are inscrutable. Who would have thought that Lyova Zadov is a Chekist Zinkovsky. Thanks, very informative.

[kor1vet1974]

Yes, as they say, the ways of the Lord are inscrutable.

Indeed, for example, Viktor Nikolayevich Belash, the chief of staff of the Makhno army, it was he who planned the raid on the rear of Denikin, the breakthrough through the Sivash, these are the most high-profile operations, did not emigrate anywhere, tried to break into the North Caucasus, was wounded, caught, sat, released to bail, organized strikes, conducted underground work. Again, he was arrested, the "bloody Bolsheviks" caught and released. This went on until 1934, by which time he seemed to have calmed down, but in 1937, the hands of the NKVD in tight irons reached out to him. Shot in 1938.

[Old electrician]

I am long past the age of believing the corn-grower's tales of the innocent victims of political repression. In September 1955, the Decree "On the amnesty of Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" was issued. Persons sentenced to up to 10 years in prison, accomplices of the Nazis, were released from places of detention and from other measures of punishment; convicted for service in the German army, police and special German formations. For those sentenced to more than 10 years, the terms were reduced by half. Interestingly, such citizens were not just amnestied, i.e. pardoned, but also removed a criminal record and loss of rights. As a result, many former Ukrainian Nazis, Bandera and members of their families were able to quickly "repaint" and later enter the Soviet and party bodies. By the beginning of "Perestroika", they, according to various sources, made up from a third to a half of the Ukrainian state, party and economic elite. Is it worth it to be surprised at modern Ukronazism after this?
The rehabilitation of the 54-55s was rampant, its meanness can be illustrated with one simple example. In 1952, a certain G. Vasyura could not explain to the MGB how he got into the encirclement and left the German prisoner of war camp. During the years of occupation, the former senior lieutenant of the Red Army Vasyura (according to his version) lived without problems in Ukraine, not interested in either the SD or the Gestapo. Therefore, despite the lack of clear evidence, the Kyiv military district tribunal sentenced him to 25 years in prison for collaborating with the invaders during the war. In 1955, Vasyura was, of course, amnestied, and then rehabilitated and received a certificate of innocent repression. So Vasyura became a war veteran and an innocent victim of political repression. On holidays, he spoke to the pioneers, even was called an honorary cadet of the Kyiv Higher Military Engineering Twice Red Banner School of Communications named after M. I. Kalinin - the one he graduated before the war. In 1985, on the 40th anniversary of the Victory, Vasyura finally became insolent and demanded for himself, as a war veteran, the Order of the Great Patriotic War. Only then it turned out that the innocent victim of political repression was in fact the former chief of staff of the 118th Schutzmannschaft battalion, a punisher who personally led the massacre of the inhabitants of Khatyn. During the trial, it was established that he personally killed more than 360 civilians - women, the elderly, children.
After the total amnesty of 1955, by the beginning of January 1956, the number of persons convicted under Article 58 of the Criminal Code was only 113 thousand people. Basically, these were people who, with weapons in their hands, fought against the Soviet regime, either on the side of the Germans during the Great Patriotic War, or in the ranks of nationalists in Ukraine, the Baltic states and other republics of the USSR.
After Khrushchev's report at the Twentieth Congress (February 1956), it was decided to conduct a demonstrative release and rehabilitation of political prisoners. Immediately after the congress, special visiting commissions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were created. They worked directly in places of detention and received the right to make decisions on release or reduction of the sentence. A total of 97 such commissions were formed. By July 1, 1956, over 97 cases had been considered by these commissions. They have no faith. Obvious fact. The working time of the rehabilitation commissions from February to July is 4 months, i.e. 122 days, including 17 days off. Total 105 working days. Travel time is not counted. During these 105 days, each commission considered on average 1000 criminal cases, i.e. 10 people per eight-hour working day and less than one hour per criminal case. Nevertheless, having familiarized themselves with copies of the materials of criminal cases stored in the camps, more than 46 thousand people were released with the removal of a criminal record. Of these, 1487 people were rehabilitated as convicts on allegedly falsified materials. And this is with less than an hour of commission work per snout. It is impossible to double-check the results of rehabilitation, since the criminal cases of the rehabilitated were immediately destroyed. The rehabilitation of the innocent victims of the era of "Perestroika" and after it is generally a farce, which makes no sense to talk about.
On January 29, 1990, Lev Zinkovsky was rehabilitated by the decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Wikipedia claims that Zinkovsky was close to L.D. Trotsky. Considering that Trotsky was an idol for people like the Zinkovskys, this statement is beyond doubt. However, the author of the article does not say that Zinkovsky was close to Trotsky.
Since the time of the corn-grower in the USSR, Trotsky's political views have been carefully concealed. Otherwise, the myth of innocent victims collapsed. However, Trotsky was not at all an innocent sheep. He and his fans wanted to live beautifully at the expense of the people in the conditions of the endless Civil War. Hence, Trotsky's idea of ​​a “Permanent” (continuous) revolution, which attracted many wrestlers, was Maidan for the sake of Maidan without edge or end. A brilliant example of such a wrestler was shown by Rolan Bykov in the film Two Comrades Were Serving. Trotsky was not going to build Socialism, so in exile he broadcast “L. Trotsky. Economic adventurism and its dangers. February 13, 1930 Bulletin of the Opposition (Bolshevik-Leninists) No. 9.”:

… Again and again we resolutely abandon the task of building "in the shortest possible time" a National Socialist society. We associate collectivization, as well as industrialization, with the problems of the World Revolution. The issues of our economy are ultimately decided in the international arena. The Comintern must be revived. It is necessary to revise the revolutionary strategy of the post-Leninist era and condemn it in all its three periods: Zinoviev, Bukharin-Stalin, and Stalin-Molotov. The current leadership must be liquidated, for it is in the field of international questions that the Stalinist faction reaches such limits of theoretical cynicism and practical unbridledness that threaten the proletarian vanguard with innumerable calamities. The rejection of the theory of National Socialism and the practice of bureaucratic adventurism is an elementary precondition for the revival of the Communist International ...

According to Trotsky, the Stalinist USSR is the main obstacle on the way to the World Revolution. It certainly needs to be destroyed, and the easiest way to do this is by intervention, in which the entire population of the country will heroically perish. Then, according to him, the world proletariat will feel sorry for the murdered Russians and the long-awaited World Revolution will begin. In order to bring about this blessed intervention, Trotsky from the 20s urged his comrades-in-arms to do everything so that the USSR would get involved in any military adventures. Quote from "DOUBLE STAR: HITLER - STALIN" L. Trotsky. Coyoacán, December 4, 1939 Bulletin of the Opposition (Bolshevik-Leninists) No. 81:

... All this may be true, - the attentive reader will say, - but where is your revolution? Does the Kremlin really not consider its possibility, probability, inevitability? And is the calculation of the revolution really not reflected in Stalin's foreign policy? Note legal. Moscow has the least doubt that a major war is capable of sparking a revolution. But the war does not begin with a revolution, but ends with it. Before the revolution broke out in Germany (1918), the German army managed to deliver mortal blows to tsarism. So the current war can overturn the Kremlin bureaucracy long before the revolution begins in any of the capitalist countries. Our assessment of the Kremlin's foreign policy therefore remains valid, regardless of the prospect of revolution.
However, in order to correctly navigate Moscow's further maneuvers and the evolution of its relations with Berlin, it is necessary to answer the question: does the Kremlin want to use the war to develop an international revolution, and if so, how exactly? On November 9, Stalin found it necessary to refute, in an extremely blunt manner, the message that he believed that "the war should continue as long as possible so that its participants are completely exhausted." This time Stalin told the truth. He does not want a protracted war for two reasons: firstly, it would inevitably draw the USSR into its maelstrom; secondly, it would just as inevitably bring about a European revolution. The Kremlin is quite rightly afraid of one and the other…

- Against the background of these ideas of Trotsky, the Great Patriotic War looks like a minor border incident. Therefore, is it any wonder that in 1937-1938 Zadovs and others like him were shot like mad dogs.

[north 2]

just as the Great Ivan the Terrible, Stalin, the liberals and enemies of the USSR assigned the role of demons and executioners, which is completely opposite to the truth, the same enemies assign Khrushchev, Gorbachev and Yeltsin the role of creators, completely opposite to the truth, they say, saving Khrushchev's "warmth", "evolutionary" Gorbachev's perestroika and Yeltsin's "democracy" that "liberated" Russia. And taking into account the fact that the enemies of Russia have been shitting on the Great Ivan the Terrible and Stalin without being punished, respectively, for three hundred and sixty years, then you and I are unlikely to wait for the rehabilitation of Grozny and Stalin. Just a few examples. The clans of Shvydkoy and Medinsky will not allow this in culture and education, the Pugacheva clan in music, the Bondarchuk-Serebrennikov-Zvyagintsev-Lungin clan and the Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky clan in the cinema, etc., etc. There are now as many of these enemy clans in Russia as there were hardly even in the Time of Troubles after the death of Ivan the Terrible. Because above all these clans, there is also the clan that patronizes the Yeltsin Center ...

