Settlements of retired soldiers in the 18 century
Retired soldiers were not subject to capitation. But this measure was not enough to arrange their fate after the resignation. It was necessary to think about that, in addition, as something to attach them and ensure their existence. This task was solved by the Russian government throughout the 18 century. How exactly read in a fragment from the book of V.E. Dena "Population of Russia according to the fifth revision. T.2, h. 4." (Moscow: University typography, 1902).1. Retired soldiers, as a special group of the population.
The most important means of staffing the Russian army in the 18 century was recruitment kits. At the same time, persons who had fallen into such a set of troops or fleet and became soldiers or sailors, left the ranks of their class and lost all contact with him. They constituted a completely isolated group of people in the population who owed their indefinite service. Only at the very end of the century for the latter was set 25-year term. Until then, the service was to continue as long as only a soldier was able to carry it. With the onset of this moment, he received his resignation. At the same time, retired soldiers also constituted a special group in the population, distinct from all other categories. The question is - what was the estate-tax position of these two categories of people: soldiers and retired soldiers? 1
Regarding the first of these, we already know from the first volume that persons who were recruited by the recruitment team to the soldiers were not turned off from the capital salary. Their commoners had to pay taxes for them until the next audit, next, sometimes for more than 20 years. This principle was put forward at the first revision of 2, and the government firmly held it then throughout the late stories. Thus, we are not encountering any difficulties here: the estate and taxable position of the soldiers is quite clear to us. As for the estate and taxable position of the soldiers' wives and children, we consider it below, together with the study of the status of the wives and children of retired soldiers.
As for the second category, i.e. retired soldiers, they represented themselves a class of persons not subject to the pillow tax. And this principle was also established during the production of the first revision, and it was also preserved then throughout the rest of the story. Such an attitude towards retired is quite understandable: where was there still to levy the head-on salary of those who had spent their whole life in military service, lost or spoiled their health and lost, if not entirely, then at least in part, their working ability ... obviously there was nothing to take. But not only that. It was not enough to restrict this benefit - exemption from taxes! It was necessary to think about that, in addition, as something to attach them and ensure their existence. The government sets itself this task for the entire epoch under study (the 18 century). But what means were there for its implementation?
Of course, for those of the retired who could find a secure existence in their former homes, with their former landowners or relatives, or in some other way, they allowed this without hindrance and then could not take care of them anymore. Meanwhile, this was not the case with everyone, and then there were such retired people who did not have any sustenance and concern for which directly fell on the state "so that they, serving Her Imperial Majesty for several years, would not be left without any charity and in the world staggering and ironing did not undergo the 3. "
But what could the state do for them? Of course, there were no institutions for the care of retired people in the first half of the 18th century. His financial resources were extremely tense. True, the state had vast expanses of free land on the outskirts and, of course, the simplest solution of the problem would be for it to endow retired with such lands. Such a permit would also be beneficial to the government because it would have contributed to the colonization of the suburbs and the establishment of Russian power on them. It would contribute most to the subsistence economy that prevailed at that time. The government, as we shall see below, resorted to this permission wherever it was possible. But it was not always possible. After all, those who were retired who were absolutely unsuitable for colonization were in need of charity ... Therefore, the state had no choice but to look at a special category of land properties, and, moreover, quite significant - we understand the land ownership of the clergy. The state decided to entrust the duties of the care of the retired to the monasteries, which were supposed to carry it until they were taken away, i.e. to 1764 year. After 1764, the state took the charity of the retired into their own hands.
2. Reasons for resignation and types of resignation.
As mentioned above, no time limit was set for military service during the entire almost XVIII century: every soldier had to continue it as long as it was in his power. Until he became incapable of it - “for wounds, for illnesses, for injuries, for old age and for decrepitude” 4. We very often see this rule in the legislation of the 18th century, where it was repeated in every way. 5 Meanwhile, more precise indications of what should be considered old age. By decrepitude, which diseases make a soldier unable to continue service, etc. - we do not find. Legislation in this regard suffered from great uncertainty and did not go further than the general guidelines of 6. In view of this, the question of the bodies that have resigned acquires great importance. We will dwell on this question below.
The situation described has suffered significant changes since the 1793 year ... (When some decrees began to determine the 25-year service life - VB).
So we see that throughout the 18 century there is a lot of uncertainty about the reasons for retirement. This uncertainty is all the more important because the fate that awaited the soldier after his retirement differed mainly depending on his state of health and efficiency.
What was this fate?
First of all, already under Peter, our army was divided into two categories of regiments: field and garrison, and this division remained throughout the XVIII century, and was transferred to the XIXth. Service in the garrison regiments was easier and calmer than in the field. Therefore, a soldier, unable to last, could still be fit for the first. In this case, he was dismissed from field service. In order to be determined in the garrison regiment and continue to serve here.
