The helicopter market is expected to replenish

52
The helicopter market is expected to replenish

Over the past few decades, helicopters have acquired a familiar and familiar look to everyone, but in the near future, completely new helicopters must appear on the market, combining the latest technological advances. And the appearance of these helicopters will be radically different from its predecessors.

Three brand new helicopters will have to go on aviation market in the coming years, and judging by the statements of helicopter companies, they will have significant advantages over their competitors.

One of these helicopters is the BA609 convertoplane, which is a copy of the military V-22 convertiplane developed by Bell Helicopter. The process of creating an aircraft BA609 was not easy, and at one time Bell Helicopter lost hope for the successful implementation of this project by selling its share in the program of the Italian company AgustaWestland, which was a partner of Bell in the BA609 project. Italians saw in this program serious prospects and directed great efforts to further develop the convertoplan. As a result, the car received the designation AW609, and already at 2016, certification of this model is planned at the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

The flight test program of the AW609 Convertoplane is one of the most advanced competitors. Two prototypes, joined by two more cars, flew a total of 650 hours during the test. The raid is greater than that of competitors, but if we consider that the AW609 project has been under development for nine years, then we can say that this is quite a modest figure. During the tests, many planned stages were achieved, in particular, it was reported that the AW609 convertiplane reached the ceiling in 7620 m, and also developed a maximum speed equal to 509 km / h. According to the management of AgustaWestland, at the moment 85% of the planned test program has been completed.

Compared to competitors, AgustaWestland's tiltrotor has a speed advantage, which will certainly find positive feedback among a certain category of customers. The AW609 cabin capacity is nine people, which makes it suitable for use only in certain offshore operations, and the large size of the convertiplane will be an obstacle to its use in medical and rescue operations.

Experts suggest that AW609 will still be able to find its niche in passenger and corporate traffic, since this convertiplane will be able to land at various airports and at the same time will not occupy slots that have become precious in Europe. A park of such converters would link London airports to regional centers such as Birmingham or Southampton, freeing up slots for international flights. Thus, the AW609 model has a certain potential, it is only necessary to find supporters of these options.

According to AgustaWestland, orders for 70 of AW609 convertiplanes from 40 of various clients are currently received. The cost of the new model has not yet been announced, and AgustaWestland will reveal it two years before the start of mass production. The estimated leadership of the helicopter company, in general, should be built around 450-500 convertiplanes AW609.

Gradually, work on the AW609 project is moving towards completion. For example, during the International Aerospace Show Farnborough International 2012, AgustaWestland signed a number of key agreements with equipment suppliers for the AW609 project. One of the agreements was signed with the Pratt & Whitney Canada engine company, which will supply the PT6C-67A turboshaft engines for the new convertible. These power plants differ from their predecessors in improved performance, and their certification is scheduled for 2015. In recent years, these engines have already been used on the prototypes of the AW609, but the power plants that will go into mass production will differ in a number of improvements.

Moreover, as the management of Pratt & Whitney Canada notes, these turboshaft engines are specially adapted for modern converters, which will have to alternate vertical and horizontal flight methods.

The second agreement was signed with the company Rockwell Collins, which will be the supplier of avionics for the new convertoplane. The AW609 model will receive avionics and displays from the Pro Line Fusion series. This equipment will be in many ways similar to the Fusion avionics series, which are already used on modern turboprop aircraft and small business jets.

Note that the new avionics was first introduced by Rockwell Collins in October last year, and differs in the use of 14-inch touchscreen displays, as well as a number of other innovations, including MultiScan weather radar and others. According to the Rockwell Collins guide, with Fusion avionics AW609 will be able to manage just one pilot, in the event that the flights will be carried out according to the rules of IFR. The cab with the new equipment will be installed on the fourth convertiplane, which should be lifted into the air in 2014 g. In this case, Fusion EDS touchscreen displays must be certified at the end of 2013 g.

The third agreement, signed with the company BAE Systems, provides for the supply of upgraded on-board computers that will be combined with a fully digital electric remote control system. New on-board computers BAE Systmes will have to be certified in 2014, it is also reported that they will install special software developed by experts of Agusta Westland, in addition, they will include an electronic digital engine management system.