[your1970]

Quote: Old electrician

In September 1955, the Decree "On the amnesty of Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" was issued. Persons sentenced to up to 10 years in prison, accomplices of the Nazis, were released from places of detention and from other measures of punishment; convicted for service in the German army, police and special German formations.

Have you ever thought about it - did the neck of the Wehrmacht of the USSR break in 4 years, and did you chase Bandera for 12 years ?? Having the ability to scratch the forests with divisions, shoot for armed resistance on the spot and hang those caught in the squares - did the USSR fight with them for 12 years?
Do not find anything surprising? No connection with the amnesty, no?

[Old electrician]

Have you ever thought about it - did the neck of the Wehrmacht of the USSR break in 4 years, and did you chase Bandera for 12 years ?? Having the ability to scratch the forests with divisions, shoot for armed resistance on the spot and hang those caught in the squares - did the USSR fight with them for 12 years?
Don't find anything surprising? Nothing to do with the amnesty, no?

- The connection is the most direct. On August 22, 1947, the Minister of State Security of the USSR Viktor Abakumov issued an order No. 00430 "On the eviction of the families of convicted, killed and illegal, active nationalists and bandits from the territory of the western regions of Ukraine." It was called Operation West.
In total, as part of Operation West, 26 families or 682 people were evicted from the western regions of Ukraine, including 76 men, 192 women, and 18 children. Just do not need liberal cries about genocide.
"West" was launched on October 21, 1947 on the territory of Lviv, Stanislav (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Drohobych (now part of the Lviv region), Ternopil, Rivne and Volyn regions. 45 thousand military personnel, border guards, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security were involved in the events.
They acted with regard to the evicted politely, but harshly, and not cruelly. Only the essentials were allowed to be taken from the house, the rest of the property was subject to confiscation. People were put into trucks that followed to specially prepared trains. Routes - Sverdlovsk, Molotov, Kemerovo, Kirov, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Chita and Karaganda regions.
In the post-Soviet period in Ukraine, it was said that the evicted were sent to some kind of hard labor. This is not true, just as it is not true that those evicted during the operation "West" were planted in an open field in severe frost. "Special settlers" were provided with housing and work - someone on collective farms, someone at industrial enterprises.
“Special settlers” within the settlements in which they lived were not limited in their rights. They were forbidden to leave, but also not totally - the evicted could get permission to travel from the commandant, with whom they had to check in periodically.
It is difficult to call the special settlement regime tough - at least there were quite a few cases of escape. Those who fled in the event of detection, if there were no other offenses behind them, were simply returned back.
This measure proved to be extremely effective. The OUN-UPA lost its social base and by 1955 ceased to exist.
After the decree of 1955, more than 200 thousand former active members of the OUN underground returned to the territory of Ukraine. Moreover, they settled not only in Western, but also in Eastern Ukraine - in Kharkov, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Kherson and other regions. This is called extinguishing embers with gasoline.
After the amnesty (more correctly, rehabilitation), former OUN members, accomplices of the Nazis, those who killed Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, communists, etc., really actively “repainted” as communists and Komsomol members. Some managed to change biographies and surnames. Historians claim that in the party, public and economic organizations of the Ukrainian SSR there were at least a third of those who were amnestied in 1955–1959. nationalists and their families. Over the years, in the regional committee of the CPSU and the district committees of the Lviv region. the share of once convicted Bandera exceeded 30%. And in the Volyn, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions, they were from 35 to 50%.
Under the Khrushchev amnesty, the last leader of the UPA, Vasil Kuk, was also released. Shukhevych's successor served only 6 years and returned to Kyiv. He got a job at the Central State Historical Archive of the Ukrainian SSR and the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. They say that the entire local party elite secretly dealt with Cook.
Thus began the banderization of Ukraine. We see the fruits of this banderization with our own eyes.

[Des]

Thank you for the article and memory.
The text of the commentary is too short, but capacious emotionally.

