Russian-Lithuanian War 1512-1522 Joining Smolensk land
Eternal Peace, signed on October 8 on the 1508 of the year between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy, became just another temporary respite and lasted only two years. The reason for the new war was the information received by Vasily III Ivanovich about the arrest of his sister Alena (Helena) Ivanovna, the widows of the great Lithuanian Prince Alexander Kazimirovich. She was arrested after an unsuccessful attempt to leave for Moscow. In addition, to the limit exacerbated the relations of the two powers conclusion of a treaty between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate. Sigismund I Old instigated the Crimean Tatars to attack the southern Russian lands. At the request of the Polish king, in May 1512, detachments of Crimean Tatars under the command of the sons of the Khan Mengli Giray “princes” Ahmet Giray and Burnash-Girei, came under the cities of Belev, Odoyev, Aleksin and Kolomna. Tatars ravaged the Russian lands across the Oka River and safely left, taking a huge full. The Russian regiments led by the sovereign's brothers Andrei and Yuri Ivanovich, voivod Daniel Scheney, Alexander Rostovsky, and others, could not prevent the Crimean horde. They had a strict order of Basil III to limit the defense line on the river Oka. Three more times in 1512, the Crimean Tatars invaded the Russian lands: in June, July and October. In June, they attacked the Seversk land, but were defeated. In July, on the frontier of the Ryazan principality, “prince” Mohammed-Girey was put to flight. However, the autumn invasion of the Crimean horde was successful. Crimean Tatars even laid siege to the capital of the Ryazan principality - Pereyaslavsl-Ryazan. They could not take the city, but they ravaged all the surroundings and took many people into slavery.
The outbreak of war
In the autumn of 1512, Moscow received information that the Tatar invasions of this year were the consequences of the Crimean-Lithuanian treaty directed against the Russian state. Moscow in November declares war on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the middle of November 1512, the advance team of the Vyazma governor, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Repny Obolensky and Ivan Chelyadnin, marched. The army received the task, without stopping at Smolensk, to go further to Orsha and Drutsk. There, the foremost army was to unite with the detachments of the princes Vasily Shvikh Odoyevsky and Semyon Kurbsky, who advanced from Great Onions to Broslavl (Braslavl).
December 19 The main forces of the Russian army, commanded by the emperor Vasily Ivanovich himself, marched on a campaign 1512. In January, the Russian army 1513, numbering up to 60 thousands of soldiers with 140 guns, approached Smolensk and began the siege of the fortress. At the same time, strikes were made in other directions. The Novgorod army commanded by the princes Vasily Vasilyevich Shuisky and Boris Ulanov advanced in the direction of the Hill. The army of Vasily Ivanovich Shemyachich came out on the Seversk land on a hike to Kiev. He was able to burn the Kiev suburbs with a sudden attack. Regiments I. Repni Obolensky, I. Chelyadnin, V. Odoyevsky and S. Kurbsky. Fulfilling the order of the Grand Duke, they passed by fire and sword over a vast territory, ravaging the environs of Orsha, Drutsk, Borisov, Blavlavl, Vitebsk and Minsk.
The siege of Smolensk did not give positive results. The garrison stubbornly defended. At the very beginning of the siege, in January, the Moscow army attempted to take the fortress practically on the move. In the attack participated walking city militias, including the Pskov pishtilniki. However, the garrison repulsed the assault, with heavy losses for the Grand Duke's troops - killed up to 2 thousand people. Artillery shelling of the Smolensk fortress did not help either. The situation was complicated by the winter conditions of the siege, the difficulties of supplying the army with food and fodder. As a result, after 6 weeks of siege, the command decided to retreat. In early March, the army was already in the area of Moscow. 17 March, it was decided to prepare a new march to Smolensk, he was appointed for the summer of that year.
In the new attack on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, very significant forces took part. The Grand Duke Vasily himself stopped in Borovsk, sending his commanders to the Lithuanian cities. 80-thousand Smolensk was again besieged by the army under the command of Ivan Repni Obolensky and Andrei Saburov. 24-thousand army under the command of Prince Mikhail Glinsky laid siege to Polotsk. 8-thousand A detachment of Glinsky forces surrounded Vitebsk. 14-thousand detachment was sent to Orsha. In addition, part of the Moscow troops under the command of Prince Alexander of Rostov and Mikhail Bulgakov-Golitsy, along with detachments of the Verkhov princes, were deployed on the southern frontiers to defend against the Crimean Tatars.