If, further, the soldier turned out to be incapable of nickname field, nor to the garrison service, he received full resignation from military service. But that still did not mean. That the state would have no more claims to it. If he was fit. The state tried to use it for other purposes: it assigned it to civil service (to mailers, counters, guards, etc.) or to one of the teams at different locations, or sent it to a settlement on one of the outskirts (first in Kazan, and then in other provinces).
Only in the event that a soldier turned out to be incapable of one or the other, did he finally dismiss him from any service, both military and civil, and from the settlement. And it gave him full retirement. But even here there could be two cases: if a soldier could exist at his own expense (or at the expense of relatives. Former landowner, etc.), then he was set aside for his own food. If he could not soak. That he was determined to 1764 year - in monasteries and almshouses. And after the 1764 of the year - for the invalid content.
So we have only five types of retirement:
- Dismissal from field service to the garrison.
- Determination of the service at the civil service offices.
- Sending to the settlement.
- The dismissal of their own food.
- Definition of monasteries or poorhouses and for disabled content.
Accurately, there is no information regarding those signs for which certain categories were distinguished. On the other hand, if it is completely understandable that the establishment of a new farm on sparsely populated margins is more difficult than service in offices, then the citation does not quite clearly restrict the definition of a garrison from sending to a settlement. From other laws, we see that primacy was given first and only those unfit for it were sent to the settlement. But in this case, it is not entirely clear why the settlement seemed easier than the service in the garrison regiments. But besides all this, the cited indication of the military board to the existing practice raises other doubts in us. So, in 1739, it was made obligatory to send all suitable retired people to the Kazan province to settle, except for those who have their own lands. For this, it was prescribed everywhere to make an analysis of retired, previously dismissed from the service on his own food. Meanwhile, only those soldiers who were no longer suitable for any service were dismissed for their food, they were not garrison nicknames or civilian (and, consequently, they were not even suitable for shipment to the settlement). We have to assume the overflow of offices by former soldiers. Although there was no such overflow!
So it should be recognized that the sequence of certain types of resignation and the signs that guided the distribution of retired between them, in many respects were very unclear7.
Dismissal from the service could be accompanied by an increase by one rank, and this increase, in cases where it gave the fired officer's rank, was important for his estate status.
Such a promotion for one rank for the immaculate service was authorized by Decree 1719, 8, and confirmed in 1722, 9 for those who served "long and well." More information about this. What conditions were required for this increase and how often it was given - we don’t have before 1760's ...
3. The bodies that made the resignation.
We now turn to the consideration of those bodies. With which the resignation was made. In view of the vagueness of the law on the grounds for resignation, etc. This issue is becoming important.
Initially, such a body was the military college itself. Which subjected to leave special examination. A substantial simplification was made in the year of 1724 - it was prescribed to dismiss the “generals full with other generals found in the teams” - without members of the military board whose travels were canceled.
This was the case until the beginning of the 1940s, when, due to the war with Sweden, separation from service was at first suspended (1742), and then (1743 g) was prescribed, so that henceforth the resignation was given "as it was during his lifetime ... “- that is, the old order was restored, when the generals together with members of the military board gave resignation. This order was then established for a long time (by the way, this decree ordered "the entire generals to declare decrees that if someone resigned to present a person capable of service, he himself will always be written as a soldier" ...
4. Sending retired to the settlement in Kazan and other provinces.
One of the most interesting pages in the history of retired soldiers during the 18th century seems to be the role they played in the colonization of the suburbs of then-Russia, mainly Eastern. 10 As you know, the most important event in the history of colonization of the East was the conquest of the Kazan kingdom. To strengthen the Russian government, the government founded in the newly conquered kingdom of the city, which it inhabited by military people. Meanwhile, to the south of the kingdom of Kazan were located vast expanses of empty, uninhabited land. It has long served as a field for nomadic peoples. Among the latter at the end of 15 - the beginning of 16 centuries, the Nogais, who divided into three hordes, are increasingly being promoted.
... In view of the above, the Moscow government had to think about taking measures to defend against a new enemy. Initially, these measures were somewhat random. 11. But soon the government had to take on a more systematic struggle. Moreover, the tide of the population in Zakamye continued. Already in 1651, servicemen were sent to work out a new fortified line. The project they drafted was approved by the government and, already in 1652, year. It was started to work12. This is how the so-called Zakamskaya line arose, the construction of which was completed by September 1652. The line started off the banks of the Volga River and stretched to Menzelinsk. In this distance, it included the following cities or forts: Bely Yar (along the banks of the Volga River), Erykklinsk, Tiinsk, Bilyarsk, Novosheshminsk, Kichuevsk, Zainsk and Menzelinsk. For the settlement of these fortifications, 1366 13 families were transferred here, which were settled for the most part by townships located near cities, with land allotted here, close to cities, by land ....... These new settlers were composed of various elements, but the most extensive group among them represented Smolensk foreigners, the number of which was 478 families.