[bober1982]

The first version of the novel "Walking Through the Torments" was anti-Bolshevik, for this reason Zinkovsky (Zodov) looks like a caricature of Lev Zadov.
When A. Tolstoy was preparing a novel in the Soviet edition, he shortened the text - there was nothing left of anti-Bolshevism, but Zadov remained in this immortal novel.

[kor1vet1974]

"Walking through the torments" was anti-Bolshevik, the second part of the 1918 trilogy, he wrote 1927-1928, the third Gloomy Morning in 1940-1941, while already in the USSR, and the first part of the Sister, was written abroad, where she came out. Working on the final part, the first part was also reworked. By and large, all works written by Soviet writers before 1934 can be called "anti-Bolshevik"

[bober1982]

Quote: kor1vet1974

By and large, all works written by Soviet writers before 1934 can be called "anti-Bolshevik"

One can agree on something.
S.M. Budyonny even wrote an article called - Babel's Babism
Semyon Mikhailovich subtly noticed the whole babel similar literature.

[kor1vet1974]

Yes, Babel, this is baby talk, with his Cavalry, you read Artyom Vesely Rivers of Fire, yes, Russia, washed with blood, the first editions came out during Lenin's lifetime. They were republished under Stalin, until 1935, in 1937, of course, they were shot, for a little story, supposedly, which was published in 1925. And hasn't been published since.

[kor1vet1974]

According to centurion V. Belash

Is this the one who left the memories of "The Road of Nestor Makhno"? So he was not a centurion, but the chief of staff of the RPAU, that was the name of the army of N. Makhno

[Silhouette]

[quoteWhen the Rada called on Austrian and German troops to Ukraine,] [/ quote]
Well, when was this? .... Something new.

[bober1982]

Quote: Silhouette

Something new.

I agree.
Everything is exactly the opposite - Skoropadsky, with the help of the Austro-Germans, liquidated both the Rada and the Republic.

[kor1vet1974]

Is that when it was?

And this happened on January 27, 1918 after the signing of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk, according to which the troops of Austria-Hungary and Germany were introduced into the territory of Ukraine in order not to come into conflict with these powers, as this meant the continuation of the war and the breakdown of negotiations between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, the Odessa Soviet Republic and the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic were formed, whose troops resisted the Austro-German invaders. But the forces were not equal, the Germans threatened to open hostilities along the entire Russian-German front, and in March 1918 peace was signed in Brest-Litovsk between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers. But here the first one, or as it is also called by historiographers Maly, is carefully hushed up. Today, everyone knows that the Bolsheviks signed the "shameful" Brest peace and surrendered half of Russia to Germany, but they are silent about the Small.

[Silhouette]

There is a fact, and there is its interpretation. Your interpretation has nothing to do with reality. The Central Rada represented itself at the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk; it could not, in principle, conclude any peace treaty with Germany and Austria, because. these countries fought with Russia, not Ukraine, and the delegation of the Central Rada arrived only to deal with the return of prisoners of war, on February 27 they signed something there, without having any authority to do so, no one ratified this agreement, and on February 8 the Reds entered Kiev, and the Central Rada fled the city. So do not invent nonsense and do not give birth to chimerical entities. There was also a delegation from the Kharkiv Ukrainian government, the Odessa government and the Krivoy Rog government.

[know]

So as not to see how the pack is guarded
And the peasantry love Makhno so much?

Yes, Yesenin's little-known lines...
Now I looked: this poem ("Country of Scoundrels") was written in 1922 - 1923. That is, after the flight of Makhno and the hero of this article "for the cordon." And the action takes place in 1919.

[Russian Bear_2]

Thanks for the article, very interesting.

[vserge]

A small inaccuracy - the GEORGIA ambulance had two pipes. The photo shows a newer GEORGIA (ex SOBIESKI), which worked until 1975, when the next GEORGIA was built in Finland

[know]

In October, he received the post of commandant of the Crimean (infantry) corps of the Makhnovist army, which on November 8 attacked Wrangel's army, fording the Sivash Bay.