Also during the air show in Farnborough, it became known that AgustaWestland will offer its customers a new version of the AW609 convertoplan with an increased take-off weight. It is noted that in order to increase the payload, it will be necessary to sacrifice slightly the ability for the vertical take-off of this convertible, but nevertheless, this version, according to the company's management, will find its customers.

AgustaWestland representatives also explained that the take-off weight of the AW609 model could be 7600 kg or 8160 kg, with the heavier version being required by companies engaged in offshore operations. To perform the take-off, such a convertoplane will need a run with a length of 11 meters. In this case, all nine seats can be occupied, and the amount of fuel on board will allow you to fly a distance of 650 km. On an oil platform located far from the coast, the tiltrotor would be able to perform a vertical landing and take-off, taking into account the reduction in weight due to the fuel consumed. In this case, the cruising speed of AW609 during the flight would be equal to 460 km / h (taking into account the 30-minute fuel reserve).

Bell Helicopters in Farnborough demonstrated its new 525R Relentless helicopter, which belongs to the super middle class of rotary-wing machines, in other words, this helicopter belongs to the upper segment of the middle class. According to Bell Helicopters representatives, this car will be in demand by such buyers who need the properties of a heavy-class helicopter with operating costs typical of middle-class cars.

It is also reported that the first flight of the model 525R should take place in 2014, followed by a tough campaign of certification and flight tests, as well as the immediate start of production and supply of new machines. This twin-engine helicopter will be equipped with a five-blade propeller and will be able to fly to a distance of 925 km.

Russian helicopter companies have also not spared the Farnborough International 2012 air show. In particular, it was there that a preliminary agreement was signed between AgustaWestland and OJSC Helicopters of Russia on the joint development, production and sale of a new single-engine helicopter with a mass of 2,5 tons. It is known that the shares of both parties in this project will be divided in equal proportions of 50 / 50. It is also reported that the new helicopter will be sold on the world market and will find wide application in various fields.

Recall that in 2010, both companies have already established a joint venture HeliVert in Russia, where AW139 helicopters are being assembled. The new project, according to statements by the management of AgustaWestland, will be another step towards the development of cooperation between the two companies. The helicopter under development should be smaller and cheaper than the existing AW119ke Koala model, and at the same time it should compete with Eurocopter EC130 T2 helicopters.

AgustaWestland successfully completed the avisalon in Farnborough, signing contracts for the supply of new equipment, which are estimated at $ 370 million. In particular, agreements were signed on the supply of 10 helicopters AW139 for CHC, five AW139 for Era. Three AW139 helicopters were ordered by Japanese and Russian buyers. Specialist Aviation Services has signed a contract for the supply of six AW169 helicopters, while the Italian Police Service acquired two AW139 helicopters.

As for the company Eurocopter, the experts continue to closely monitor the development of the project X3. Recently, the X3 demonstrator completed his six-week US tour, and in September he will have to attend the ILA air show in Berlin. The aim of Eurocopter at the moment is to demonstrate the available technologies to potential customers of helicopters based on the X3 project, however, so far specific groups of customers have not yet been defined.

Eurocopter’s management has remained quite the characteristics demonstrated by the X3 helicopter during flight tests, especially the efficient operation of an electronic digital engine management system (FADEC).

At the same time, the European helicopter builder continues active work on other important projects. In particular, at the end of July it became known that a long-awaited contract was signed between Eurocopter and Turbomeca (Safran group) for the supply of TM800 gas turbine turboshaft engines for X4 new generation helicopters. According to Turbomeca, the latest technologies were used in the development of TM800 engines, including those that were confirmed by Tech 800 demo. TM800 engine certification is scheduled for 2017.

Continuing the strategy to update its lineup, Eurocopter recently announced the start of work on two new projects that received the code designations X6 and X9. Leading experts have long noted the need to upgrade the Super Puma helicopter family, which was introduced in 1981, and some models of this series continue to be produced to this day. New projects will be called up to fill a niche that could be formed after the termination of the production of Super Puma helicopters.

Work on these projects is designed for the long term, and so far precise details about the new programs have not been disclosed. All that is known is that the X9 helicopters will be produced at the Eurocopter plant in Donauworth together with the EC135 and EC145 models. Other details may become known later.
52 comments
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  1. +1
    30 August 2012 13: 32
    explain the flyers, well, are there really any prospects for convertiplanes? Are they turning out to want to remake all light-engine aviation?
    1. Vanek
      +1
      30 August 2012 13: 36
      Quote: vorobey
      here are the flyers, well, are there really any prospects for convertiplanes?


