Eagle vs Mikasy
- What is sad, Silych?
- The team entrusted me a huge responsibility: their lives, the ship. “I don’t know what to do with this,” grumbled Novikov. - And how are you doing, Volodya?
- I'm not very good. Some gentlemen officers had to throw over the tenth number. You know. No one to command. Skills are very weak. Comrade Rums' his torpedoes from the CU-3 also showed a very weak training. One torpedo finger crushed.
Novikov thoughtfully looked at the chief engineer. The situation really was unenviable. Coal for a breakthrough in Manila is clearly enough butt. For a breakthrough on the Kuriles around Japan, there was not enough at all. In 20-46, the ship's radio station intercepted the message, from which it was clear that the Second Pacific Squadron was completely defeated in the battle near Tsushima Island. The main part of the ships sunk. The rest are scattered. Rozhestvensky himself with headquarters disappeared in an unknown direction.
“I knew it, damn it!” - through his teeth Novikov swore. - But now our fate! The remaining officers do what, Volodya?
- I gave them to Baklanov. On households now. Coarse drayat. Paisiah I charged in a six-inch installation identified. Language grinds a lot, let it work now. Sakellari was cleaning the latrine, - answered Kostenko.
The next morning, in the 10-00, the Eagle was already heading south of Tsushima Island. The team was anxiously waiting. On battle mars, observers peered into the horizon line. In the conning tower, glittering in polished hulls, two sight sights of the central precursor system slowly searched the horizon. The operators in the lenses of their optical eyes tried to catch any small change. From the heavy lead waves of the Sea of Japan blew some kind of incomprehensible nausea. In 11-16, an observer from Mars of the foremast reported on the smoke seen on the horizon. He was immediately caught in the VTsN. The target was gradually approaching, and an hour later, the Japanese battleship Mikasa was discerned four hours later. He was alone and had no external damage. Measured distance - 110 cable.
- What shall we do, Silych? Now we give a pair of full speed, it is possible to try to escape.
- Yes, we only burn coal. How then to get to the Kuril Islands? And where is the guarantee that we will not be accepted on the course? After all, we have already been discovered. And do we just run away like that, Volodya? This is contrary to the new world, that new ideology, which we have been talking about for so long, Vladimir Poliektovich. No, really. We must fight.
Rumble alarm alert. A few seconds later, on the decks I heard the tramp of numerous legs. The upper deck cleared quickly. The guns were uncovered and prepared for battle. Leer piled up in combat. Deep inside the vessel, numerous electric motors muffled. The steam hissed violently. Startled, the three left-side 152-mm turrets at the same time quickly turned and faced the target with the muzzles of their guns. A little later, slowly and heavily, the same position was occupied by the heavy turrets of 305-mm guns. The shutters and curtains of the feed system were crawling. Clicking numerous limit switches and magnetic starters. "Eagle" was preparing for battle - the first in stories the battle of the Soviet warship with the capitalist plague ... [/ i]
Of course, this scenario was extremely unlikely, but the hypothetical duel of the newest Russian battleship “Eagle” with the Japanese “Mikasa”, which is considered by many experts to be at least the best western battleship of that period, naturally causes considerable interest. The period of the “big shipbuilding program” of the late 19th century for our fleet characterized by the fact that this was the only time when our industry handed over to the fleet ships of the main class - battleships of the latest design at that time. Moreover, contrary to custom, she did it on time. Thus, despite the widely advertised backwardness of “agrarian” tsarist Russia, domestic industry and science at that time quite realistically participated in the “constructors' cup” among world powers. In an elite competition - a battleship competition. Yes, this did not help the Russian Navy during the Russo-Japanese War, because for the fleet's top military-political leadership rotten through and through, the most modern technology was like a dead poultice, but this fact, very pleasant for us, is there.
In the article we will try to calculate the possible outcome of the battle between our "Eagle" and the Japanese "Mikasa", as well as assess the capabilities of these battleships in other categories. Our "Eagle" was introduced into the Navy 1 October 1904 year. He was part of a series of Borodino-type battleships (the first battleship of this type joined the Russian Navy 12 October 1903 of the year).
