American nationalism
D.S. Likhachev
It is not a secret for anyone that the situation with religious intolerance and nationalism that has developed in certain layers and groups of the population of our country remains rather complicated. Proponents of the domestic "democratic" opposition often point to "loyal" the need to copy public life from Western standards. But the system of Western civilization in terms of resolving issues related to nationalism is, to put it mildly, not at all bright prospects. And since, first of all, it is proposed to pay attention to the “world stronghold of democracy” - the United States of America, why not consider more closely how the country is dealing with racial, religious and national tolerance (or, to be precise, intolerance).
In recent years, many people have firmly established in their heads the idea that American society was able to cross its main Rubicon - the problem of racial prejudice. The whole world saw a black president chosen for the main post in the country. Does this mean the long-awaited rallying of all three hundred and fourteen million American citizens or not? As shown by sociological research - not everywhere. Racial issues in the United States transformed and acquired very interesting forms. A few years ago, the word “racism” in a star-and-strip country mainly meant the imposed psychological postulate about the dominance of the white race over dark-skinned people, now there are cases of peculiar revanchism that many African Americans show trying to repay their “second grade” for decades. And, according to sociologists, this is not so much due to the fact that in stories the country had the first black president, and with the fact that the number of African Americans in the major cities of the United States reached a very impressive size. For example, walking a light-skinned person to certain areas of the city of New York will be unsafe for him even on a clear day. According to the most conservative census takers, the number of representatives of the Negroid race in the United States is now about thirteen percent of the total number of citizens.
Such a situation could not help but give rise to another surge in the activity of ultranationalist organizations in the States. The main slogan of most of them is to call on the members of the Ku Klux Klan - “to clear America of blacks”. Moreover, it is extremely difficult to call manifestations of such intolerance and hostility unconsolidated or rare. Many extremist societies legally hold their meetings and congresses, recruit new members, and in newspapers and magazines express their opinions on “solving the racial issue”. The authorities are in no hurry to take retaliatory actions, despite the fact that such organizations are in favor of very extreme views on the solution of the problem.
The American Nazi party helped the Ku Klux Klan, but later their paths diverged. Rockwell believed that the Ku Klux Klan was too conservative in its actions and was unable to fight in modern conditions. January 1 1967 of the year George proclaimed a new stage in the development of the party. The official name changed to the National Socialist White People's Party. The provocative slogan "Sieg Heil" has changed to "White Power". The organization's strategy focused on universal white nationalism. 5 August of the same year, the leader of the NSWPP died. A former party member, John Patler, double-shot the K-96 Mauser into the Chevrolet windshield, at the wheel of which Rockwell sat. One of the bullets tore through the main arteries over the heart, and Rockwell died in a couple of minutes. After news about his father’s death, he said: “I’m not surprised because I’ve been waiting for this for a long time.” The head of the NSWPP was Matt Coel. After some time, a split occurred in the ranks of the party. NSWPP left Frank Collin, who created the National Socialist Party of America in the 1970 year, and William Luther Pierce, a professor at the University of Oregon, who wrote the main book of American Nazis - the novel “Turner Diaries”. He later founded the National Alliance. Matt Coel renamed the organization 1983 year and moved it to Wisconsin. In the 2000s, the ANP was restored based on the European American Education Association (European-American Educational Association). Currently, the party has its own website, which sets out its views.
Recently, some fairly specific American organizations and direct heirs of the Ku Klux Klan — the White Knights of America, the Aryan Nation, and the National Socialist Movement — received new impulses for their activities. The methods of work of these movements are based on the basic principles of racism in the most open form. Unfortunately, the huge halls in Georgia, Maryland and a number of other American states where their meetings take place are filled with people with fascist swastikas on their clothes and are becoming quite commonplace.
Generally in the United States to fascism are very tolerant. All the most aggressive and most radical neo-Nazi sites of the world are located in the United States and are not going to close them. Nazism and its consequences do not cause rejection of the authorities - they believe that if you do not legalize such forces, you can get terror from them. Such organizations carry out massive PR campaigns of their activities; all available means are used: advertising on radio, advertising on street billboards, scattering leaflets. For example, activists of the neo-Nazi racist organization National Alliance scatter more than a million leaflets annually in the states of Nevada, Florida, Utah, New Jersey, Nebraska and Alabama, glue over the city’s subway trains with posters like “The Future belongs to us” and “Save White America”. The main goal of such actions is an attempt to attract new supporters to their ranks. And this gives results, for example, after his speeches, the National Alliance was forced to modernize telephone equipment that could not cope with a large number of calls.