So, we see that, in the middle of the 17th century, the Zakamskaya line, consisting of a number of "suburbs", was carried out to protect part of the eastern border of Russia. Located from the Volga along Cheremshan and further to Menzelinsk ... After several decades, the government, wishing to seize a large territory, decided to move the western part of the Zakamskaya line further south. In 1731, the secret adviser Naumov was sent for this purpose, who was entrusted with the construction of new fortresses and a set of landmilian regiments for their settlement. The new line existed for a very short time, the creation of the Orenburg line began in 1734, which deprived the Zakamsky line of its value and which, in turn, needed people to protect and settle the places it cut. In view of this, in 1739, the inhabitants of the old suburbs transferred to the new Zakamsky line were ordered to be relocated to the Orenburg line.
From the preceding, it follows that in the first half of the 1730s, the suburbs located in the western part of the old Zakamskaya line were deserted. Meanwhile, if the government pushed the line further south, then, of course, it was not in his interest to leave the seats behind it empty, all the more. As these places were not safe from the steppe neighbors. Thus, the idea arose to populate these places with retired 14 soldiers. Earlier, the government thought to use retired soldiers for defensive and colonization purposes, and, moreover, this time in relation to the Orenburg line itself. Namely, at the beginning of 1736, “retired dragoons, soldiers, sailors were allowed. With free passports. Whoever wishes to be packs in our service "settle" in Orenburg and in other new places there "why the builder of the Orenburg line, state counselor Kirilov was ordered to accept such people for settlement. Allocate them for 20-30 quarters of land per family, give them the necessary weapons and loans with money and bread for travel and to acquire "at the discretion of the way and time, they will receive subsistence from their own arable land." 15 However, at the end of the same year 1736 the government changed its plan and. instead of sending retired people to the Orenburg line, decided to use them for settling the empty suburbs of the old Zakamskaya line. For this purpose, the Imperial Decree of 27.12.1736 No. 7136, remarkable in many respects, and the Cabinet Resolution of 6.07.1737 No. 7315, supplementing it, were issued. The main provisions of these laws were as follows. The following empty lands near the borders are assigned to the settlement of “retired ... non-commissioned officers, privates and non-combatants who do not have their own villages and food”: “along the Volga River and along the rivers flowing into it, on the remaining Volga Cossack settlements and in others between Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan places. In Kazan province in the suburbs of Old Sheshminsk, Novy Sheshminsk, Zainsk, Tiinsk, Eryklinsk, Bilyarsk, of which service people are assigned to landmilitia and transferred to the Zakamsky line, in the same province along the Kondurcha river, starting from the Zakamskaya line to the town of Krasny Yar and in other tamos around Bashkir places. ” This was a very extensive territory, intended for the settlement of retired people in the first of these laws. The second ordered to begin this settlement on the river. Condurcha and then, after settling there all the empty places, go to other places.
The settlement had to be made - for security, in large settlements in 100 and more courtyards. No one was supposed to be forced to settle; only those who wished to come from retirees were invited to join him. They were supposed to report to the local governors, who, after examining their passports, were supposed to supply them with pass letters to go to the places of settlement. Here they were supposed to receive on 20-30 quarters of land per family (following the example of the former services of service people and landmilitia), as well as a loan from the treasury in the amount of 5-10 rubles per family. 16 Then the law details those categories of children of retired soldiers which the latter could and could not take with them to the settlement. The second category belonged to children who were born before the fathers entered the service, and from the rest - those who were recorded or were subject to a salary in a note and, according to the 1732 decree, were not subject to military service (This is in the appropriate section - Vb)
Very interesting, further, are those decrees of the laws under consideration that concern the nature of land tenure in new settlements. The fact is that they established two beginnings, of which the second is only very rarely found in the history of Russian legislation, namely INSUERABILITY and ONE SINGLE HERITAGE. The lands allotted to the retired could only be inherited and could not be sold, pledged, given to the dowry, etc. At the same time, they had to pass by inheritance to ONE of the sons, who were obliged to feed their young brothers. Then, as the latter got ready for service, they had to receive special sections. In the absence of sons, daughters were to inherit. However, with the condition that they marry "for the soldiers' children, and not for other officials of the people, so that between them there is no outside possession". There is no need to add that with the abundance of land in the places of settlement of retired people, the application of the principle of unified inheritance could not meet the difficulties to which it now leads.