      Here Sergey (VAF) would answer. But.......

      Although I am not a "flyer", I think like this:

      - The thing is good, only on {EQ is not needed!
      1. empty
        +8
        30 August 2012 13: 46
        Quote: Vanek
        Here Sergey (VAF) would answer. But.......

        Prosrali, veteran recourse Well, now the esaul will explain that the Western convertiplanes have no prospects in front of ours !!! Russian convertiplanes, which will certainly be developed by 2020, will be the most convertible among all other convertiplanes in the world !!! laughing Rogozin will definitely tweet about it. laughing
        1. Vanek
          +2
          30 August 2012 13: 53
          Quote: empty
          Russian convertiplanes, which will certainly be developed by 2020, will be the most convertible among all other convertiplanes in the world !!


          So I say:

          Quote: Vanek
          - The thing is good, only on {EQ is not needed!
        2. +13
          30 August 2012 15: 11
          Quote: empty
          Russian convertiplanes that are sure to be developed by 2020

          “Envelope” and “plan” - the device is harsh,
          They managed to create one of them.
          And where are ours, these things
          So that they fly on them

          Instead of their "envelope"
          We have a “premise”, a motor to it
          Let them study - all experts,
          And instead of the “plan” - “Belomor”

          He will probably fly cooler
          What could be the conversation
          Although it may not be so sonorous
          Our Russian "Poslomor"
          drinks
          1. empty
            +5
            30 August 2012 15: 15
            Quote: Tatanka Yotanka
            “Envelope” and “plan” - the device is harsh,
            They managed to create one of them.
            And where are ours, these things
            So that they fly on them


            You have deeply penetrated the topic,
            We still have ideas
            Will come to replace this "miracle",
            Simple Russian shit truck

            But I dare to assure you
            What evil to all monks,
            Ours will not be hypocrites,
            And they will only "cut the loot"
            drinks
            1. +3
              30 August 2012 15: 52
              Quote: empty
              Simple Russian shit truck

              But I dare to assure you
              What evil to all monks,
              Ours will not be hypocrites,
              And they will only "cut the loot"

              Crap a terrible weapon
              It is equated as b.o.v. (fights. Poison. News)
              Not for nothing that the Americans piss
              For the fate of their cities

              Leave your all doubt
              About all kickbacks and loot
              While Russia is still alive
              It will be shit for free
              1. empty
                +1
                30 August 2012 15: 57
                Quote: Tatanka Yotanka
                Crap a terrible weapon


                The way shit is used is not always fair,
                We bear losses, mastering it in the darkness,
                Yesterday, here’s just a swift known,
                Again "blown up" on shit.
                drinks
                1. +3
                  30 August 2012 16: 14
                  Quote: empty
                  Again "blown up" on shit.

                  For this quality, everything is complicated
                  I’ll tell you I don’t sleep ....
                  with shit, especially careful
                  You have to have business with him.
                  drinks
                  1. empty
                    +2
                    30 August 2012 16: 28
                    Quote: Tatanka Yotanka

                    with shit, especially careful
                    You have to have business with him.


                    I don’t know, probably a retrograde,
                    Not deal with shit I'd be glad
                    And only instinct and the body,
                    Pushes on this archaism

                    drinks
                    1. +7
                      30 August 2012 17: 53
                      Well, two poets have gathered
                      Talk about something about eta
                      Their muse with a smell, she
                      Spun around only gvna. wassat
                      1. empty
                        +1
                        30 August 2012 17: 57
                        Quote: tan0472
                        Their muse with a smell, she
                        Spun around only gvna.


                        Fortunately, tan0472 appeared,
                        And in that shit he drowned
                        Poets peacefully discussed the misfortune
                        Arm in arm with the Muses together withdrew. wassat
                      2. +1
                        30 August 2012 18: 05
                        Mighty thought and rhyme cool
                        And it’s dangerous for me to argue with Lyokha
                        The poet is magnificent, but
                        Again in verses only about g.vno wassat
                      3. empty
                        +1
                        30 August 2012 18: 12
                        Quote: tan0472
                        Again in verses only about g.vno


                        Well, how it happened
                        That positive didn’t take root,
                        Well, if you say a word to bummer,
                        I will write about another hi

                        About the construction of boats
                        That amer was quickly "blown away"
                        Everything will be hurt soon
                        And then all will come to us laughing
                      4. 0
                        30 August 2012 19: 42
                        Quote: empty
                        And then all will come to us

                        He’ll come, what’s up there
                        I hope you are waiting for a woman? lol
                      5. +2
                        30 August 2012 19: 00
                        Quote: tan0472
                        Their muse with a smell, she
                        Spun around only gvna.