"Eagle", 1904 year. Displacement: 14 400 t. Dimensions: 121,2 x23,2 x7,9 m. Booking: monolithic Krupp. Maximum thickness of solid armor plate: 254 mm. Armament: 2-2х305 mm / L40 AU GK (up to 14,8 km ap), 6-2х152 mm / L45 AU SK (up to 11,3 km), 20-75 mm / L50 AU PMK (IPNMN / OXNXX km) , 6,5-20 mm P, 47-10mm TA (up to 7,62 km), 4 min. GEM: steam, steam engines 381x0,9 20 hp (2 7 hp). Maximum speed: 900. Maximum range: 15 800 miles.
The Japanese ship "Mikasa" was somewhat older than our "Eagle". It became part of the Japanese fleet 1 March 1902 of the year. It was a deeply modernized version of the British battleships of the Majestic type. The ship was entirely built in England - the "mistress of the seas" of that time.
Mikasa, 1902 year. Displacement: 15 140 t. Dimensions: 131 x23,2 x8,3 m. Booking: monolithic Krupp. Maximum thickness of solid armor plate: 356 mm. Armament: 2-2h305 mm / L42,5 UE CC (up 13,7 km), 14-152 mm / L42,5 UE SC (up 9,1km), 20-76 mm UE PMC (up 7,4km), 4-47 mm UE PMK, 4-457 mm TA (up to 2,5km). GEM: steam, steam engines 2x8 000 hp (16 000 hp). Maximum speed: 18,3. Maximum range: 4 600 miles.
If we compare these ships, using only these very basic figures, it is clear that the Mikasy features a bit better than our battleship. In fact, Mikasy has a slightly larger displacement, a slightly larger number of medium-caliber barrels, a slightly higher speed, a higher range, more powerful torpedo armament. Our "Eagle" surpasses the Japanese only in more small-caliber artillery, the presence of many machine guns, the presence of mine obstacles, which, undoubtedly, in some conditions makes it a more useful and effective ship. However, the presence of all these weapons can hardly affect the outcome of the sea battle between these battleships. Based on the analysis of their on-board armament, it is possible to draw the first conclusion as to how this battle will proceed. First, the superiority in speed of “Mikasy” over “Eagle” in 0,5 ties will not give the Japanese any advantage at the initial stage of the battle. Half a node is just 0,9 km / h. Taking into account the distances in sea battles, such a scanty difference in speed can be safely ignored. Consequently, there is only one obvious tactic: having come close enough to effectively use artillery, to conduct continuous shelling of the target until the target either starts to sink or is completely (or almost completely) forced to stop returning fire. After that, there is an even closer approach: to the range of the use of ship torpedoes and the final shooting of the enemy battleship by them. The fire control systems of both ships ensure the effective use of artillery at a distance of no more than 10 kilometers. Further, the probability of hitting an enemy ship was rapidly approaching zero. In addition, the distance in 10 kilometers is the limiting one for medium-caliber artillery; therefore, one would expect that the Eagle and Mikasa, having exchanged a few volleys of twelve-inch guns from the 70-80 cable, would quickly shorten the distance to ~ 40 cable - comfortable for both opponents of the distance for reasons of accuracy and range of their ship artillery.
Before you begin the analysis, it is worth focusing on the capabilities of this ship's artillery. And not as such, but in combination with the ammunition available at that time. The main caliber of the "Eagle" were two twin tower art installations. Each with a pair of 305 mm / L40 guns. Mikasa also had two turret gun mounts, carrying a pair of 305 mm / L42,5 guns. Comparative characteristics of the capabilities of these systems are listed in the 1 table.
