The name of the first military intelligence officer in history

Portrait of Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus in the publication:
Justin. ancient universal stories Pompey's troga contractor.
Transl. N. Popova. SPb., 1768.

I have long wondered: who became the first scout in history? I did not find an answer either in the book by M. I. Umnov “The World History of Espionage” (M., 2000), where the author in the first chapter “Organization of Espionage in the Ancient World” could say this, nor in the book by A. I. Kolpakidi “Special Services of the Russian Empire” (M., 2010), where the author in chapter 26 “The Birth of Military Intelligence (Ancient Times - XIII century)” could also say about this. Haven't found it anywhere else.

Being my first diploma in antiquity, I never ceased to be interested in antiquity, especially Hellenism. And then I came across a book that I myself was going to translate and comment on, and the fact of the publication of which changed my creative plans.

The work of a historian of the 2005st century. n. e. Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus "History of Philip", that is, Philip II Argead, father of Alexander III Argead (Macedonian), has come down to us in an abbreviation made by the historian of the XNUMXnd century Mark Junian Justin. Such abbreviations in ancient times were called "epitome" - a summary of a voluminous work. It was first published in Russian in St. Petersburg in XNUMX under the title “Justin. Epitome of Pompey Trogus Historiae Philippicae.

Here, in Chapter 6 of Book XXI, Justin says:

“Meanwhile, the Carthaginians, frightened by such great successes of Alexander the Great (the defeat of the Persians on the Granik River in 334 BC and at Issus in 332 BC - Approx. Aut.), began to fear that he would want to annex Africa to the Persian kingdom.

In order to penetrate his intentions, they send to him Hamilcar, nicknamed Rodan, a man who stood out among others for his dexterity and gift for words.

Their fear was growing because (in 332 BC, after a six-month siege. - Approx. Aut.) Tire was taken (the current Sur. - P.G.), their metropolis (the state that founded the colonies. - Approx. Aut.), Because Alexandria was founded on the borders of Africa and Egypt (Alexandria of Egypt, in 332 BC - Approx. Aut. ), a rival of Carthage, and because happiness has always accompanied the king [of Macedonia], whose greed and luck knew no bounds.

So, Hamilcar, having achieved access to the king through Parmenion (Macedonian commander. - Approx. Aut.), pretended to have fled to Alexander after being expelled from his homeland, and offered to become an ordinary soldier in his campaigns. Finding out, thus, the plans of Alexander, he informed his fellow citizens about everything on wooden planks, covered on top with a layer of pure wax.

When, after the death of the king [Alexander] (in 323 BC in Babylon. - Approx. Aut.), Hamilcar returned to his homeland, the Carthaginians put him to death because he allegedly wanted to sell his city to the king, showing not only an ungrateful, but also a cruel heart.

Perhaps due to the heroism of Hamilcar, Rodana, Carthage and Alexandria of Egypt never fought.

Comments

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Curious and unexpected research of the Author, thank you!
All the good days!

[Pavel Gusterin]

Please. I will be glad if the information is useful to you.

[parusnik]

thanks to the heroism of Hamilcar, Rodana, Carthage and Alexandria of Egypt never fought

And this is nothing that Alexandria was the capital of the Egyptian kingdom of the Ptolemies and the interests of the Egyptian kingdom and Carthage simply did not intersect

[Pavel Gusterin]

The interests of Carthage and Egypt intersected, because. both states were active in trade throughout the Mediterranean. In addition, they had a common border after Ptolemy I Soter in 322 BC. annexed Cyrenaica, i.e. Carthage had every reason to fear the expansion of Egypt. In addition, Egypt was a potential ally of the Roman Republic in the Punic Wars. See: Elgood P. Egypt under the rule of the Ptolemies. M., 2018, p. 46, 72. Other authors agree with Elgood.

[north 2]

thanks to the author for the article, I would like to note that, for some, they are scouts, and for others they are spies ... so which of them were the first should be looked for among the first spies ...
How to treat King Solomon's mistress Delilah, who found out that Solomon's power was hidden in his hair and transmitted information to cut the king's braids, thereby depriving him of his strength? To someone she is a scout. And to someone she is a spy.
Also, the most ancient example of military intelligence can be called the scouts in the Trojan horse.
Hannibal also made full use of the services of military intelligence. Then the first ways to transmit intelligence information appeared. Hannibal sent his military intelligence officers very early on to settle in those cities that he planned to besiege, and then these military intelligence officers of his, and for the townspeople they are spies, from their huts in these cities, using smoke and fire, they transmitted signals to the Carthaginian army. They shaved their heads, wrote information, waited for the hair to grow back and then sent a scout with information.