As before, the main events took place near Smolensk. The capture of Smolensk was the main task of this campaign. The siege of the city began in August 1513. At its very beginning, the Lithuanian troops under the command of the viceroy Yury Glebovich (shortly before the beginning of the second siege the garrison was replenished with hired infantry) gave battle behind the walls of the city. The Lithuanians were able to press the regiment of Repni Obolensky, but soon they were put to flight by reinforcements arrived. The Lithuanians suffered significant losses and retreated beyond the city walls. The Moscow army began a siege, bombarding the fortress. The gunners tried to break through the walls so that they could go on the assault. However, the garrison covered the wooden walls with earth and stones, and they withstood artillery fire. Only advanced fortifications and towers could break. Several times Russian troops went on the attack, but the garrison was able to repel all attacks. Nevertheless, it was clear that without outside help, the Smolensk garrison would not last long.
At this time, Sigismund I assembled an 40-thousand army and moved troops to the rescue of besieged Vitebsk, Polotsk and Smolensk. The advanced Lithuanian troops appeared in the battle area in October. Grand Prince Vasily, who was with the army, decided not to take the battle and move away. Following the main forces, the rest of the detachments retreated to their territory. However, this retreat did not violate the plans of the Grand Duke of Moscow, the war was continued.
Campaign 1514 of the year. Battle of Orsha (8 September 1514 of the year)At the end of May 1514, Vasily Ivanovich for the third time moved his regiments, first to Dorogobuzh, and then to Smolensk. The commander of the army was Daniel Schenya, Ivan Chelyadnin (governor of the Big Regiment), Mikhail Glinsky and Mikhail Gorbaty (Advanced Regiment). 8 June 1514, the Grand Duke of Moscow himself marched, his younger brothers, Yuri Dmitrovsky and Semyon Kaluzhsky, went with him. Another brother, Dmitri Ivanovich Zhilka, was standing in Serpukhov, guarding the flank against a possible strike by the Crimean horde.
The fall of Smolensk. The Polish king and grand duke of Lithuania, Sigismund I the Old, knowing about the inevitability of the new Russian attack on Smolensk, put the garrison at the head of an experienced governor, Yuri Sologub. 16 May 1514 of the year 80-th. Russian army with 140 guns laid siege to Smolensk for the third time. As before, separate detachments were sent under Orsha, Mstislavl, Krichev and Polotsk. The siege of Smolensk lasted three months. Two weeks went engineering training: a picket fence was built around the Smolensk fortress, slingshots were erected in front of the gates to prevent garrison sorties, and positions for guns were set up. Sources report a powerful bombardment of the city and mention the name of the best Russian Pushkar - Stephen, who caused significant damage to the defense of Smolensk. In the Voskresenskaya chronicle it is said that the Russian soldiers “set their guns on the big ones near the city,” and the grand prince “led the castle on all sides, and the attacks were great without perfume, and with the fire guns in the castle.” The actions of the Russian artillery and the long absence of assistance ultimately broke the resolve of the garrison.
The Smolensk garrison offered to start negotiations on an armistice, but this request was rejected by Grand Duke Basil III, who demanded immediate surrender. Under pressure from the townspeople, the Lithuanian garrison 31 July surrendered. 1 August, the Russian army solemnly entered the city. The Bishop of Smolensk Varsonofy served a prayer service, during which the citizens swore allegiance to the Moscow monarch. Smolensk governor Yury Sologub refused to take the oath and was released to Lithuania, where he was executed for surrendering the fortress.
Battle of Orsha (8 September 1514 of the year)
The fall of Smolensk caused a great resonance. Almost immediately, Moscow’s sovereign was sworn in by the closest cities — Mstislavl, Krichev, and Dubrovna. Vasily III, inspired by this victory, demanded that his commanders continue offensive actions. An army under the command of Mikhail Glinsky was sent to Orsha, and the troops of Mikhail Holitsov, Dmitry Bulgakov and Ivan Chelyadnin were sent to Borisov, Minsk and Drutsk.