Crossing the Sivash in the cool Soviet film "Two Comrades Were Serving":

[9lvariag]

Quote: North 2

just as the Great Ivan the Terrible, Stalin, the liberals and enemies of the USSR assigned the role of demons and executioners, which is completely opposite to the truth, the same enemies assign Khrushchev, Gorbachev and Yeltsin the role of creators, completely opposite to the truth, they say, saving Khrushchev's "warmth", "evolutionary" Gorbachev's perestroika and Yeltsin's "democracy" that "liberated" Russia. And taking into account the fact that the enemies of Russia have been shitting on the Great Ivan the Terrible and Stalin without being punished, respectively, for three hundred and sixty years, then you and I are unlikely to wait for the rehabilitation of Grozny and Stalin. Just a few examples. The clans of Shvydkoy and Medinsky will not allow this in culture and education, the Pugacheva clan in music, the Bondarchuk-Serebrennikov-Zvyagintsev-Lungin clan and the Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky clan in the cinema, etc., etc. There are now as many of these enemy clans in Russia as there were hardly even in the Time of Troubles after the death of Ivan the Terrible. Because above all these clans, there is also the clan that patronizes the Yeltsin Center ...

Well, yes, Lyonka Khrushch is his own. Coca-Colca brought to the USSR, jeans and tights - mini-bikinis. And the fact that this figure, together with the Jewish diaspora of Odessa - Kogan, Yagoda, Lyulev - got up in the Ukrainian SSR and THIS is now being blamed on the Russians?

[Lynx2000]

In 1929, he was wounded during the liquidation of a dangerous saboteur and received a cash prize, gratitude from the OGPU of the Ukrainian SSR and a Mauser with a gold monogram: "For military merit."

He was awarded the second inscribed weapon in 1932 - "for the active and merciless struggle against the counter-revolution."

If I'm not mistaken, the award system of the young Soviet republic and the USSR since the 1920s provided for "revolutionary award weapons", and first award melee weapons were awarded: a sword, a saber, then again: firearms.
I know when two people were repeatedly awarded firearms: Voroshilov and Kamenev (if I'm not mistaken), unfortunately I don't know anymore ...
Later, NKVD officers and party nomenclature workers were awarded personalized weapons, but to be honest, I did not hear that such an award was made twice. Is there any accurate information?

[Captain45]

Quote: Lynx2000

"revolutionary premium weapons", and first awarded edged weapons: a saber, a saber, then again: firearms.
I know when two people were repeatedly awarded firearms: Voroshilov and Kamenev (if I'm not mistaken)

If my memory serves me right, the "revolutionary award weapon" involved attaching the Order of the Red Banner of Battle to the hilt of a saber (checkers) or the handle of a pistol (revolver), like Voroshilov on a saber hilt or Budyonny on a Mauser handle. Named weapons involve attaching a plate (possibly made of precious metal) with the owner's name and a brief inscription "For the fight against counter-revolution" or "To the Red Army soldier Sukhov. Brigade commander M.N. Kovun" Similar samples were found in various museums, for example, in the Ryazan Museum of the Airborne Forces, the Volgograd panorama. ..

[Lynx2000]

Quote: Captain45

If my memory serves me right, the "revolutionary award weapon" involved attaching the Order of the Red Banner of Battle to the hilt of a saber (checkers) or the handle of a pistol (revolver), like Voroshilov on a saber hilt or Budyonny on a Mauser handle. Named weapons involve attaching a plate (possibly made of precious metal) with the owner's name and a brief inscription "For the fight against counter-revolution" or "To the Red Army soldier Sukhov. Brigade commander M.N. Kovun" Similar samples were found in various museums, for example, in the Ryazan Museum of the Airborne Forces, the Volgograd panorama. ..

All this is known and understandable to me, I am interested in the described fact of awarding the Chekist twice with firearms - is it true or not ...

[cpls22]

Thank you for the article . Just remove the photo of Gumilyov in 1934, please. The 2nd grade of the Jewish school does not fit with this person. Yes, and with the rest of the photos in the article - the ears are different, at least.

[VLR]

I apologize for the photo that got into the article, signed "Lev Zodov in his youth", we removed it, I will carefully check the illustrative materials before publication.

[Ezekiel 25-17]

On whose order are you working, Mr. Author: Israel? I’m not asking from a hangover, before posting, I read several materials about your hero: in particular, he appears in Yarutsky’s “Jews of the Sea of ​​\uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbAzov”.

[dmmyak40]

Interestingly, the hero of the article by the name of Zakovsky is depicted in the books of V.D. Zvyagintsev from the series "Odysseus leaves Ithaca".

[Butchcassidy]

Change the photo, the first photo shows Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov in his youth