[3x3zsave]

How to treat King Solomon's mistress Delilah
Approximately the same as if the Queen of Sheba was Samson's mistress.

[Pavel Gusterin]

- First, not Solomon, but Samson. You have confused Delilah with Bilquis, the Queen of Sheba. Secondly, I do not comment on the Bible.
- In the Trojan horse were not scouts, but a capture group.
- Hannibal acted about 100 years later than Rodan's Hamilcar.
- You haven't given any name except for the biblical Delilah. The point of my article is to give the name of the scout.

[Zagrebun]

Until the hair grows, until you get there, is there much sense in the information?

[Sergey Valov]

"scouts in a Trojan horse" are no longer scouts, but saboteurs.

[Kojote21]

Quote: Sergey Valov

"scouts in a Trojan horse" are no longer scouts, but saboteurs.

A cunning way to take Troy, proposed by Odysseus.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote from Kojote21

Quote: Sergey Valov

"scouts in a Trojan horse" are no longer scouts, but saboteurs.

A cunning way to take Troy, proposed by Odysseus.

Any city will take a donkey loaded with gold.

[Kojote21]

Quote: Kote Pan Kokhanka

Quote from Kojote21

Quote: Sergey Valov

"scouts in a Trojan horse" are no longer scouts, but saboteurs.

A cunning way to take Troy, proposed by Odysseus.

Any city will take a donkey loaded with gold.

A saying attributed to Philip II of Macedon.

[Lewww]

Quote: north 2

Also, the most ancient example of military intelligence can be called the scouts in the Trojan horse.

well, this is already special intelligence - the oldest DRG

[svp67]

Perhaps due to the heroism of Hamilcar, Rodana, Carthage and Alexandria of Egypt never fought.

Good version, but how to deal with this:
"The Old Testament book of Numbers tells that in the second year after the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, Moses sent the leaders of the twelve Israelite tribes "to look out for the land of Canaan." Forty days later, the scouts returned and reported that this land was very rich, "it truly flows milk and honey," but its cities are large and well fortified, and their inhabitants are giants, in front of whom the Jews are "like locusts."

[Pavel Gusterin]

What does your text have to do with the relationship between Carthage and Alexandria?

You do not give names, but the point of my article is to give the name of the scout.

[kor1vet1974]

The names of the scouts of Moses remained unknown, you established the name of the Phoenician scout, you cannot call him the first, so they were before him. The only thing that can be said is that his name as a scout is the first to be displayed in written sources.

[Kojote21]

Good day !!

Quote: kor1vet1974

The names of the scouts of Moses remained unknown

If my memory serves me right, then we know at least two - the brother of Moses Aaron and Joshua. Although I could be wrong...

[kor1vet1974]

Moses sent the leaders of the twelve Israelite tribes to "spy out the land of Canaan"

Here are the names of some of the first scouts: the names of the leaders of the twelve Israelite tribes.

[ycuce234-san]

Quote: kor1vet1974

We have established the name of the Phoenician intelligence officer, you cannot call him the first, as they were before him.

In general, references to "intelligence activities" are found in much more ancient oral traditions and sagas, the deeds of shamans. The inhabitants of Oceania, for example, in pre-literate times, were engaged in marine exploration and the discovery of new lands, and information about this came precisely through legends and oral genealogies.

[svp67]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

You do not give names, but the point of my article is to give the name of the scout.

Well, you are a historian and you should be familiar with such texts. We read the sequel:

... At this news, "the whole society raised a cry, and the people wept ... And they grumbled against Moses and Aaron." There were even proposals to elect a new leader and return to Egypt. It came to the point that "Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before the whole assembly of the congregation of the sons of Israel." Only two of the returned scouts - Joshua (Joshua bin Nun) and Caleb - opposed the panic that gripped the descendants of Israel.

[Pavel Gusterin]

I already wrote that I do not comment on the Bible. Only biblical scholars can consider the Bible as a historical source.

[svp67]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

I already wrote that I do not comment on the Bible.

Do you know that the British, fighting in WWI in those places against the Turks, fully used information from the Bible and successfully

[Vladimir Yurievich]

But this is true, as we say: "A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows!" Only obscurantists in the ranks of historians are not enough for us!

[svp67]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

What does your text have to do with the relationship between Carthage and Alexandria?
You do not give names, but the point of my article is to give the name of the scout.