However, the plans of the Russian command became known to the enemy. Prince Mikhail Lvovich Glinsky, during the Russian-Lithuanian war 1507 — 1508. betrayed Lithuania (details in the article VO: Little-known wars of the Russian state: Russian-Lithuanian war 1507-1508.), now betrayed Moscow. Prince Glinsky was unhappy with the refusal of Basil III to transfer to him the hereditary possession of the Smolensk principality. One of the trusted servants of Glinsky informed the governor Mikhail Holitsa about the treason of Mikhail Glinsky. The prince was seized, Sigismund letters were found with him. Thanks to his betrayal, the enemy received information about the size, location and routes of movement of the Russian army.
Forces of the parties. Sigismund left 4-thousand with him in Borisov the detachment and the rest of the army moved towards the forces of Mikhail Holitz Bulgakov. The commander of the Polish-Lithuanian army was the experienced commander the great Lithuanian hetman Konstantin Ivanovich Ostrozhsky and the outdoor hetman of the Polish Crown Janusz Sverchovsky.
The number of Russian forces is unknown. It is clear that there was only part of the Russian army. After the capture of Smolensk, the emperor Vasily Ivanovich himself went to Dorogobuzh, several detachments were sent to destroy the Lithuanian lands. Part of the forces moved south to repel a possible strike of the Crimean Tatars. Therefore, the maximum number of troops of Mikhail Holitsa Bulgakov and Ivan Chelyadnin was 35-40 thousand. Historian A. N. cites other numbers. He bases his calculation of the size of the Russian army near Orsha on the mobilization ability of those cities whose people were in the regiments of Bulgakov and Chelyadnin. Lobin points out that in the shelves, besides the children of the boyars of the Sovereign, there were people from 14 cities: Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiy Luk, Kostroma, Murom, Tver, Borovsk, Volokol, Roslavl, Vyazma, Pereyaslavl, Kolomna, Yaroslavl and Starodub. The army was: 400-500 Tatars, about 200 children of the boyars of the Sovereign Regiment, about 3 thousand Novgorod and Pskov, 3,6 thousand representatives of other cities, only about 7,2 thousand nobles. With battle serfs, the number of troops was 13-15 thousand soldiers. Considering the losses during the offensive, the nobles' departures from the service (the wounded and the sick had the right to leave), noted in the sources, Lobin said, the number of soldiers could be about 12 thousand people. In fact, it was the so-called. "Light army", which was sent to the raid on enemy territory. The personnel of the “light rati” was specially recruited from all regiments and included young, “frisky” boyar children with a significant number of good horses and battle serfs with spare and pack horses.
The Lithuanian army was a feudal militia, consisted of "povetovy khorugvy" - territorial military units. According to another principle, the Polish army was built. The noble militia still played a large role in it, but the Polish generals used the hired infantry much more widely. The Poles recruited mercenaries in Livonia, Germany and Hungary. A distinctive feature of the mercenaries was the widespread use of firearms. weapons. The Polish command relied on the interaction of all the armed forces on the battlefield: heavy and light cavalry, infantry, and field artillery. The number of the Polish army is also unknown. According to the 16th century Polish historian Maciej Stryjkovsky, the combined Polish-Lithuanian forces numbered about 25-26 thousand soldiers: 15 thousand Lithuanian commonwealth, 3 thousand Lithuanian nobles, 5 thousand heavy Polish cavalry, 3 K. K. (Of these, 4 thousand were left with the king in Borisov). According to the Polish historian Z. Zhigulsky, there were about 35 thousand people under the command of the hetman of Ostrogsky: 15 thousand Lithuanian commonwealth, 17 thousand mercenary Polish cavalry and infantry with good artillery, and 3 thousand volunteer cavalry exposed by Polish magnates. Russian historian A.N. Lobin believes that the Polish-Lithuanian forces were approximately equal to the Russians - 12-16 thousand people. However, the Polish-Lithuanian army was more powerful, incorporating light and heavy cavalry, heavy infantry and artillery.