                        Drawn, what kind of fruit?
                        Shit - because our natural product
                        Muse spun around feces
                        And in the spirit of nashensky realities
                        wassat
                      6. +2
                        30 August 2012 19: 49
                        Quote: Tatanka Yotanka
                        Shit - because our natural product

                        Shit is not only our product
                        What is there to talk about him
                        So, why do we get this "fruit"
                        Now spread on bread? No.
                      7. Che
                        Che
                        0
                        31 August 2012 11: 45
                        tan0472,
                        Well, you brothers broke up. +++. wassat In general, back in the seventies there were our developments on this topic. There have been successes. Now everything has sailed to the West.
    2. fern
      +1
      30 August 2012 14: 10
      And here's another interesting one. And in the future, the appearance of the same machines, but with jet engines, is not expected? and in general, is this possible in principle?
      1. empty
        0
        30 August 2012 14: 15
        Quote: Farn
        And in the future, the appearance of the same machines, but with jet engines, is not expected?

        Already there were fighters with vertical take-off. something is not very promising this direction ... Opinion of the amateur hi
        1. +1
          30 August 2012 14: 23
          Well, how can I say, YAK-38 was successful in many cases with all its failures, and they have specific functions - also my lamer IMHO
          1. FID
            +8
            30 August 2012 14: 39
            In the Yakovlev Design Bureau, the Yak-141 was developed and tested (including on an aircraft carrier cruiser) (this is about vertical lines). It had no and has no analogues. The tiltrotor was originally created for reconnaissance and sabotage operations: average speed (between jet and helicopters), the ability to take off and land from unequipped sites, etc. Disadvantages: when turning the engines horiz. the situation is possible loss of speed with all the ensuing, the complexity of the synchronization of the rotors and some others. Due to the complexity of operation, the Americans generally wanted to abandon the Osprey, but then they built about 100-150 pieces. Pretty dangerous stuff.
            1. 0
              30 August 2012 15: 24
              F-35 analogue of the Yak-141 actually.
              1. 0
                30 August 2012 15: 37
                Only the power is different, in the F-35 there is one jet engine, while in the Yak there were three.
              2. FID
                +2
                30 August 2012 15: 48
                Somewhat wrong. The official name of the F-35 is a short take-off and vertical landing airplane. Americans have no verticals. Used by the English Harriers. The F-35 was created as a 5th generation fighter-bomber. For the Navy - they put a fan (creates vertical thrust) and a deviating nozzle of the marching engine. And the Yak-141 was created as a vertical take-off and landing aircraft. It could be operated from aircraft carriers without a springboard and catapult. And did not apply for the 5th generation, but the flight performance was outstanding.
                1. +1
                  30 August 2012 16: 06
                  I agree. But where did the question begin - can there be a machine like a convertiplane, with a jet engine. We are talking about deck-based fighter-bombers, and their load is not very big - this is the time, and very compact - these are two. And now let's imagine a similar car for transportation, well, let the separation of soldiers with full equipment - this is the most minimal option.
                  1. FID
                    +2
                    30 August 2012 16: 26
                    Can. Deviation nozzles have long been created. Uneconomical. It takes about half of the fuel supply to jet thrust (with vertical take-off, and if you add a load .... The simplest example of vertical take-off with jet thrust is a rocket). Rotors are much more economical.
                    1. +1
                      30 August 2012 16: 39
                      Uh-huh ... Let's wait for the engines to appear from the nozzles of which a cold blue flame bursts out, as in the masterpiece of fantastic space serials. How is it ... "In a distant, distant galaxy ...." winked
                      1. fern
                        0
                        30 August 2012 18: 53
                        Well, yes, something like this)
            2. 0
              31 August 2012 11: 20
              That's why the future of the project seems ambiguous to me .... if I were a buyer, I would see how it will be operated by others ... for at least five years ...
        2. 0
          30 August 2012 16: 30
          Promisingly, but not with current technology
      2. 0
        30 August 2012 18: 40
        Quote: Farn
        the appearance of the same machines, but with jet engines is not expected