Well, I can give you another name - Odysseus, it was not for nothing that he was called "cunning", he repeatedly carried out reconnaissance in the camp of the Trojans, penetrating into Troy itself

[Pavel Gusterin]

The Acts of Odysseus is a work of art by Homer.

[Luminman]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

The Acts of Odysseus - fiction by Homer

Troy was also once considered a work of fiction...

[Pavel Gusterin]

Troy is a city whose existence could be verified, and it was found, but how can you check the deeds of Odysseus?

[svp67]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

Troy is a city whose existence could be verified, and it was found, but how can you check the deeds of Odysseus?

Here is something simpler. Troy fell and the Trojans were forced to leave those places and this is the best confirmation of the activities of Odysseus and hedgehogs with him

[svp67]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

The Acts of Odysseus is a work of art by Homer.

Any memoirs are also largely fiction ...

[Komsomol]

for some they are scouts, and for others they are spies ...

Our scout sits with an agent on a bench. He says:
- Listen, I gave you the secret information! Is that me, I'm a spy ?!
Our soothes:
- No, I'm the spy ... And you're just a traitor ...
Yes, sometimes it is difficult to determine: who is “Mr. John Lancaster Peck” for which of them, and who is “Chekist - an intelligence major and a wonderful family man”

Also, the most ancient example of military intelligence can be called the scouts in the Trojan horse.

Well, it's more like SSO

[Lynx2000]

The profession of a scout appears from the moment the first military formations were created, and in ancient Rome, back in the royal period, the kings used scouts to obtain information among the citizens of Rome and its allies.

The scope of the tasks of strategic intelligence of Ancient Rome from the tsarist period, the republican to the principate and empire included obtaining information about the military-political and economic potential of the states of the Oikoumene.
The methods and tools for obtaining such information were:
- embassy and trade missions (diplomatic intelligence);
- obtaining information from merchants;
- reconnaissance of the Roman fleet;
- geographical reconnaissance outside the borders of Dr. Rome.

Tactical reconnaissance ensured the combat operations of troops at the tactical level, i.e. within the formations, units and subunits in contact with the enemy, it revealed data on the enemy's capabilities, his vulnerability, and locations. To obtain such information in the Roman army, special units were involved.
The main source of information about the enemy army is the language / prisoner, if he is not a defector, then he must be captured, as imperceptibly as possible for enemy soldiers. In addition to obtaining information, the prisoner can be used as a guide.

Subdivisions of the so-called. intelligence:
Roman extraordinaires and/or procurators, more often a cavalry unit moving ahead of the marching march of the Roman army. Intelligence methods: observation, horse patrols / patrolling, reconnaissance of the area.
Explorator and speculator, literally explorer, scout or spy. In connection with the development of the state and military reforms, already in the period of the republic, specialization arose, exploratores became military intelligence officers, speculatores - couriers and secret agents (killers / liquidators). Initially, the exploratores units were not formed on a permanent basis, later they became independent units within the legions (reconnaissance per regiment, reconnaissance battalion per brigade / division). Tacitus describes the criteria for selection from among the legionnaires to the reconnaissance group: experience, sobriety / rationality, vigilance, speed, observation, excellent command of weapons, physical development, determination, good memory.
Speculatores, in the early period, were spies / infiltrators with disguises, acted as couriers for the delivery of important reports, acted as bodyguards. They were in the service not only in the legions, but also in the noble / rich patricians and plebeians.
Frumentarii (frumentarii) literally can be considered political spies / scouts / informants, originally they had a different purpose - foragers / quartermasters.

Counterintelligence activities were also established in Ancient Rome ...

[Pavel Gusterin]

You also do not give names, but the point of my article is to give the name of the scout.

[Lynx2000]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

You also do not give names, but the point of my article is to give the name of the scout.

Did you send it to me? For example: Mark Oklatin Advent, began his service as a legionnaire. Then he became a frumentary. Then, for faithful service, he was appointed procurator (Roman governor) of Britain.
Emperor Caracalla appointed him prefect of the Praetorian Guard.
Any envoy of Rome, merchant, owner and captain of a merchant ship could be a scout.

Why did you ask yourself the question of establishing the name of the first military intelligence officer in history in relation to Ancient Rome?

If I am not mistaken, Ahmose I set up a good reconnaissance for the Hyksos and Nubians, who were preparing to oppose him at the same time. The name of the scouts, as they say, is unknown, their feat is immortal. I am sure that reconnaissance was also carried out in the city-states of the ancient Mesopotamia during numerous internecine wars.