The Nazi criminals of World War II also feel good on American soil. Even their approximate number, living today in the US, nobody knows. According to the CIA alone, the number of those who fled to America from the Third Reich is at least two thousand people. Many of them, hiding behind the rather curious laws of the United States on non-interference in the private life of citizens, continue to promote the basic concepts of fascism.
Six decades after the end of the war, the US Department of Justice submitted a six hundred page report based on the declassified archives of US intelligence agencies (including the CIA) regarding intelligence cooperation and the US government with Nazi criminals, as well as harboring them from the tribunal. Declassified papers shed light on many secrets of the Third Reich and are divided into several groups. The first one contains FBI data about Nazis who moved to the US and used by intelligence, who took part in their homeland in the mass extermination of representatives of various ethnic groups: Slavs, Gypsies and Jews. The report does not say how many Nazis took refuge in America. However, it is noted that at least three hundred highly dangerous criminals were deprived of their citizenship and deported during the activities of the Special Investigation Service. The second group, the CIA folders, contains documents related to the use of former Nazis during the Cold War in their work against the Soviet Union and other states of the Eastern bloc. According to the report, twenty-three international criminals have fallen into the sphere of interest of American intelligence services. The third group contains documents on the post-war activities of the intelligence services of West Germany, funded by the United States. And they were headed by Reinhard Gehlen - the head of Wehrmacht intelligence on the eastern front.
Even on the facts mentioned, it can be assumed how close the ties between the United States intelligence services and the Nazis were. The document says that the CIA worked with at least five associates of the SS Obershtermbahnführer SS Adolf Eichmann - the head of the "Jewish Department" and one of the bloodiest hangmen in world history. Moreover, the American and West German intelligence did not detain Eichmann himself due to fears that if he were arrested he could tell the Nazi past of the head of the Conrad Adenauer secretariat - Hans Globke. It was documented that after the end of the war, many SS officers were recruited by American intelligence and, after becoming US citizens, worked for the CIA. In their area of responsibility was the introduction of spies into the territory of the Soviet Union and the organization of networks of German agents in West Germany.
The Ministry of Justice document was ready in 2006. Since the report noted that the US government, knowing about the past of the Nazis, consciously allowed them to enter the country, the authorities resisted the promulgation of the papers for more than four years. In 2010, under the threat of a lawsuit, the edited version of the paper saw the light. According to some data, the government has convinced to exclude references to the links of the American authorities with the most odious figures of the Third Reich. After the scandal that broke out, the CIA had to recognize certain facts of cooperation. For example, how the staff of this department evacuated collaborators and war criminals to South America through southern Europe, which allowed them to avoid an international tribunal. The fact of the use of soldiers of the Third Reich as sources of information and agents in the states of the Eastern bloc was also recognized. And also for training and training of US intelligence officers. Many of the information, still considered a state secret, remained undisclosed.
Strange and surprising, but radical changes in terms of attempts to resolve racial issues have recently been supported by individual representatives of the Protestant church, a church with more than fifty percent of followers among the entire population of America. Particularly distinguished were supporters of the popular Baptist church (one of the branches of Protestantism). There are cases when parishioners from among the white people forbade the pastor to hold the marriage ceremony of black spouses. But not so long ago the Baptist church, thanks to the efforts of Martin Luther King, advocated racial equality. It turns out that today in the US, the very idea of social Christianity is reduced to nothing due to the actions of certain forces.
And here is another interesting data - the theory of the highest race was not formulated by Hitler. The basics of eugenics were developed and tested in the United States for a couple of decades before it came to power. Back in 1904, the scientist David Starr Jordan, who was the president of Stanford University, in his work “The blood of the nation,” said that the position of a person, his qualities and talents are transmitted by blood. At the beginning of the twentieth century, in twenty-seven states of America, eugenics was a national policy. California became the center of the movement. Plans to find the mentally disabled and stop their reproduction were supported by the American Medical Association, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Similar views found widespread public support. Writers George Shaw and HG Wells said that eugenics would save the world, breeder and gardener Luther Burbank called for “banning the weak-willed and criminals to have children,” even Roosevelt somehow let it slip that “society cannot allow degenerates to reproduce their own kind.” Even the US Supreme Court supported similar views. In 1927, Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote: “It’s better for the whole world if we don’t wait for the degenerates to drown us in crime. We will not allow them to revel in their dementia, society can stop the reproduction of those who are not suitable for this. ” Many years later, during the Nuremberg process, the words of Holmes were quoted by the Nazis in their attempts to justify themselves. The philosophy of selecting people of a given type was reinforced in America by laws on forced sterilization and segregation of people, forced evictions in “colonies”, restrictions for people entering the country, as well as bans on mixed marriages between people of different races and nationalities. Thousands of inferior people were harassed in ways that are still being investigated. The most severe political action of this trend was the official permission for forced sterilization, which mainly sent mentally retarded people and prisoners. Eugenics scholars from such strongholds of science as Princeton, Harvard, and Yale would not advance further their conversations if they did not have strong financial support from various organizations of philanthropists, in particular, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie Institute and the railway magnate Harriman. The Carnegie Institution built a lab in Cold Spring Harbor, which created a detailed file of files containing information for each American.