        Yes, it’s easier than ever! They consume fuel immeasurably, so it makes no sense, it turns out expensive operation and few kilometers at one gas station.
        1. fern
          0
          30 August 2012 18: 44
          Well, in this case, you probably just need to wait for a technological breakthrough or development. When they find better fuel and less expensive engines)
    3. Igorboss16
      +1
      30 August 2012 16: 52
      and ours are doing their best good
  2. +2
    30 August 2012 13: 38
    there was also a rotorcraft in the USSR
    1. 0
      30 August 2012 13: 54
      It was a very long time and is no longer true ..... No.
      As always, there are no funds for new developments, and all the smart heads not needed by our state have long been working abroad. sad
    2. Skiff
      +9
      30 August 2012 14: 06
      Mi-30 - a project of the Soviet multi-purpose tiltrotor, developed by the cost center. M.L. Mila under the direction of M.N. Tishchenko in 1972. Inside the design bureau, this design scheme had its own name "propeller". The main task was to provide such parameters of speed and flight range that would exceed the similar parameters of helicopters. The Mi-30 tiltrotor was considered as a replacement for the Mi-8 multipurpose helicopter in the future. As the power plant, it was supposed to use two TV3-117 engines located above the cargo compartment, which were supposed to actuate by means of a transmission two main rotors with a diameter of 11 m each. The estimated flight speed was to be 500 - 600 km / h, flight range - 800 km, take-off weight - 10,6 tons. The Mi-30 in the original project was intended for passenger and freight transportation of 19 passengers or 2 tons of cargo [1]. Subsequently, the carrying capacity was increased to 3-5 tons, and passenger capacity up to 32 people
  3. Skiff
    +8
    30 August 2012 14: 16

    USSR (Russia) Ka-34 rotorcraft design. Cross-sectional design. Coaxial rotors. Coaxial pulling screws on the theater. Designed as a transport

    The project of a military rotary-wing transverse circuit. Kamov. B-100.

    By the way, few people know that when creating the Mi-28 attack helicopter, various schemes were also investigated. Here is one of the proposed variants of the Mi-28. Cross-sectional scheme. Pusher propeller.

    Mi-42 combat helicopter project

    Also unique in its own way from Yakovlev Design Bureau. A heavy military transport helicopter known under the index Yak GDP-6
    1. Windbreak
      0
      31 August 2012 10: 59
      rotorcraft and tiltrotor all the same different things
  4. +1
    30 August 2012 14: 21
    Quote: Farn
    And here's another interesting one. And in the future, the appearance of the same machines, but with jet engines, is not expected? and in general, is this possible in principle?

    If I am not mistaken, to do this, it is necessary that the engine thrust at least allows you to keep the car in the air and at the same time there should be a reserve for maneuvering. So far, there are no such engines.
    PS Harrier, F-35 vertical - this is not something there just for landing and take-off, there is no question of any more or less active maneuvering. Yes, and with their load capacity in any way.
  5. Nasty
    0
    30 August 2012 14: 32
    Mi-xnumx, what, with the reverse sweep of the wing?
    Is that a chip?
  6. +2
    30 August 2012 14: 45
    Quote: Nadyt
    Mi-xnumx, what, with the reverse sweep of the wing?
    Is that a chip?

    So in my opinion we have all the turntables where there are wings, either with straight or with reverse sweep - does it make sense to lose the lifting force by putting a sweep? Tea is not supersonic speed.
  7. Nechai
    0
    30 August 2012 14: 53
    Quote: Wedmak
    reverse sweep

    In my opinion, with reverse sweep there is a significantly greater lifting force than even with a direct wing.
    1. black_eagle
      +1
      30 August 2012 15: 00
      The Su-47 is 30-50% at similar speeds with its cassic counterparts without PGO
  8. 0
    30 August 2012 14: 59
    Quote: Nechai
    In my opinion, with reverse sweep there is a significantly greater lifting force than even with a direct wing.