In addition, in the article you ask a question about a specific person in the intelligence of Rome, and in turn, intelligence is divided by the level of tasks into: strategic, operational and tactical, like our intelligence units in units and formations, in the Roman army it was also what I was trying to report, but there are no special names.

Py.Sy. so that the purpose of your article is clear, set clear goals that you propose to find out the "setting data" of the first intelligence officer in history ...

[Pavel Gusterin]

1. Read the headlines of articles (smart enough).

2. Caracalla - III in AD, and Hamilcar Rodana - IV in BC.

3. I don’t mention Ancient Rome at all in the article.

[Lynx2000]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

1. Read the headlines of articles (smart enough).

2. Caracalla - III in AD, and Hamilcar Rodana - IV in BC.

3. I don’t mention Ancient Rome at all in the article.

I admit the groundlessness of the claim, the portrait of exile and Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus was confused.

How many names of illegal intelligence officers are known in modern times?

It was the same in ancient times. The Egyptian messenger (messenger)-mahar, the Roman explorer are also military intelligence officers, although without a personal name.

[kor1vet1974]

The profession of a scout appears from the moment the first military formations were created.

From the moment the first states appeared, and these states, of course, also had an army

[kor1vet1974]

Perhaps due to the heroism of Hamilcar, Rodana, Carthage and Alexandria of Egypt never fought.

The name of the first scout, we will never know. As for Rodana, his successes are greatly exaggerated. For centuries, there was peace between Carthage and the Egyptian kingdom. They were closely connected with each other by lively trade and political ties. Yes, there was an episode when in 310 BC. The ruler of Cyrene, vassal to the Ptolemies, Ophella joined the campaign of Agathocles against Carthage. But as numerous sources indicate, Ofella acted on his own initiative at his own peril and risk, and did not have support in the war from the Ptolemies themselves, and then he ceased to obey them in general. And in 273 BC. e. Ptolemy II Philadelphus concluded a treaty of friendship with Carthage. Hamilcar Rodan, grateful citizens, had already been killed by that time. In the Punic Wars, Egypt took neutrality, and profited well from it, trading in grain with Carthage and Rome.

[Luminman]

The author somehow forgot to mention a certain Chinese Sun Tzu, famous for his treatise Art of Warin which he drew attention to the special significance of intelligence. I do not know who was the first Chinese intelligence officer, but since there is a treatise, then a scout must certainly appear ...

[Pavel Gusterin]

The point of my article is not to find out when military intelligence appeared, but to name the first intelligence officer.

[kor1vet1974]

Do you think that the first scout appeared precisely in 332 BC. e.?

[Pavel Gusterin]

Around 332 BC. the first scout whose name is known appeared. See title.

[kor1vet1974]

Around 332 BC. the first scout whose name is known appeared.

Dear author, in 332 BC. not the first scout appeared, but the name of the scout, which became known to a wide range of people. And the scouts existed before him, only their names remained unknown.

[Pavel Gusterin]

kor1vet197, but not the name appeared, but the first scout whose name is known.

[kor1vet1974]

and the first scout whose name is known.

What am I talking about?

[Richard]

And the Book of Numbers contains a detailed reconnaissance mission:

"And Moses sent Aaron out of the wilderness to look out for the land of Canaan.

But if the Bible is not a decree for the author, let's go from the other side and ask - has the author heard about the "Art of War" - the work of the ancient Chinese strategist Sun Tzu, written in the 400th century BC? I recommend him not to be too lazy and read. There are several chapters on the use of secret agents - spies and intelligence officers. Surprisingly, the basics of espionage today are almost indistinguishable from the espionage used by the Chinese in XNUMX BC.
Sun Tzu divides all secret agents into five types - native, double, internal, living and irrevocable. Native agents are like modern field agents. Double agents (by the way, this term is still used today) are enemy agents who were captured and forced to work for themselves. Domestic agents are almost the same as native agents, only they occupy a higher position. Living agents (now they are called penetrating) must penetrate the enemy, obtain information and return alive to tell about what they saw. Sun Tzu analyzed the methods of espionage and figured out how to organize an intelligence service. The philosopher recommended that every scout use all five types of agents and called this system a cobweb or a fishing net, consisting of many threads connected by one rope.
How to conduct psychological warfare, how to organize counterintelligence, how to ensure the safety of agents and mislead the enemy - all these issues are considered in detail and streamlined by Sun Tzu.

