Bartini Robert Ludvigovich - one of the little-known heroes of the Soviet aviation design school
“Every 10-15 has been completely updated for years, and since I have lived in Russia for more than 40 for years, not a single Italian molecule remains in me.” (Robert Bartini)
Little known to the general public, Robert Bartini was not only an outstanding scientist and aviation designer, but also one of the secret inspirers of the Soviet space program. Known to all, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev called Bartini his teacher, many other well-known Soviet aircraft designers also considered it. In different years, Bartini was associated with: Yakovlev, Ilyushin, Antonov, Myasishchev and many others. In total, on the account of this designer there were more than 60 completed aircraft projects, all of which were distinguished by special originality and novelty of ideas. In addition to aviation and physics, Bartini was quite a lot involved in philosophy and cosmology. He developed a unique theory of the six-dimensional world, in which time, like the space surrounding us, possessed 3 dimensions. This theory of his was known as the "world of Bartini."
The biography of Robert Bartini is truly amazing. His real name is Roberto Oros di Bartini (Italian: Roberto Oros di Bartini). Hereditary Italian aristocrat, born in the family of Baron 14 in May 1897, in Fiume in Austria-Hungary. In 1916, Bartini ends an officer's school and goes to the Eastern Front, where he is captured during the Brusilov breakthrough and sent to a prisoner of war camp near Khabarovsk, where he is supposed to be absorbed by the ideas of Bolshevism.
In 1920, Roberto returns to his homeland, by this time his father had already retired and settled in Rome, while retaining many of the privileges and title of state adviser, but his son refuses to use his father’s opportunities, including financial ones. He goes to work at the Izotta-Fraschini plant in Milan, and at the same time, for 2, an external exam takes place in the aviation department of the Milan Polytechnic Institute and receives a diploma from an aeronautical engineer. At about the same time in 1921, he joined the Italian Communist Party (IKP). After the fascist coup in Italy in 1923, Roberto Bartini, by decision of the ICP, is sent to the USSR to help the young republic in the field of aircraft manufacturing. So begins the Soviet stage stories "Red Baron", it was this nickname Bartini received in the Soviet Union.
Roberto Bartini's Soviet career originates at the Scientific Experimental (now Chkalovsky) aerodrome, where he served as department head and chief engineer. In 1928, Bartini led the experimental group, which was engaged in the design of seaplanes. Working in this group, he proposed the design of the experimental Steel-6 fighter and the MTB-40 2-ton marine bomber. However, in 1930 his group was included in the Central Design Bureau, from where Bartini was fired for criticizing the organization being created. In the same year, on the recommendation of M.N. Tukhachevsky, Bartini was appointed chief designer of the Design Bureau of the Civil Air Research Institute fleet. Acquaintance and protection of Tukhachevsky later will play a cruel joke with the designer.
In the 1933 year, the steel-6 aircraft was set on the Bartini's world speed record - 420 km / h. On the basis of the already created machine, the new Stal-8 fighter was designed, but this project was closed because it did not correspond to the subject of civil aviation, which the OKB was engaged in. Already in his work on the Stal-6 and Steel-8 fighters, Bartini showed himself to be a very far-sighted innovative designer who is not afraid to offer bold and extraordinary ideas.
In the design of his experimental fighter "Steel-6" Bartini applied the following innovations:
1. Retractable landing gear that lowers overall drag. In this case, the chassis was one-wheeled.
2. The use of welding, which reduced the complexity of the design and significantly aerodynamic drag of the aircraft. In some ways, welding reduced the weight of the structure.
3. The material is especially light aluminum and magnesium alloys; more corrosion-resistant materials covered the outside of the aircraft, protecting less corrosion-resistant materials from the harmful effects of the external environment.
4. Evaporative cooling with a radiator, which was imposed in the wings. To increase the combat survivability of the machine, the radiator compartments were made independent, that is, they could work even when the wing was penetrated. Later, this cooling system was used on the German Xe-100 aircraft, however, the compartment system was not used there, which reduced the combat survivability of the vehicle.