These developments, but on a larger scale (only 350 thousands sterilized) were later applied in Nazi Germany. It seems that Hitler was well aware of the American eugenic laws, for example, in Mein Kampf, whole provisions of this ideology are cited. The foundations of eugenics formulated in America gave him ready, attractive medical and pseudoscientific arguments in order to assert his anti-Semitism and racial hatred as well as to attract followers from rational Germans. In the first decade of the Third Reich, American eugenics welcomed the plans of the Fuhrer, seeing in them the continuation of their research works. However, this was not the end. America helped the Nazis create their own eugenic institutions. The Rockefeller Foundation donated several million dollars (in modern terms) to German researchers, subsidized the dreadful research of Mengele in Auschwitz. For several years, starting in May of 1926, the same foundation issued grants for the development of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Psychiatry. In this research complex, a brain research institute was built, which later became the central testing ground for death experiments conducted on Roma, Jews, and other ethnic groups.
If American scientists for decades could not get the right to conduct certain research, then German institutions received an opportunity to do so on an unprecedented scale. American eugenics, seeing the achievements of their German colleagues, also did not sit idly by. Nazi scientific exhibitions were organized in the USA, propaganda materials were republished, annual meetings were held, at which scientists of the two countries awarded each other. In 1936, the head of the Eugenics Record Office, America’s largest institution dealing with this topic, received a doctorate from the University of Heidelberg for “the science of racial cleansing,” that is, the science of racial cleansing.
In 1939, the year in America finally realized what Hitler's Germany had become. Most of the provisions of eugenics recognized as false and discriminatory, leading institutions closed. And after the end of the war, it turned out that there was no such movement and never existed. Eugenics was no longer taught as a separate academic subject in colleges, and in the biographies of celebrities, all references to their interest in this field were deleted.
Both the United States administration, the legislative branch, the executive branch, and both parties (Democratic and Republican) talk about freedom and human rights. In fact, over the entire existence of the state, the United States has been engaged in the extermination of other peoples and the seizure of countries that disagree with its “cowboy” mentality. In 1846, at a meeting of the Senate, Hart Benton said: "The fate of America is conquest and expansion ...". In 1900, Senator Albert Bifridge added: "The Lord chose the American people in order to rule the world and save it from evil." A start was made by exterminating tens of millions of Indians in North America. A few centuries later, the Americans created horror in Hiroshima, the countries of Latin America, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Palestine, and Iraq. The twenty-first century began with the brutal hegemony of the United States, which dictates its own conditions to the countries of the United Nations and unleashes preventive wars. Around the world, the American authorities are promoting the most that there is a real policy of state superiority. Socially, politically and emotionally, this policy is supported by two kinds of nationalism. First of all, it is a disadvantaged chauvinism, which was considerably warmed up by the events of September 11. Secondly, ideological nationalism, based on the basic ideas of American society: belief in freedom of speech, democracy, individualism, justice. From the original Protestant idea of a “city on a hill,” which defined America as an example for other countries, this theory took on an expansionist character. And since this belief is embedded in the system of education and upbringing, permeates the whole culture, being present even in church chants, the Americans grow up inspired by it. The close intertwining of nationalism and ideology leads to the fact that they can not share what belongs to American interests and what does not. They are convinced that they are the main bearers of the ideas of democracy, which should be sown everywhere and regardless of the desire of a particular country or people.
The texts and appeals that American politicians have recently turned to the nation before starting another war are strangely similar to the slogans of the Third Reich. A simple American citizen is told to enter the war as an objective necessity of protection against external enemies. But the goal, no matter how cool, is always the same - to take over the new territories, to seize resources, to seize power ... This, in the end, contains the basic principle of national, racial, state and religious intolerance.
Information sources:
http://www.sdelanounih.ru/tag/fashizm-ssha/
http://www.usinfo.ru/fashyzm.htm
http://patriotka.livejournal.com/12802.html
http://www.ng.ru/dipkurer/2006-10-23/23_usa.html
Information