It remains to add to the above that it was ordered to build churches in the new settlements, and with them the schools, to train the children’s children to read and write (this training was to be conducted by the clergy for a special fee). However, those of the children who wanted to study "higher sciences", if they had not yet ripened into service, should have been given to the garrison schools (!). By settlement, it was prescribed to appoint a “reliable person” with an appropriate number of assistants and with 4 surveyors. The post of settlement leader at first was occupied by the brigadier Dubasov. He must be given a special instruction 17. The stated resolutions were ordered to be published for general information by “printed decrees”, and to report to the Senate about the progress of the settlement.
Such were the provisions of the two decrees we called. By issuing them, the government was waiting for results. Meanwhile, October 1737 of the year came, and the government did not receive any news about this. Therefore, a new decree was issued on 11.10.1737, No. 7400, confirming the former and again inviting retired to appear for departure. However, April 1738 came, and there was still no information. The government lost patience and sent a decree so that within a week after it was received from the provinces and provinces, statements about the number of retired people, both those who wished to settle and those already assigned to him, were sent to the Senate. In addition, it was prescribed to the military board, so that henceforth, the decree from 27.12.1736 of the year was announced to all retiring. However, apparently, already at the issuance of the decree in question, the government plotted further measures ...
What was the information. Received in response to this by the Senate?
It turned out that the settlement was very tight. According to reports received from governors, etc. on 11 September 1738 of the year, the number of all retired "in the provinces, provinces and cities" ("according to the passport notes") was 4152 person, and of them, despite the double publication, only 6 people "were sent to the settlement" who were sent. The government, however, did not lose heart and decided to immediately cut the Goridian knot: in January, it ordered 1739 of the year. So that all of the people named “4152”, “who are not very decrepit and there is hope, that they can get married and maintain their houses,” were sent to the settlement. Moreover, it was prescribed to continue to do so with all the soldiers who were receiving resignation, for which they would write in their passports issued to them that they should report to Dubasov. At the same time, it was incumbent on the governors and the governor to dismantle all the retirees in their department and send them to the Kazan province all those who met the above requirements, "except having their own villages and lands." Further, they were instructed by retired "in the aisle of their ... to repair possible aids."
So, we see that the tempting offers of the government seemed to the retired a little seductive. At the same time, the settlement case is entering a new phase: from voluntary it becomes compulsory. At the same time, however, the government wondered about the reasons for such a low tide of hunters to the settlement, and saw these reasons in the poverty of the retired, making it impossible for them - without help - a distant way to the place of settlement and existence until they did not acquire arable land, etc. Moreover, it was impossible to find work in the places of the settlements. In view of this, the government found it necessary to make the settlement more accessible to retired, and at the same time more attractive for them, and following the example of the conditions of their settlement in the Orenburg province. He ordered that all retired people sent to Kazan province, over the previous loan received: for the passage of money salaries and provisions for two months. Further, already at the site of the settlement, for a while, until they acquire (but for no more than 2 years) - one soldier's provisions and, finally, for sowing - by 1 quarters of rye and 2 quarters of oats. However, all these aids were established only for the first settlers, "who will now be sent." The next ones were to receive, as before, only a cash loan of 18. Then, in the 1743 year, it was ordered to issue retired “proper food and seed supplies” to the settlers. But only on loan, with the condition to return received after the first harvest.
The measures described had their effect, less than two years since the issuance of the decree from 10.01.1739, as replacing Dubasova, the state councilor Obolduev had already informed that according to 1 in November 1740, the retired 967 people had been sent to the settlement from various places. About the form in which the retired came to the settlement. The following words of Obolduev testify: “And these retired people are many without clothes, barefoot and naked, and are very much in need.” These words show that the above government's diagnosis regarding the reasons for the small number of hunters before settlement among the retired was not far from true - at least in the sense of pointing out one of the reasons for the weak influx of those who want to settle for the retired.
In addition, the success of the government’s activities was expressed in the fact that volunteers began to appear in the retirement settlement. The same year Obolduev reported to 1743 that such volunteers are in greater numbers, and also “in the old years”: they ask to be taken to the settlement, declaring that they “have no food and are wandering idly”. The Senate, in response to a question Obolduev, ordered to accept all suitable for settlement among these volunteers.
That was the first step ...
We have seen that in its new phase, i.e. after the measures taken by the government in 1739, the retirement settlement began to grow rapidly and at the end of 1740, it included 967 settlers. Meanwhile, this rapid growth continued only for the first few years, and then it began to decrease more and more, until it completely stopped. By 1750, the total number of retirees settled by 1736’s decree of the year was only 1’s 173’s, i.e. slightly more than previous 1,5 - 2 of the year. At the same time, the second audit found that retired soldiers did not always willingly went to the settlement: for example, it turned out that many of them had lived in Kazan Gubernia for the years before their 4-5 years. In the Tatar and Chuvash villages, "serving the settlement."