In the autumn of 1935, Bartini develops an 12-seater passenger aircraft, known as "Steel-7" and having a "reverse gull" wing. This aircraft in the 1936 year was demonstrated at the International Exhibition in Paris, and in August it managed to set an international speed record. At a distance of 5000 kilometers, the average speed was 405 km / h. Also at the end of 1935, the designer designed the long-range Arctic reconnaissance (DAR), which could equally easily land on water and ice. Based on his Stal-7 aircraft, Bartini began work on the creation of the long-range bomber DB-240, which was later classified as Ep-2. His development was completed by another chief designer V. G. Ermolaev, since Bartini had been arrested by the NKVD by that moment.
14 February 1938 of the year Bartini was arrested, he was charged in connection with the "enemy of the people" Marshal Tukhachevsky, as well as spying for Mussolini (despite the fact that he had fled to the USSR from his regime). By a decision of an extrajudicial body, the so-called “troika”, Robert Bartini was sentenced to the typical 10 years of imprisonment and five years in prison - “defeat of rights”. The prisoner Bartini was sent to the prison-type TsKB-29 prison, such design offices in the USSR were called "sharashkas". While imprisoned, he actively participated in the creation of a new Tu-2 bomber. At his own request, he was transferred to a group of prisoner D. L. Tomashevich (bureau 101), which was engaged in the design of a fighter. It played a trick on him. In 1941, everyone who worked together with the designer Tupolev was released, while the employees of the 101 bureau were freed only after the war.
Already at the beginning of the war, a special Bartini design bureau was organized, which worked on 2 projects. The “flying wing” type “P” supersonic single-seat fighter and the P-114, an anti-aircraft interceptor fighter, which was to be equipped with the 4-type LRE design by V.P. Glushko and have an arrow-shaped wing. For the 1942 of the year, the P-114 fighter was supposed to reach an unprecedented speed at Mach 2, but in the fall of the year the 1943 fighter design bureau was closed.
In 1944-1946, Bartini worked on the design of transport aircraft T-107 and T-117. The T-117 was a main transport aircraft, which was planned to be equipped with 2 ASh-73 engines with a capacity of 2300 hp. every. The airplane’s layout is a high wing with a fairly wide fuselage, the cross section of which was formed by three intersecting circles. This aircraft was the first in the USSR to transport trucks and Tanks. Also developed passenger and sanitary options, which had airtight salons. The project of this aircraft was ready by the autumn of 1944, in the spring of 1946 it was submitted to the MAP, after which it received positive conclusions from the Civil Air Fleet and the Air Force. After several petitions and letters from a number of prominent Soviet aviation figures (M.V. Khrunichev, A.D. Alekseev, G.F. Baidukov, I.P. Mazuruk, etc.) were submitted, the project was approved in July 1946 year was launched the construction of the aircraft. In June 1948, the aircraft was almost 80% complete, but work on it was curtailed, as Stalin considered the use of the ASh-73 engines, which were necessary to equip the Tu-4 strategic bombers, an unacceptable luxury.
Later, Bartini begins work on a new heavy military transport and landing aircraft T-200. It was a high-profile fuselage with a large capacity, the contours of which were created by a wing profile. The rear edge, which opened up and down between the 2 tail bars, formed a wide aisle with a height of 3 meters and a width of 5 meters, which was ideally suited for loading large loads. The power plant of the machine was combined and consisted of 2-x turbojet RD-45 for 2270 kgf thrust and 2-x piston engines for AH in 2800 hp This project was developed in 1947 year and was even approved, the aircraft was recommended for construction, but was never built. Subsequently, many of the developments on this project were used in the development of transport aircraft Antonov.
In the 1948 year, Robert Bartini is released and, according to 1952, he works for the year in the Beriev Design Bureau for the Aviation Administration. In 1952, he was seconded to Novosibirsk, where he was appointed head of the advanced schemes department of SibNIA — the Siberian Research Institute of Aviation named after Chaplygin. Here at this time studies were carried out on profiles, boundary layer control at supersonic and subsonic speeds, on the regeneration of the boundary layer by the power plant of the aircraft, on the theory of the boundary layer, on a supersonic wing with self-balancing when switching to supersonic. Such a wing balancing occurred without loss in aerodynamic quality. Bartini was an outstanding mathematician and he managed to literally calculate this wing, without resorting to particularly high costs and expensive blowdowns. Then he presents the project of a supersonic flying boat bomber A-55. This project was initially rejected, since the indicated characteristics were taken as unrealistic. Helped Bartini appeal to S. P. Korolev, who justified this project experimentally.