[Kojote21]

As they say, guten Morgen!
Many thanks to Pavel for the article, good day comrades !!

[Pavel Gusterin]

Please. I will be glad if the article is useful. And good day to you!

[Seal]

The work of a historian of the XNUMXst century. n. e. Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus "History of Philip", that is, Philip II Argead, father of Alexander III Argead (Macedonian), has come down to us in an abbreviation made by the historian of the XNUMXnd century Mark Junian Justin.

And the abridgement made by the historian of the XNUMXnd century Mark Junian Justin, in whose abridgement or presentation has come down to us? Maybe the author wants to say that the handwriting of Mark Junian Justin is known to mankind?

[Pavel Gusterin]

Quote: Seal

And the abridgement made by the historian of the XNUMXnd century Mark Junian Justin, in whose abridgement or presentation has come down to us? Maybe the author wants to say that the handwriting of Mark Junian Justin is known to mankind?

So, you definitely never dealt with criticism of sources.

[Seal]

Quote: Pavel Gusterin

So, you definitely never dealt with criticism of sources.

Conclusion is exactly the opposite
I wonder why in such circumstances the song always begins: "Who are you"?

[Yun Klob]

The very first scouts were among the Hittites. Two shepherds of the Hittites were allegedly accidentally captured by Ramesses II and informed him that their king Muwatalli II with an army was 200 km from Kadesh. The relaxed pharaoh was ambushed, miraculously survived and vowed to feed the horses with his own hands. who took him out of the fight.

[Lewww]

Finding out, thus, the plans of Alexander, he informed his fellow citizens about everything on wooden planks, covered with a layer of pure wax on top.

which he sent to his intelligence center by pigeon mail
Oh and fairy tales, oh and storytellers

[Lewww]

Quote: Yoon Klob

The very first scouts were among the Hittites.

Come on, you - the very first scouts appeared back in the days of the primitive communal system

[Richard]

Quote: Lewww (Lion): Come on, you - the very first scouts appeared back in the days of the primitive communal system

If not earlier, scout individuals are also present in all communally living insects - termites, bumblebees, wasps, bees, ants: and in all communally living animals - monkeys, meerkats, lemings. and in. including and people
PS. I don’t understand why they downvoted Lewww (Lion)? Isn't he right?

[Kojote21]

Good evening Dmitry!
Interestingly, did the dinosaurs by any chance have no intelligence either?

Quote: Richard

why downvoted

I don’t know, I personally put a plus ...

[ArchiPhil]

Quote from Kojote21

Interestingly, did the dinosaurs by any chance have no intelligence either?

The dinosaurs had an agent of influence. A certain Gazmanov Rodya. Well, it’s clear that then. Now he is Rodion Olegovich. How? And a certain Boyarsky. Not Mikhail.

[Kojote21]

Quote: ArchiPhil

Quote from Kojote21

Interestingly, did the dinosaurs by any chance have no intelligence either?

The dinosaurs had an agent of influence. A certain Gazmanov Rodya. Well, it’s clear that then. Now he is Rodion Olegovich. How? And a certain Boyarsky. Not Mikhail.

Funny!!

[Richard]

Interestingly, did the dinosaurs by any chance have no intelligence either?

I don't know. But virologists have discovered an interesting property - certain virus DNA is looking for weaknesses in the protection of immunity, and then there is infection.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Richard

PS. I don’t understand why they downvoted Lewww (Lion)? Isn't he right?

In general, I didn’t understand why this battle of terms was. One thing is clear, the author wrote an article about what was clearly recorded in history, in HIS opinion, intelligence officer number one. And here?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Richard

PS. I don’t understand why they downvoted Lewww (Lion)? Isn't he right?

And I *plusanul*! Hello to my wife, Cossack!

[Kojote21]

Good evening, Sergey!

Quote: ArchiPhil

Quote: Richard

PS. I don’t understand why they downvoted Lewww (Lion)? Isn't he right?

And I *plusanul*! Hello to my wife, Cossack!

[ArchiPhil]

Artyom! Damn, my respect!
Always glad to see not only you, but? And your opinion.

[Kojote21]

Quote: ArchiPhil

Artyom! Damn, my respect!
Always glad to see not only you, but? And your opinion.

I am also very glad to see you, and your opinion!!

[ArchiPhil]

Quote from Kojote21

and your opinion!

Artyom! Is it okay that I will take you ... in * PM *?

[Kojote21]

Quote: ArchiPhil

Quote from Kojote21

and your opinion!