In 1753, the government reaffirmed all previous laws. So that all those soldiers were settled in Kazan province, -
- who received resignation and were still suitable for the settlement, as well as those
- which have already been set aside. But they did not have food and "wander idly" ...
The question now is, what places did the new settlers occupy, and what was their position on the newly occupied lands?
As for the first question, we saw that the settlement was ordered to begin along the river Kondurchi. Meanwhile, the actual course of settlement was somewhat different: the six suburbs mentioned above were subject to settlement (see above, Zainsk among them - VB), abandoned by former residents or, in the beginning, perhaps some of them. True, they were all located near the river. Kondurchi, but still not on its course. Subsequently, the territory of the population expanded somewhat. Above, we saw that in 1739, the new Zakamskaya line ceased to exist, whose inhabitants were ordered to be transferred to the Orenburg line. However, then it was ordered to sell the remaining huts and other buildings in favor of the treasury or private individuals, depending on who owned them. Meanwhile, there were no buyers for them. Therefore, in 1744, it was decided to transfer these vacant places to the department of the settlement management of retirees, headed by State Councilor Ushakov instead of Obolduev ...
Thus, for the settlement of retired new spaces opened: but they were not located along the Kondurche river, but along the rivers Soku, Kinelini and Samara, as well as along the rivers Cheremshan, Sheshme and Kichuyu. On the last rivers, the fortresses of Cheremshansk, Sheshminsk and Kichuyevsk were located, and here they began to settle retired people from 1744, and moreover, with such success that by 1762, the places near these fortresses were already completely settled and no longer contained free lands , then as such there were still enough in the suburbs of Novosheshminsk, Zainsk and Tiinsk. Therefore, with 1762, 19 begins the further settlement of these suburbs. As for the rest (western) parts of the new line, located along the rivers Soku, Kinel and Samara, then, according to our data, the settlement of these new lands began only in 1778 year.
Regarding the second question, our information, unfortunately, is very scarce. The retired came to the settlement either one by one or they were delivered there in whole batches of XXUMX. That not everyone reached the destination. - this was said above. If a retired person determined for a settlement died, the widow left after him nevertheless settled, and all rights of the deceased were transferred to her. The law motivated this by the fact that “these widows who have sons will remain valid at their own plots from which sons can serve. And those who do not have sons may take to themselves or to their daughters to the house of the same retired children, and therefore the same court will be like the others ”(Decree from 20, 16.05.1740, p. 1807). Upon arrival at the destination, the retired was to receive provisions and a cash reward. We don’t know how timely retired people received food, but we know about monetary remuneration that, at least in the second half of 16, retired people didn’t receive it for a year or more, so they had to “live idly all the time” ". Therefore, in 1740, its faster payment was confirmed. If the family of the retired home remained in the same dwelling, the law allowed the administration of the settlement to let him go there to pick it up. As for the innermost life in the settlement, then it remains completely closed for us. We don’t even know if the new settlers were in poverty, or, on the contrary, quickly achieved prosperity, at least on the basis of the abundance and, moreover, of the fertile land, with various assistance (at least initially) from the government and freedom from taxes. would think that they quickly came to prosperity. But these are only assumptions. From the facts that have come down to us, we can point out that there have been cases of escape from a settlement, but, having no data either on the extent of this phenomenon or the reasons leading to it, we cannot draw any conclusions on it. (The decree from 1750, No. 27.11.1742, p. 8623, speaks of retired, who took a salary and then left, and prescribes "to reassign them to retire from escape by giving them a full responsibility".
Equally little we are aware of the actual order that was established in the settlements of retired land tenure. Only relative to the size of the last decree of the year 1742 confirmed the rate established earlier in the decree of the year 27.12.1736 (20-30 of quarters per family). But, unfortunately, we don’t know anything about how the principles of inalienability and unity of heritage were implemented in practice. We only know that the widows and daughters of the retired did not particularly willingly obeyed the restriction in the choice of spouses, which was imposed on them. The decree of the decree 1737 of the year relating here was interpreted in the sense that this restriction applied to all widows and daughters of the settled retired. Meanwhile, the decree from 2.11.1750, No. 9817, complains that widows and daughters of retired people flee from the settlement and marry the one-owners, and the yasak and monastic peasants, and that, thus, the two-year reward given to them and the two-year-old food are wasted. In view of this, paragraph xnumx of this decree confirmed the prohibition to give widows or daughters of retired soldiers for someone else. In addition to retired soldiers or soldiers' children in the settlement, he also took very strict measures to ensure compliance with this prohibition: widows and daughters who were released as unauthorized persons were ordered to collect payment money for 8 rubles. And with the repetition of such cases in the future - for 10 rubles for each. The remaining lands after them were ordered to be given to the heirs of the settlement, and, in their absence, to the other retired sent to the settlement. We see from the foregoing. That the government so freely disposed of the land of the retired, as well as their personality and that of their wives and daughters.