    Duc, I said that. In order of increasing lifting force, ceteris paribus - swept, direct, reverse swept.
  9. Darck
    0
    30 August 2012 15: 22
    The old news, convertiplanes are needed in any case, since they are superior to helicopters (according to a number of characteristics). The same Osprey showed himself very well.
    1. Senzey
      0
      30 August 2012 16: 22
      If they bring to perfection, the synchronization of operation and rotation of the engines will be a good apparatus, and any malfunctions in the operation of one engine can lead to disaster.

      1. +1
        30 August 2012 16: 53
        Reality begins with fantasies, in computer toys "rotorcraft" are already presented as formidable combat vehicles. For fun, here's a picture from Fallout 3 (borrowed from a kid). Probably not for nothing that science fiction writers dream, there is a good perspective in tiltrotors.
        1. +1
          30 August 2012 17: 01
          100% they have a shit with technology, why not reactive?
          This is a more pragmatic option - the landing ship from the cartoon "Final Fantasy: Spirits Within".
          1. fern
            0
            30 August 2012 19: 06
            Well, the one that I posted above is Crysis. In my opinion, it is closer to reality than anyone else
            1. 0
              30 August 2012 22: 24
              Yes, the funny thing is that they will be alike after all! A little lower, too, the Avatar copter, there are doubts about the control scheme, but the concept is interesting.
  10. iSpoiler
    +1
    30 August 2012 17: 45
    In Avatar, they’ve done Pts cool ...
  11. escobar
    0
    30 August 2012 19: 41
    Similar devices look futuristically in flight.
    http://sfw.org.ua/1148947346-konvertoplan-bell-v-22-osprey.html
    1. 0
      30 August 2012 22: 26
      And in my opinion somehow ... awkward or something ... The impression is that in a panic waving screws, grabs the air, afraid to fall.
      1. 0
        30 August 2012 23: 44
        Nevertheless - the machine is interesting
  12. MI-AS-72
    0
    30 August 2012 21: 30
    From the ugly "duck" Farman turned out to be the white swan TU-160, from the tiltrotor, a bubbling one will also appear, what it will be and will be in Russia. That is the question. In the meantime, it is more of a platform for demonstrating capabilities with little conditions for use.
    1. 0
      30 August 2012 22: 36
      Many years will pass ... Would Farman's contemporary believe that such a colossus as the Tu-160 would rise into the air, and even fly supersonic? What would he say looking at the pirouettes of the Su-35? The idea of ​​wings was slammed in birds, but it was implemented differently. Perhaps in 50 years we will not recognize this "platform" at all.
  13. bremest
    0
    30 August 2012 21: 36
    I read somewhere that our designers encountered big problems in safety issues when operating similar machines, so it was decided to abandon them, but the Americans went a little further, but judging by the accidents, they rake the same way.
  14. +3
    30 August 2012 23: 21
    The USSR was developing convertiplanes back in 1972, and the United States was only able to deal with them in 2000. What kind of su ... but ... is it a country? I wouldn’t have been tagged with EBN, I can’t imagine - it’s breathtaking. The fact that Orlyonki and KM stood guard over the Fatherland, I have no doubt about that. And now, all former priorities have been lost and are slipping further and further. For this, the ministers of the Medvedev government found property outside the borders of their homeland. Sincerely.
    1. Windbreak
      +1
      31 August 2012 10: 57
      Quote: suharev-52
      The USSR was developing convertiplanes back in 1972, and the United States could only deal with them in 2000

      the Soviet convertiplane remained just a project, and the Americans began developing the XV-15 in 1973 and 4 years later it flew

    2. White
      0
      31 August 2012 11: 31
      People who believe that all the best or in general everything is created in the Union or Russia live a world of illusions. Go to the Airwar.ru website in the catalog - experimental devices section and see how much and what the USA did in its time in metal and not on paper.

      Doak 16 VZ-4
      XFV-1 Salmon
      Boeing Vertol Model 76 (VZ-2)
      Ryan 92 VZ-3 Vertiplane
      Lockheed XV-4A and XV-4B
      Convair XFY-1 Pogo
      Bell xv-3
      Ryan xv-5
      Ryan X-13
      Bell xv-15
      Hiller X-18
      Curtiss-Wright X-19
      Bell x-22a
      Bell D-188A/XF-109

      But the German
      Dornier do-31
      Vak-191 b
      EWR-Sud VJ-101