Battle. The troops of Ostrog 27 in August 1514 of the year, having crossed the Berezina, with a sudden attack shot down two advanced Russian detachments that were stationed on the Bobr and Drovi rivers. Having learned about the approach of the enemy troops, the main forces of the Moscow troops withdrew from the Drutsk fields, crossed to the left bank of the Dnieper and settled between Orsha and Dubrovno, on the River Krapivna. On the eve of the decisive battle, the troops stood on opposite sides of the Dnieper. Moscow governors apparently decided to repeat the battle of Vedrosh for the Russian arms. They did not interfere with the Lithuanians to direct the crossing and cross the Dnieper. In addition, according to Polish and Russian sources, the hetman of Ostrog began negotiations with the Russian governors; At this time, the Polish-Lithuanian troops crossed the Dnieper. On the night of September 8, the Lithuanian cavalry crossed the river and covered the crossings for infantry and field artillery. From the rear, the troops of the great Lithuanian hetman Konstantin of Ostrog were the Dnieper, and the right flank rested against the swampy Krapivnu river. Hetman built his army in two lines. In the first line was the cavalry. Polish heavy cavalry was only the fourth part of the first line and stood in the center, representing its right half. The second half of the center and the left and right flanks were Lithuanian cavalry. In the second line was infantry and field artillery.
The Russian army was built in three lines for a frontal attack. The command placed two large cavalry detachments along the flanks in the distance, they had to reach the enemy, break through to the rear, destroy the bridges and surround the Polish-Lithuanian troops. It must be said that the inconsistency of the actions of the Russian forces contributed to the success of the Polish-Lithuanian troops. Mikhail Bulgakov had a local dispute with Chelyadnin. Under the leadership of Bulgakov was the regiment of the Right Hand, which he led into battle on his own initiative. The regiment attacked the left flank of the Polish-Lithuanian army. Voivode hoped to crush the enemy flank and go to the enemy in the rear. Initially, the Russian attack developed successfully and, if the rest of the Russian forces had entered the battle, a radical change could have occurred in the battle. Only a counterattack of the elite cavalry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - the hussars (winged hussars), under the command of the most courtly hetman Janusz Sverchovsky, stopped the attack of the Russian forces. Bulgakov's troops retreated to their original positions.
After the failure of the attack of Prince M. Bulgakov, Chelyadnin brought the main forces into battle. The advanced regiment under the command of Prince Ivan Tyomka-Rostovsky struck the positions of the enemy infantry. The left-flank squad, under the leadership of Prince Ivan Pronsky, launched an offensive on the right flank of the Lithuanian Commonwealth's destruction of Yuri Radzivil. After stubborn resistance, the Lithuanian cavalry intentionally fled and led the Russians into an artillery ambush - a narrow spot between the ravines and the spruce grove. A field artillery volley became a signal for the general offensive of the Polish-Lithuanian forces. Now Prince Mikhail Holitsa Bulgakov did not support Ivan Celyadnin. The outcome of the battle was decided by the new strike of the Polish patrons - they had already hit the main Russian forces. The regiments of Chelyadnin turned to flight. Part of the Russian troops was pressed to Krapivna, where the Russians suffered the main losses. Polish-Lithuanian army won a convincing victory.
The outcome of the battle. 11, including Ivan Chelyadnin, Mikhail Bulgakov, were taken prisoner from 6 by large Russian commanders; two more died. The King and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund I, in their triumphant messages and letters to the European rulers, said that the Russian army was defeated by 80 thousand, the Russians lost to the killed and prisoners to 30 thousand. This message was received by the Master of the Livonian Order, the Lithuanians wanted to win over him, so that Livonia would oppose Moscow. In principle, the death of the left-flank cavalry detachment of the Russian army is beyond doubt. However, it is clear that most of the Russian troops, mostly cavalry, after the impact of the Polish flying hussars, most likely, simply dispersed, suffering certain losses. Talk about the destruction of most of the Russian 12 thousand or 35 thousand troops do not have to. And the more you can not talk about the defeat of 80 thousand Russian army (most of the Russian armed forces of the time). Otherwise, Lithuania would have won the war.
The battle ended with a tactical victory of the Polish-Lithuanian army and the retreat of Moscow forces, but the strategic importance of the battle was insignificant. The Lithuanians were able to recapture several small border fortresses, but Smolensk remained behind the Muscovite state.