We can only say a few more words about the beginnings of cultural activities that the government wanted to manifest in the settlement. We understand the construction of churches and schools. The first really built. By the 1778 year, as we will see below, they were already 17). Regarding the second law of the year 1750, it was prescribed “not to build special schools for excessive government losses” instead of which the clergy were obliged to train soldiers' children in their homes with an 50 cop. for each. You can guess. What was this training?
If we move on to a later era. Then we will see that since 1750, the retirement community continued to grow and how much faster than in the 1740-50 decade, although it was still slow. By July, 1758, the number of retired people and their male children settled in Kazan province was 3489 (Of these, retired 1477 themselves, and their m. 2012 children - decree from 12.08.1762 of the year). Having wondered about the slowness of population growth, the government still found one of them in retirement poverty ...
... But the “description” is of interest not only for the data that concern the retired, but also for the information they provide about their neighbors. Unfortunately, this information concerns only those with which they came into contact ...
Already from the previous presentation, we know. That along with the construction of the new Zakamskaya line, the inhabitants of the suburbs of the old Zakamskaya line were transferred to it and that then in 1739 they were ordered to be transferred from the new line to the Orenburg line. In the course of this movement we will stop elsewhere, but here we only indicate that it ended only in 1747. Meanwhile, as can be seen, however, from the previous presentation, the transfer to a new one, and then the Orenburg line, did not extend to all residents who inhabited and defended the old, but only on the old suburbs of servicemen who were not placed in the head-pay salary. Thus, as neighbors of newly settled retired soldiers remained on the one hand - some categories of service people, and on the other - the peasants themselves settled in this area.
Among the former, we should first of all mention those former services of service people who were put in a head salary and, therefore, could not be transferred. They were still left in a capita salary and were supposed to contain two Land Militia regiments: the Sergievsky Equestrian and the Alekseevsky Infantry. Some of them were apparently the neighbors of the newly retired.
Instruction from Obolduev from 16.05.1740, 8107, p. 6, mentions about newly-baptized Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod gubernias living in the suburb of Zainsk, some of which were put in head salary and others were not. They are required to investigate where they came from and where they are put in salary, and then make the appropriate decision. They were instructed not to expel them to the new settlement. Further, the decree from 2.11.1750, 9817 refers to the Tatar and Chuvash villages settled in the vicinity of the Cheremshansky fortress and Sheshminsky and Kichuyev feldshans (that is, on the new Zakamskaya line) and is required to provide information about their number and land tenure and where they came from they settled.
We now give the data that is already in the “description” of Miller, which has been repeatedly cited, regarding the neighbors of retired soldiers and their land tenure. The total area of the 6 suburbs and 3 fortresses was about 282 000 tithe. Of these, retired were named around 187 000 tithes, to churches (17 churches) around 1000 tithes. Smolensk gentry around 6 000 dess. 26 neighboring villages around 42 000 dec. As for the neighboring villages, there are mentioned settlements of newly baptized from Mordovians, then baptized and unbaptized yasak Tatars, Chuvash and Mordovians, servicemen and yasak Chuvash who settled themselves among the economic peasants. These are the data on the status of the retirement settlement for 1773 year. (Miller)
Let us add here the information on this issue, which is found in the travel diary of Rychkov (son), relating approximately to the same time. Rychkov visited the suburbs of Bilyarsk, Novosheshminsk and Zainsk with Aleksandrovskaya settlement located 10 versts from it. The main office, managing all the settlements of retired soldiers was in Bilyarsk. The number of philistine courtyards in Bilyarsk 400, in Novosheshminsk 200 and in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda more than 100 (there is no information about Zainsk). The occupation of all retired people was farming and cattle breeding. In Zainsk, even beekeeping joined here, why "this village is superior to Bilyarsk and its inhabitants are much more prosperous than the first." By the way, the residents of Bilyarsk Rychkov were apparently very pleased, as can be seen from the following comment about him: “every villager, having been dismissed from the service and having arrived at his place, appointed him, receives from the treasury a satisfied amount of money, so that all economic needs and could live the remnants of their lives in perfect peace and pleasure. In this way, they are corrected by all that is necessary for agriculture, and with diligence they process the data on the possessions of the land of 21 ”.
These are not very rich information that we have about the settlement of retirees for the beginning of the 1770-s. Meanwhile for later times, we don’t have such data, which is why we should be content with the information that came to us that are random and fragmentary in nature ...