In 1956, Bartini was rehabilitated. In April, 1957 of the year was seconded from SibNIA to the OKBS MAP in the Moscow suburb of Lyubertsy. Here, up to 1961, he develops 5 projects for a variety of aircraft weighing from 30 to 320 tons for various purposes. In 1961, he proposes a project for a supersonic long-range reconnaissance aircraft, which was to be equipped with a P-57-AL nuclear power plant. It was during this period of his career that another outstanding idea was born - the creation of a large amphibian aircraft that could take off vertically and allow transport operations to cover most of the Earth, including the seas and oceans, the regions of eternal ice and desert. Work is beginning on the use of the screen effect to improve the takeoff and landing characteristics of aircraft. In the 1961-1963, a small Be-1 aircraft is being tested, which can be called the “first swallow”.
In 1968, the team of Robert Bartini from Moscow region moved to the plant. Dimitrov in Taganrog, the plant specialized in seaplanes. Here, in the Beriev Design Bureau, work is underway on the concept of “non-aerodrome aircraft”. In 1972, 2 anti-submarine aircraft BBA-14 (vertically flying amphibians) were built here. Work on this project was the last in the life of Bartini, in 1974, he died at the age of 77 years, leaving behind him more than 60 original aircraft designs.
51 is the year Robert Bartini lived in the USSR, almost 45 of which he spent working as chief designer. Thousands of domestic specialists worked with him (“with him”, not “with him” - he invariably corrected everyone with such reservations). Ministers, directors, academicians, heads of workshops and departments, ordinary designers, mechanics, copiers, pilots — he treated everyone with equal respect as he did with his colleagues in the common cause.
Sources used:
www.oko-planet.su/spravka/spravkamir/24464-robert-bartini.html
www.findagrave.ru/obj.php?i=5612
www.airwar.ru/history/constr/russia/constr/bartini.html
www.planers32.ru/mc_191.html
Little known to the general public, Robert Bartini was not only an outstanding scientist and aviation designer, but also one of the secret inspirers of the Soviet space program. Known to all, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev called Bartini his teacher, many other well-known Soviet aircraft designers also considered it. In different years, Bartini was associated with: Yakovlev, Ilyushin, Antonov, Myasishchev and many others. In total, on the account of this designer there were more than 60 completed aircraft projects, all of which were distinguished by special originality and novelty of ideas. In addition to aviation and physics, Bartini was quite a lot involved in philosophy and cosmology. He developed a unique theory of the six-dimensional world, in which time, like the space surrounding us, possessed 3 dimensions. This theory of his was known as the "world of Bartini."
The biography of Robert Bartini is truly amazing. His real name is Roberto Oros di Bartini (Italian: Roberto Oros di Bartini). Hereditary Italian aristocrat, born in the family of Baron 14 in May 1897, in Fiume in Austria-Hungary. In 1916, Bartini ends an officer's school and goes to the Eastern Front, where he is captured during the Brusilov breakthrough and sent to a prisoner of war camp near Khabarovsk, where he is supposed to be absorbed by the ideas of Bolshevism.
Bartini Robert Ludvigovich
In 1920, Roberto returns to his homeland, by this time his father had already retired and settled in Rome, while retaining many of the privileges and title of state adviser, but his son refuses to use his father’s opportunities, including financial ones. He goes to work at the Izotta-Fraschini plant in Milan, and at the same time, for 2, an external exam takes place in the aviation department of the Milan Polytechnic Institute and receives a diploma from an aeronautical engineer. At about the same time in 1921, he joined the Italian Communist Party (IKP). After the fascist coup in Italy in 1923, Roberto Bartini, by decision of the ICP, is sent to the USSR to help the young republic in the field of aircraft manufacturing. So begins the Soviet stage stories "Red Baron", it was this nickname Bartini received in the Soviet Union.