Battle of Orsha. XVI century engraving
Further fighting. Campaign 1515-1516
As a result of the defeat at Orsha, all three cities that came under the rule of Vasily III, after the fall of Smolensk (Mstislavl, Krichev and Dubrovna), were deposited from Moscow. In Smolensk, a conspiracy arose, headed by Bishop Barsanuphius. The conspirators sent a letter to the Polish king, with the promise to surrender Smolensk. However, the plans of the bishop and his supporters were destroyed by the decisive actions of the new Smolensk governor Vasily Vasilyevich Dumb Shuisky. With the help of the townspeople, he uncovered a conspiracy: the traitors were executed, they spared only the bishop (he was sent into exile). When hetman Ostrozhsky approached the city with a 6-thousand detachment, the traitors were hung on the walls in front of the enemy troops. Ostrozhsky made several attacks, but the walls were strong, the garrison and the townspeople, led by Shuisky, fought bravely. In addition, he had no siege artillery, winter was approaching, the number of soldiers moving home was increasing. Ostrog was forced to lift the siege and retreat. The garrison even pursued him and captured part of the wagon train.
In 1515 — 1516 a number of mutual raids were carried out on the border areas, there was no large-scale hostilities. 28 January 1515, the Pskov governor Andrei Saburov, called himself a turncoat and captured Roslavl with a sudden attack. Russian troops went to Mstislavl and Vitebsk. In 1516, Russian troops ravaged the environs of Vitebsk.
In the summer of 1515, detachments of Polish mercenaries under the command of J. Sverchowski raided Veliki Luk and Toropets lands. The enemy did not succeed in capturing the cities, but the environs were severely ravaged. Sigismund still tried to create a broad anti-Russian coalition. In the summer of 1515, in Vienna, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian met with Sigismund I and his brother, the Hungarian king Vladislav. In exchange for the termination of the cooperation of the Holy Roman Empire with the Muscovite State, Sigismund agreed to renounce claims to the Czech Republic and Moravia. In 1516, a small detachment of Lithuanians launched an attack on Gomel, this attack was easily repelled. In these years, Sigismund was not in the mood for a big war with Moscow - the army was one of the Crimean "princes" Ali Arslan, despite allied relations established between the Polish king and Khan Mohammed Giray, attacked the Lithuanian border areas. Preparing a trip to Smolensk was disrupted.
Moscow needed time to recover from the defeat at Orsha. In addition, the Russian government had to solve the Crimean problem. In the Crimean Khanate, after the death of Khan Mengli-Giray, his son Mohammed-Giray came to power, and he was known for his hostility towards Moscow. Moscow’s attention was distracted by the situation in Kazan, where Khan Mohammed-Amin was seriously ill.
1517 Campaign
At 1517, Sigismund planned a major expedition to the north-west of Russia. The army under the command of Konstantin Ostrogsky was concentrated in Polotsk. His blow should have been supported by the Crimean Tatars. They were paid a considerable sum by the Lithuanian ambassador Olbracht Gastold who arrived in Bakhchisarai. Therefore, the Russian state was forced to divert the main forces to parry the threat from the south, and the Polish-Lithuanian army had to repel the blow by local forces. Summer 1517 of the year 20-th. Tatar army attacked the Tula region. However, the Russian army was ready and the Tatar “pens” detachments that had spread throughout Tula’s land were attacked and utterly routed by the regiments of Vasily Odoyevsky and Ivan Vorotynsky. In addition, the path of retreat began to retreat the enemy cut "foot people Ukrainian." Tatars suffered significant losses. In November, the Crimean detachments were defeated, which invaded Seversk land.