... ... In the 1777 year, the Senate on this issue presented the most general report, the content of which was as follows:
1. Retired, settled and henceforth settled in Kazan, Orenburg and Siberian gubernias are free from any services, requisitions and layouts;
2. Before the expiration of 15 years since the settlement of the fathers, the children of their M. p. should not be taken as salary, after this period it should be rewritten, while those who have “residence and tillage” under the fathers (or, upon their death, after them) should be considered as a salary with the state black peasants with the duty to serve and recruiting duties;
3. Henceforth, the designated children, as subject to a head salary, do not take in the schools that are on public maintenance. Letting their fathers at home teach them to read and write. But the matter remains unresolved ...
After 7 years, the Senate issued a decree that prescribed those of the settled soldiers' children, who should remain forever in the settlement, to be considered as a head salary on a par with other state settlers. This ruling concerned only the Simbirsk line, but it soon spread to other provinces. Namely, on Ufa (Decree of 21.08.1784, No. 16046) and Kazan. As explained by the law 1787 of the year, on the aforementioned soldiers' children also laid down the obligation to incur recruitment duty on general grounds.
Meanwhile, the situation created by these laws did not last long, and by the end of the 1780s, the government decided to replace the head salary with service. Namely, in the 1789 year, all children of retired settled soldiers (in all provinces) were commanded to exclude "forever" from the per capita salary with the addition of accumulated arrears, so that they would not be included in the salary in the future. Instead, it was prescribed to leave each father for arable farming only one son (by his choice). So that the rest of them, when they reached 20 years, were taken to man the troops (especially the guards, life grenadiers, and life cuirassier regiments), in which they had to serve 15 years. Upon returning from service, they should have received land from the treasury - if they did not have it before, but only. Assistance in obtaining them should have been given by the family, as they served for it. (Decree of 23.01.1789 g. No. 16741. This decree for children settled in Orenburg province retired soldiers was confirmed in the decree of 30.12.1797 No. 18299, which was instructed to recruit the Orenburg division with one son left for arable farming. In this decree retired soldiers figure under the name of "arable" soldiers - the name that was subsequently consolidated behind them - see "Veshnyakov. Historical review of the origin of state peasants." Arable Soldiers "J. Min. State. For 1837." Subsequently, this name is repeatedly encountered .
Having established these beginnings. The law 1789 of the year, at the same time, introduced the registration of soldiers' children: he imposed on the foremen the obligation to submit through the Zemstvo heads to the Senate and the military board signed by the parish priest semi-annual and annual lists of births and deaths m. The status of the children of retired settled soldiers, established by the 1789 law of the year, was not altered during the rest of the era under study.
By a decree of 23.1.1789, 16741, p. 8, prescribed lodging retired in all provinces to be governed by elected elders under the jurisdiction of the Zemstvo authorities of the respective governorship, and that they were dependent on the directors of economy for “house-building”.
1 Throughout the subsequent exposition, wherever we do not make a special reservation, we mean only soldiers and retired soldiers NOT FROM NOBELIANS. Since the achievement of the first chief officer officer rank in military service has already been delivered by hereditary nobility, we leave without attention in the following exposition also persons who are not from the nobility who have acquired hereditary nobility by this way. In addition, we leave aside all retired people who came from those groups of the population that were not subject to recruitment and for whom a special period of service was established, such as for example single-houses. About these retired will be said in its place. By the soldiers, we mean all the lower ranks who do not have the rank of officer, sergeants, non-commissioned officers, corporals and privates. W.Den.
2 The decree of 5 VII 1721, 3802 prescribed not to put in salary retired dragoons and soldiers living both in monasteries and in houses on the specified leave, but to write them separately. This was confirmed by the instructions to the auditors 5 II 1722, 3901 p.8 regarding "retired dragoons, and soldiers, and sailors who are not from the nobility", as well as the decree 31 VII 1722? 4066.
3 We often see this motivation. See, for example, decrees 2 VII 1744,8986, 16 V 1746, 9287, 9 II 1755, 10.355, 18 I 1757, 10.684.
4 See Decree 20.01.1716 g. No. 2983.
5 Here's how, for example, the Admiralty Management Regulations of 5.04.1722 g No. 3937 (Ch. 1, p. 58) says about the reasons for resignation, in the existence of which the Admiralty Board had to make sure each time: “first, that he is sick or injured, and why he can not continue to serve in the military. The second is about his old age, decrepitude. And besides these reasons, or an especially decree from the service, do not let go. ” The same principles were applied to the ground army, as is evident from the decree from 5.02.1723, No. 4166, p. 3.