Artyom! Is it okay that I will take you ... in * PM *?

With great pleasure!!

[Richard]

Hello wife, Cossack!

Salut alekum, brother! Thanks and greetings from Tanya and me to your family Come fall to visit for young wine.
But about the Cossack - you missed. I don’t play with reconstruction, but we still have strict definitions here. As we say:

the great-grandson of the foreman is not necessarily the foreman (s).

Alas, in 1921 our Cossack women left irrevocably to a distant cordon (s), along with the military register and land koshes. Some descendants, songs and old photos remained. And the rest is all superficial tinsel.

[Richard]

Some descendants, songs and old photos remained.

Spread, Seryozha, the historical anthem of the Tersky Army "It's full of snowballs for you to lie on the thawed earth." It is over four centuries old. Performed by GAPiP "Terek Cossacks". Photos in a collage from family archives.

[Richard]

And yet, Seryozha to the heap - I really don’t like it when old Terek Cossack songs are distorted - take, for example, one of the most famous "Oysya, you, oysya." There is no "don't be afraid of me" in the original. This is an old Grebensky recruiting song - with it, the sons and husbands of the family were seen off for service for more than one century. She deserves respect for that alone. Here she is in the original:
link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1H4VCPS_Ps

[Lewww]

Quote: Richard

If not even earlier, scout individuals are also present in all communally living insects.

we seem to be discussing not insects, but the appearance of the first military intelligence officers in humans.
Therefore, they appeared when the first wars arose.
And this is tribe upon tribe

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Lewww

And this is tribe upon tribe

That's it! It was then that everything happened! Has history preserved the first names of people at all?
And?
Was there a surname - von Stirlitz, Otto. And so on.

[Kojote21]

Most likely not saved. Although I may be wrong...

[Lewww]

Yes, of course, she didn’t save it, how could she save it in the absence of writing?

[Kojote21]

Quote: Lewww

Yes, of course, she didn’t save it, how could she save it in the absence of writing?

Really...

[ArchiPhil]

Quote from Kojote21

Really.

Throw it to me! * Manuscripts do not burn! * (c)
*Personal file of SS Standartenführer Otto......*.
Keep forever.

[Kojote21]

Quote: ArchiPhil

Quote from Kojote21

Really.

Throw it to me! * Manuscripts do not burn! * (c)
*Personal file of SS Standartenführer Otto......*.
Keep forever.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote from Kojote21

Quote: ArchiPhil

Quote from Kojote21

Really.

Throw it to me! * Manuscripts do not burn! * (c)
*Personal file of SS Standartenführer Otto......*.
Keep forever.

Oh yes. And now these .... refuse me * Moskich card *

[Seal]

Quote: ArchiPhil

about clearly recorded in history

?????
If this is called "clearly fixed", then I'm even afraid to suggest what "not clearly fixed" is

[Lewww]

Quote: ArchiPhil

I didn’t understand at all why this battle of terms was. One thing is clear, the author wrote an article about what was clearly recorded in history

This is clearly recorded when documentary evidence has been preserved, or at least similar testimonies of several people who are trustworthy.
And in this case, just an epic legend of the native land, like the calling of the first prince Rurik and his comrades

Moreover, even the legend is funny: a simple infantryman could not in any way find out the plans of the commander, in order to have such a reconnaissance opportunity, it was necessary to enter Alexander's inner circle and enjoy his full confidence

[Turkir]

Very interesting information - thanks.

[faterdom]

It was not for nothing that Carthage was afraid: after Alexander’s Indian campaign, he was definitely next, and could have disappeared 150 years earlier than what happened in history.
Firstly, the Greeks and Punes were existential enemies in terms of the colonies of the western Mediterranean, the Latins were just one of the Italic tribes neighboring the Etruscans allied with Carthage.
Secondly, while Alexander was besieging the metropolis of the Phoenicians - Tire, due to the great advantage of the enemy fleet, he could not establish a naval blockade over the city-island, and when he filled up the strait and took the city, he was furious: the wealth accumulated over thousands of years for the monopoly of maritime trade (including strategic tin and silver from Albion and iron from the Pyrenees), purple mining and shipbuilding were exported to Carthage, with many of their owners.
Having taken out his thirst for revenge on Tire, Alexander, the future living god, nevertheless could not help but set his sights on Carthage in order to finally take possession of this world stabilization fund and confirm his status.
So, the Carthaginians had no doubt about Alexander’s intentions; the question for them was when exactly and with what forces the Greeks would attack them.
But this time they were lucky...