In September 1517, the Polish king moved the army from Polotsk to Pskov. By sending troops on the march, Sigismund simultaneously tried to lull Moscow’s vigilance by initiating peace negotiations. At the head of the Polish-Lithuanian army was the hetman of Ostrog, its composition consisted of Lithuanian regiments (commander - J. Radzivil) and Polish mercenaries (commander - J. Sverchovsky). Very soon the error of the attack on Pskov became clear. 20 September, the enemy reached the small Russian fortress Opochka. The army was forced to stop for a long time, not daring to leave this Pskov suburb in the rear. A small garrison defended the fortress under the command of Vasily Saltykov-Morozov. The siege of the fortress dragged on, negating the main advantage of the Lithuanian invasion - surprise. October 6 Polish-Lithuanian troops after the bombing of the fortress moved to its assault. However, the garrison repulsed a poorly prepared enemy attack, the Lithuanians suffered heavy losses. Ostrozhsky did not dare to a new assault and began to wait for reinforcements and siege cannons. Several Lithuanian detachments, which were sent to other Pskov suburbs, broke. Prince Alexander of Rostov crushed 4-thousand. enemy squad, Ivan Cherny Kolychev destroyed 2-thousand. enemy regiment. Ivan Lyatsky defeated two enemy units: 6-thousand. the regiment in 5 versts from the main camp of Ostrog and the army of the governor Cherkas Khreptov, which went to join the hetman to Opochka. A wagon train was captured, all the cannons, and the enemy voivode himself squeaked. Because of the successful actions of the Russian forces, Ostrozhsky was forced on October 18 to lift the siege and retreat. The withdrawal was so hasty that the enemy left the whole “military dispensation”, including siege artillery.
The failure of Sigismund’s offensive strategy became apparent. In fact, the unsuccessful campaign depleted the financial capabilities of Lithuania and put an end to attempts to change the course of the war in their favor. Failed and attempted negotiations. Basil III was firm and refused to return Smolensk.
The last years of the war
In 1518, Moscow was able to allocate significant forces for the war with Lithuania. In June, the Novgorod-Pskov army headed by Vasily Shuisky and his brother Ivan Shuisky, 1518, advanced from Great Onions towards Polotsk. It was the most important stronghold of Lithuania on the northeast borders of the principality. Auxiliary blows were delivered deep into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A detachment of Mikhail Gorbaty raided Molodechno and the outskirts of Vilna. The regiment of Seeds Kurbsky reached Minsk, Slutsk and Mogilev. Detachments of Andrei Kurbsky and Andrei Gorbaty devastated the environs of Vitebsk. Raid Russian cavalry inflicted significant economic and moral damage to the enemy.
However, near Polotsk, the Russian army did not achieve success. At the beginning of the 16 century, the Lithuanians strengthened the fortifications of the city, so they withstood the bombardment. The siege of success has not brought. Stocks ended, one of the troops sent for food and fodder, was destroyed by the enemy. Vasily Shuisky retreated to the Russian border.
In 1519, the Russian troops launched a new offensive deep into Lithuania. Detachments of the Moscow governor moved to Orsha, Molodechno, Mogilev, Minsk, reached Vilna. The Polish king could not prevent Russian raids. He was forced to abandon troops against 40-th. Tatar army Bogatyr-Saltan. 2 August 1519 of the Polish-Lithuanian army under the command of the great Hetman Crown Nikolai Firlei and the Great Hetman of the Lithuanian Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky was defeated in the Battle of Sokal. After that, the Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray broke the alliance with the Polish king and Grand Duke Sigismund (before that, the Crimean Khan dissociated himself from the actions of his subjects), justifying his actions by losses from the Cossack raids. To restore peace, the Crimean Khan demanded a new tribute.
Moscow in the 1519 year was limited to cavalry raids, which resulted in significant economic damage and suppressed his will to resist. The Lithuanians did not have large forces in the Russian offensive, so they were content with the defense of cities and well-fortified castles. In 1520, the raids of the Moscow troops continued.
The truce
In the 1521 year, both powers received significant foreign policy problems. Poland entered the war with the Livonian Order (war 1521-1522). Sigismund resumed negotiations with Moscow and agreed to cede Smolensk land. The world needed and Moscow. In 1521, one of the largest Tatar raids took place. The troops had to be held on the southern and eastern frontiers in order to prevent new strikes by the Crimean and Kazan detachments. Vasily III agreed to go on a truce, rejecting a part of his claims - the requirements to give to Polotsk, Kiev and Vitebsk.
14 September 1522 was signed a five-year armistice agreement. Lithuania was forced to accept the loss of Smolensk and the territory in 23 thousand km 2 with a population of 100 thousand people. However, the Lithuanians refused to return the prisoners. Most of the prisoners died in exile. Only Prince Mikhail Holitz Bulgakov was released in 1551 year. He spent in prison about 37 years, having outlived almost all his fellow prisoners.
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