The artworks of the main caliber of our “Eagle” surpassed the Japanese in the guidance angles (of course), in the firing range (as a result), in the initial velocity of the projectiles and, accordingly, the accuracy of fire at almost all distances. Well, and on the ultimate armor penetration, as they say, "point blank". But the main-caliber artillery systems “Mikasy” possessed a number of advantages that were more applicable in a real battle — significantly heavier projectiles, almost twice the weight of explosives in each high-explosive projectile. Almost two times higher technical rate of fire. The higher penetration ability of Japanese armor-piercing shells at real combat distances is also offset by the Japanese battleship. While the amount of explosives in the Japanese armor-piercing projectile was not much less than in our fragmentation, which makes it a kind of semi-invasive projectile. Other disadvantages of these ship-mounted artillery systems include poor-quality fuses. And with the one and the other side. Ours often did not work, as a result of which the high-explosive projectile did almost no harm to the target (the armor-piercing, naturally, did harm and did not explode). The Japanese often exploded at the time of the shot, as a result of which the gun barrel was torn off and the gun went down before repair in its own port. In addition, the Japanese shells exploded almost instantly - without slowing down. And the 20-kg explosives BB outside the armored side is not as dangerous as the 5-kg explosions deep inside the vessel, as it was calculated in our projectiles that had 0,01 slowing detonators with. In the offset Artillery "Eagle" can still be attributed to the high location of the bow installation, with the result that she could shoot accurately in any weather. The higher rate of fire of heavy artillery "Mikasy" played a role at very close distances of the battle (at the distance of the DPA), where the aiming process was simplified to the limit. In the battle at a normal distance, this difference played almost no role, since the time of calculation and aiming took about 2-3 minutes for each volley (and no one would fire at precisely such installations). Medium-caliber artillery was an equally important component of the artillery complex of both ships. Comparative characteristics of medium-sized artillery systems "Eagle" and "Mikasy" are given in the table 2.
By analogy with the main caliber, the Eagle’s medium-caliber installations exceeded the Japanese in shelling and range angles, as well as in initial speed (and, accordingly, accuracy). But the main advantage of domestic 152-mm artillery tower installations was significantly higher armor penetration - on average, by 20%. In addition, their high location provided confident shooting in almost any weather. Japanese 152-mm casemate installations traditionally had a slightly greater projectile weight and a significantly larger explosive charge plus greater rate of fire. In addition, the Mikasa carried two more 152-mm guns. The advantages and disadvantages of fuses are similar to those of the main caliber. A significant drawback of the mid-caliber artillery "Mikasy" was its unimportant security due to the casemate layout. But the main thing is that the 10 of the 14 six-inch guns were located on the lower battery deck at a very short distance from the water (the 75-mm tools of the middle battery in the Eagle were approximately the same distance from the water). As a result, with any strong emotion to use them will not work. Exclusively manual aiming drives also do not add bonuses to the Japanese battleship.
As for small-caliber artillery, we will assume its effectiveness conditionally the same, however, we note that the 20 75-mm guns of the Eagle had good protection for their level — no worse than the 152-mm guns on the Mikas. At the same time, the Mikasy 76-mm guns stood openly on the bridges, and it is unlikely that they will be able to use them in battle.
Summing up the artillery of both ships, let us return to what was already said in passing — fuses and explosives. So, the fuses on domestic ammunition, of course, were bad. They very often did not work, as a result of which the effectiveness of domestic high-explosive shells was very low - they almost had half the explosives in them than in Japanese shells. However, for armor-piercing shells it was not so important, because, punching armor, they still carried chaos and destruction to the insides of the enemy ship. Japanese projectiles, as already mentioned, had instant fuses (less than 0,0001 c), which immediately devalues their armor-piercing projectiles, despite the excellent characteristics of armor penetration. In general, they could be called armor-piercing only conditionally - of course, they could penetrate the armor, but they couldn’t penetrate deep inside the ship because the explosion occurred much earlier. Naturally, in such a situation, the "critical" of such a projectile vital parts of the battleship (which are usually located deep inside) was impossible. The maximum that the capable armor-piercing shells of “Mikasy” were on was to make a hole in the board of the enemy ship, that is, to cause damage to the 2 hazard category. It turns out that even against the background of "bad" shells of the "Eagle", there is absolutely nothing to flash at Mikasy's ammunition.