Roberto Bartini's Soviet career originates at the Scientific Experimental (now Chkalovsky) aerodrome, where he served as department head and chief engineer. In 1928, Bartini led the experimental group, which was engaged in the design of seaplanes. Working in this group, he proposed the design of the experimental Steel-6 fighter and the MTB-40 2-ton marine bomber. However, in 1930 his group was included in the Central Design Bureau, from where Bartini was fired for criticizing the organization being created. In the same year, on the recommendation of M.N. Tukhachevsky, Bartini was appointed chief designer of the Design Bureau of the Civil Air Research Institute fleet. Acquaintance and protection of Tukhachevsky later will play a cruel joke with the designer.
In the 1933 year, the steel-6 aircraft was set on the Bartini's world speed record - 420 km / h. On the basis of the already created machine, the new Stal-8 fighter was designed, but this project was closed because it did not correspond to the subject of civil aviation, which the OKB was engaged in. Already in his work on the Stal-6 and Steel-8 fighters, Bartini showed himself to be a very far-sighted innovative designer who is not afraid to offer bold and extraordinary ideas.
Experimental Fighter Steel-6
In the design of his experimental fighter "Steel-6" Bartini applied the following innovations:
1. Retractable landing gear that lowers overall drag. In this case, the chassis was one-wheeled.
2. The use of welding, which reduced the complexity of the design and significantly aerodynamic drag of the aircraft. In some ways, welding reduced the weight of the structure.
3. The material is especially light aluminum and magnesium alloys; more corrosion-resistant materials covered the outside of the aircraft, protecting less corrosion-resistant materials from the harmful effects of the external environment.
4. Evaporative cooling with a radiator, which was imposed in the wings. To increase the combat survivability of the machine, the radiator compartments were made independent, that is, they could work even when the wing was penetrated. Later, this cooling system was used on the German Xe-100 aircraft, however, the compartment system was not used there, which reduced the combat survivability of the vehicle.
In the autumn of 1935, Bartini develops an 12-seater passenger aircraft, known as "Steel-7" and having a "reverse gull" wing. This aircraft in the 1936 year was demonstrated at the International Exhibition in Paris, and in August it managed to set an international speed record. At a distance of 5000 kilometers, the average speed was 405 km / h. Also at the end of 1935, the designer designed the long-range Arctic reconnaissance (DAR), which could equally easily land on water and ice. Based on his Stal-7 aircraft, Bartini began work on the creation of the long-range bomber DB-240, which was later classified as Ep-2. His development was completed by another chief designer V. G. Ermolaev, since Bartini had been arrested by the NKVD by that moment.
14 February 1938 of the year Bartini was arrested, he was charged in connection with the "enemy of the people" Marshal Tukhachevsky, as well as spying for Mussolini (despite the fact that he had fled to the USSR from his regime). By a decision of an extrajudicial body, the so-called “troika”, Robert Bartini was sentenced to the typical 10 years of imprisonment and five years in prison - “defeat of rights”. The prisoner Bartini was sent to the prison-type TsKB-29 prison, such design offices in the USSR were called "sharashkas". While imprisoned, he actively participated in the creation of a new Tu-2 bomber. At his own request, he was transferred to a group of prisoner D. L. Tomashevich (bureau 101), which was engaged in the design of a fighter. It played a trick on him. In 1941, everyone who worked together with the designer Tupolev was released, while the employees of the 101 bureau were freed only after the war.
Long-range bomber Er-2
Already at the beginning of the war, a special Bartini design bureau was organized, which worked on 2 projects. The “flying wing” type “P” supersonic single-seat fighter and the P-114, an anti-aircraft interceptor fighter, which was to be equipped with the 4-type LRE design by V.P. Glushko and have an arrow-shaped wing. For the 1942 of the year, the P-114 fighter was supposed to reach an unprecedented speed at Mach 2, but in the fall of the year the 1943 fighter design bureau was closed.
