The defeat of the Polish army at Pereyaslav: Taras night
Joseph Brand. Return of the winners (Cossack with a flag)
Fedorovich's uprising
Kurukovo agreement of 1625 (Battle of Kuruk Lake) did not become a stable basis for relations between Poland and the Zaporozhian Sich. At the end of 1625, a large detachment of Cossacks, led by Hetman Olifer, who were not included in the new register, "departed" to the Crimea. Hetman Mikhail Doroshenko, contrary to the agreement with the Poles, pursued an independent policy with the Crimea and Moscow. The hetman organized a campaign of the Cossacks in the Crimea to support Khan Mehmed III Giray and his Kalga brother Shahin Giray, who fought against the pro-Turkish party.
In turn, the Polish authorities and nobles continued their attack on the Cossacks. The Cossacks were given stern orders not to touch the Ottomans and the Crimean Tatars. The authorities pressed the registered, purged those who were considered unreliable. This caused new uprisings.
A new big uprising was raised by Taras Fedorovich (Taras Shake). By origin, the Tatar Hassan-Hassan, converted to Orthodoxy. As a "chief colonel" he led a detachment of Cossacks during the Thirty Years' War. Fought on the side of the Habsburgs. The army of Shaker received the name "Cossack cavalry and infantry." Since 1625 Korsun colonel. Since 1629 Zaporozhye hetman.
At this time, the Polish authorities decided to place permanent garrisons on the territory of the Cossacks. In the spring of 1630, the Cossacks revolted. Fedorovich led the Cossacks to the north, and executed the hetman of the registered Cossacks Grigory Cherny, who refused to support the uprising. The ataman turned to the people with universals, called on the people to revolt against the gentry. The rebellion of the Cossacks resulted in a broad anti-Polish uprising. The rebellious peasants sacked the estates of the gentry, killed the owners, who did not have time to escape, burned documents.
Tarasov night
In April-May 1630, the uprising covered a large territory of Little Rus'. The Cossacks defeated the Poles near Korsun, liberated Korsun, Kanev, Pereyaslav and other cities. Pereyaslav became a stronghold of the rebels. The Cossacks held the crossings across the Dnieper and, in case of failure, could retreat to the territory of the Russian kingdom.
Against the rebels from Bar, a Polish army was sent under the command of Stanislav Konetspolsky and Samuil Lasch. The Polish cavalry was reinforced by German mercenary infantry. The Poles defeated several settlements, crossed the Dnieper and laid siege to Pereyaslav. Shaking led his detachments to the city and entrenched himself in the camp between Trubezh and Alta. The Cossacks repulsed the Polish attacks.
May 15 (25) was included in history like Taras night or Pereyaslav night. During the Catholic feast of the Body and Blood of Christ, the Poles got drunk and neglected the precautions. The Cossacks staged a night sortie, which ended in complete success. A massacre began, the Poles fled in panic, many drowned. All artillery and convoy were captured by the Cossacks.
Konetspolsky was forced to seek an agreement with the Cossack officers. The Cossack elite, "chivalry", considered themselves equal to the gentry and wanted to achieve the same liberties from the king. Like, the gentry carries out military service, and for this it owns lands and peasants. Cossacks are also warriors and serve the king and state. Why don't they have the same "freedoms" as the pans?
The Cossack foreman accumulated wealth captured during campaigns, acquired land and servants. Rich Cossacks began to resemble the gentry. Moreover, many wealthy Cossacks understood the importance of education for the future of their children. They sent their children to Polish, Jesuit schools. There was a gradual Polonization (Westernization) of the Cossack elite, which became the basis for the future "Ukrainization".
Foreign languages, Latin, fashion, etiquette and habits were mastered. The Cossack foreman, in fact, no longer differed from the gentry, except for one thing - the new social group in the Polish high society was not legally formalized. Naturally, this called for strong irritation of the Cossacks and attempts to resolve the issue by diplomatic and military means.
Therefore, the Cossack foreman easily agreed with Konetspolsky. According to the Pereyaslav agreement of 1630, the Cossack register increased from 6 to 8 thousand people, it included part of the wealthy Cossacks. The Cossacks received the right to choose their hetman. Cossacks not included ("inscribed") in the register had to go home. Timofey Orendarenko was elected the new hetman, who led the Cossack army in the service of the Polish crown during the Smolensk War.
Shaking, dissatisfied with this agreement, was deposed from the post of hetman. Fedorovich left for the Sich. Later he joined the service of the Russian government and left with part of the Cossacks to the Don.
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