6 On the contrary, sometimes the law is expressed even more vaguely than the previous quotations: for example, the Decree of 16.11.1719, No. 3452, prescribes resignation “to the insignia of the soldiers and private soldiers. Which, though not from nobility, but according to reliable testimony, appear that they served rather. And so, as good soldiers must, "or the Decree of 28.06.1736, No. 6998, orders to set aside" the chief officers and noncommissioned officers and other officials who cannot, due to various inactivities of more military service, can bear it, etc.
7 All lower-ranked retirees, which of the five alternatives considered were not eligible, received passports. Even the military regulations of 30.03.1716 of the year No. 3006, Chapter IX, the article of 70 prescribed to give “passes” or “abscesses” when retiring.
8 Decree of 16.11.1719 g. No. 3452. The exception was prescribed to do only for those "who for drunkenness and the French and for other similar diseases and disrepair will be set aside".
9 Decree of 19.04.1722 g. No. 3973.
10 The reader will find a brief history of the retirement settlement for the second third of the 18 century in the essay by N.A. Firsov. The alien population of the former Kazan Kingdom in the new Russia before 1762, and the colonization of the Zakamsky lands during this time. Kazan 1869, p. 288-396, as well as in Vitevsky I.I. Neplyuev and the Orenburg region in its former composition. Kazan.1897
11 Namely, in 1640x. we meet only three guards in Zakamye: Akhtachi, Sheshminsky and Menzelinsky. Then, in 1650, a city was built at the confluence of the Chelny river into the r. Kama, it was settled 100 equestrian white-crested Cossacks. The latter were endowed with land on the “arable land on 20 quarters and hay mowing against Menzelinsk white stone archers” (Petryakovich. Volga region in the XVII and early XVIII century. Page 132).
12 ibid., P. 140. Works were probably simultaneously started in different places. They were produced by "people of the guard", dressed up from the inhabitants of Kazan at. (mainly foreigners), for a person with a certain number of yards. For a detailed description of the line and the history of its construction, see ibid., P. 140-170.
13 In White Yar 138, Eryklinsk 150, Tiinsk 291, Bilyarsk 100, Novoshimskin 277, Zainsk 181 and Menzelinsk 229. Only in Kichuyevsky prison, the smallest of all, there was no permanent military population.
14 In 1732, there was an assumption that yasak Chuvash and Cheremis from Sviyazhsk province would be transferred to these empty places, where their proximity was dangerous to ship scaffolding (see decree from 27.04.1732 No. 6032). Meanwhile, this project was not implemented, and the named aliens were probably transferred to other southern lands beyond the Kama, about which the above decree also speaks about.
15 See the decree from 11.02.1736, No. 6887, p. 4 and the verbatim repetition of this clause in the decree to Kirilov from 11.2.1736, No. 6889, p. 14. This prescription was published by printed decrees from 10.04.1736.
16 Regarding this loan, it was found that the first 50 yards of each new settlement (and only during the first five years of its existence) should have received 10 rubles per family. The following 50 yards - for 5 rubles; when the number of yards reached 100, the issuance of a loan from the treasury was supposed to stop. And instead of that, the newly settled were to receive such from the former settlers, "in the meantime, they can acquire, meanwhile." In total, 6000 rubles were allocated for issuing loans.
17 Thus, the settled retired had their own management. Nevertheless, the decree from 16.05.1740, No. 8107, p. 11, prescribed to still determine the governor in the suburbs, in which the retired settled, however, as can be seen from the decree from 27.11.1742, No. 8623, 4, these governors should not in the settlement of retired.
18 Decree of 15.02.1739 g. No. 7757. The goal pursued by the settlement of retired ones is well characterized in the following words, in which the government compares the settlement in the Orenburg and Kazan provinces: “even though .... Defined for settlement in Kazan province and not in such a service as the ones described above (ie, settling in Orenburg) are used, however, in proximity to the steppe peoples they will live and, when settled, during the enemy attack, they are not only themselves, but they must also defend others. ” In view of these circumstances, the decree of 16.05.1740 g. № 8107. P.7 commanded "for caution .... From the steppe peoples "to supply the retired settlers with a" gun ", ammunition and gunpowder, at the first time he even ordered to send soldiers from service Cossacks from the Kazan garrison from where it should be, how much will be needed for the Kazan Governor's consideration."
19 According to the decree of 30.05.1762 g. No. 11 556.
20 See, for example, a decree from 16.05.1740, No. 8107, p. 14, where it is prescribed to send such a batch from Kazan "on narrow-street supplies or by capacity to those places by water".
21 Nikolay Rychkov, Journal or travel notes by captain Rychkov in different provinces of the Russian state 1769 and 1770. SPb. At the Academy of Sciences 1770
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