In 1944-1946, Bartini worked on the design of transport aircraft T-107 and T-117. The T-117 was a main transport aircraft, which was planned to be equipped with 2 ASh-73 engines with a capacity of 2300 hp. every. The airplane’s layout is a high wing with a fairly wide fuselage, the cross section of which was formed by three intersecting circles. This aircraft was the first in the USSR to transport trucks and Tanks. Also developed passenger and sanitary options, which had airtight salons. The project of this aircraft was ready by the autumn of 1944, in the spring of 1946 it was submitted to the MAP, after which it received positive conclusions from the Civil Air Fleet and the Air Force. After several petitions and letters from a number of prominent Soviet aviation figures (M.V. Khrunichev, A.D. Alekseev, G.F. Baidukov, I.P. Mazuruk, etc.) were submitted, the project was approved in July 1946 year was launched the construction of the aircraft. In June 1948, the aircraft was almost 80% complete, but work on it was curtailed, as Stalin considered the use of the ASh-73 engines, which were necessary to equip the Tu-4 strategic bombers, an unacceptable luxury.
Later, Bartini begins work on a new heavy military transport and landing aircraft T-200. It was a high-profile fuselage with a large capacity, the contours of which were created by a wing profile. The rear edge, which opened up and down between the 2 tail bars, formed a wide aisle with a height of 3 meters and a width of 5 meters, which was ideally suited for loading large loads. The power plant of the machine was combined and consisted of 2-x turbojet RD-45 for 2270 kgf thrust and 2-x piston engines for AH in 2800 hp This project was developed in 1947 year and was even approved, the aircraft was recommended for construction, but was never built. Subsequently, many of the developments on this project were used in the development of transport aircraft Antonov.
A-57 strategic bomber project (flying boat)
In the 1948 year, Robert Bartini is released and, according to 1952, he works for the year in the Beriev Design Bureau for the Aviation Administration. In 1952, he was seconded to Novosibirsk, where he was appointed head of the advanced schemes department of SibNIA — the Siberian Research Institute of Aviation named after Chaplygin. Here at this time studies were carried out on profiles, boundary layer control at supersonic and subsonic speeds, on the regeneration of the boundary layer by the power plant of the aircraft, on the theory of the boundary layer, on a supersonic wing with self-balancing when switching to supersonic. Such a wing balancing occurred without loss in aerodynamic quality. Bartini was an outstanding mathematician and he managed to literally calculate this wing, without resorting to particularly high costs and expensive blowdowns. Then he presents the project of a supersonic flying boat bomber A-55. This project was initially rejected, since the indicated characteristics were taken as unrealistic. Helped Bartini appeal to S. P. Korolev, who justified this project experimentally.
In 1956, Bartini was rehabilitated. In April, 1957 of the year was seconded from SibNIA to the OKBS MAP in the Moscow suburb of Lyubertsy. Here, up to 1961, he develops 5 projects for a variety of aircraft weighing from 30 to 320 tons for various purposes. In 1961, he proposes a project for a supersonic long-range reconnaissance aircraft, which was to be equipped with a P-57-AL nuclear power plant. It was during this period of his career that another outstanding idea was born - the creation of a large amphibian aircraft that could take off vertically and allow transport operations to cover most of the Earth, including the seas and oceans, the regions of eternal ice and desert. Work is beginning on the use of the screen effect to improve the takeoff and landing characteristics of aircraft. In the 1961-1963, a small Be-1 aircraft is being tested, which can be called the “first swallow”.
In 1968, the team of Robert Bartini from Moscow region moved to the plant. Dimitrov in Taganrog, the plant specialized in seaplanes. Here, in the Beriev Design Bureau, work is underway on the concept of “non-aerodrome aircraft”. In 1972, 2 anti-submarine aircraft BBA-14 (vertically flying amphibians) were built here. Work on this project was the last in the life of Bartini, in 1974, he died at the age of 77 years, leaving behind him more than 60 original aircraft designs.
BBA-14 - a vertically taking amphibian, the plane was made in metal, made flights
51 is the year Robert Bartini lived in the USSR, almost 45 of which he spent working as chief designer. Thousands of domestic specialists worked with him (“with him”, not “with him” - he invariably corrected everyone with such reservations). Ministers, directors, academicians, heads of workshops and departments, ordinary designers, mechanics, copiers, pilots — he treated everyone with equal respect as he did with his colleagues in the common cause.
Sources used:
www.oko-planet.su/spravka/spravkamir/24464-robert-bartini.html
www.findagrave.ru/obj.php?i=5612
www.airwar.ru/history/constr/russia/constr/bartini.html
www.planers32.ru/mc_191.html
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