As for the explosive itself, its high-explosive impact is determined by a special parameter, which is called "explosiveness". Explosiveness - the performance of explosives, the ability to destroy the surrounding materials. This characteristic is determined by the amount generated in the explosion of gases. The more gases are produced, the more work a given explosive can perform. Measurement of explosiveness in cubic centimeters by the Trauzl method. The value of the explosive for shimozy - 290 cm ^ 3. For pyroxylin - 420 cm ^ 3. Thus, pyroxylin is not only not inferior to the shimose “1,4 times”, but on the contrary, it surpasses it 1,45 times. The myth of the superiority of shimozy over pyroxylin appeared because, when calculating its effectiveness, they tried to operate the so-called. "Speed of detonation" shimozy - 7200 m / s. In wet pyroxylin, it is 6000 m / s. This is an erroneous calculation. Thus, it is not "force" that is determined, but kinetic energy, which has no relation to the energy of an explosion.
Summarizing all the above, we can conclude that the Eagle could counter the Japanese with quite adequate fire power, and given the more powerful medium-caliber artillery (even with a smaller number of guns), it was perhaps even superior (especially with weather deterioration). Which, however, it was necessary to still be able to use in battle, since Mikasy also had his own “horse”, capable of bringing the victory to “Eagle” with the correctly chosen tactics of the battle.
As for torpedoes, the Japanese have an undoubted advantage here, since the range of launching its torpedoes 2,5-3 times exceeds the maximum limits of the torpedoes of the Russian ship. Based on the analysis of the capabilities of the onboard artillery (and the commanders of both battleships should be aware of these capabilities), the following combat tactics emerge. The most obvious tactic for “Mikasy” is to keep the distance with the “Eagle” of the 45 cable (at the limit of the medium caliber artillery) and develop to the limit the fire of the onboard artillery, especially the medium caliber, using only powerful high-explosive shells. Calculation here on the suppression of the "Eagle" hail of mine bombs, which will cause numerous fires and destroy all the outdoor equipment of the Russian battleship, not allowing him to accurately fire back. Actually, the Japanese used this tactic in reality in the Tsushima battle 15 in May 1905 of the year. This is followed by a complete decommissioning of the entire Eagle artillery, then a rapprochement and a torpedo attack on the finishing moves. The “Eagle” had nothing to try to defeat the Japanese in “his sandbox” - that is, with a similar shelling of the enemy with high-explosive shells. You need to use your funds. And they are.
First, you can try to hit the Japanese on the deck with armor-piercing shells from the maximum distance ~ 80 cable. Yes, the probability of hitting is small, but even one successful hit could be fatal. There is also an option to use armor-piercing shells against the onboard armor of a Japanese ship, but for this, the Eagle needed to get close to him at a distance of about 20-30 cable. It’s impossible to get any closer, since the higher rate of fire of the Mikasy 305-mm gun mounts will have an effect here. In addition, coming very close, you can run into the Japanese "Long Lance" Tsushima spill. The 20-30 cable is a very good fight distance for Mikasa for the Eagle. Here a powerful battery of 75-mm guns of the Russian battleship will play its role. In this case, the "Eagle" can help his very perfect for that time artillery complex. “Mikasa” can be in relation to the enemy either in the beam or at the corners of him no more than 60 degrees, since with a larger turn (for example, when trying to escape, catch up or take a better position), “Mikasy” has only two 305 -mm guns (already with a deviation of more than 30 degrees) and one or two caliber 152 mm. The Eagle is much more free in this respect - no matter how you turn it, but 6-8 152-mm guns will fire at the enemy, and all four 305-mm guns will work at angles from the beam up to 45 degrees. Fans of constantly remembering about the 0,5-node superiority in speed “Mikasy” should work hard to multiply their speed by the cosines of the same angles.
So, with the tactics of battle decided. It's time to move on to the simulation of this heavy duel. But this is the next part.
To be continued ...
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