On the elimination of illiteracy in the USSR

1920 poster. To read it, you had to be able to read!

Learn my son: science cuts
We are experiencing a fast-flowing life -
Someday and soon maybe
All areas that you are now
Portrayed so cunningly on paper,
Everyone will get yours under the arm -
Learn, my son, both easier and clearer
Sovereign labor you will comprehend.
("Boris Godunov" by A. Pushkin)

Source base of modern knowledge. How does the preparation of any more or less literate article begin?

Of course, with the selection of materials on its topic. If the article is solid, on a serious, let's say, socio-political topic, then the sources for its writing should be monographs or articles in well-known peer-reviewed publications, as well as, and almost primarily, scientific dissertations defended on this topic, such as candidate and doctoral, as well as articles on them from scientific publications from the list of the Higher Attestation Commission, which are easiest to find in E-lab - an electronic scientific library.

Of course, although it is very interesting to study a problem from someone else's dissertations, it is ... expensive. The price of one work, which today any citizen of Russia can order by e-mail, ranges from 400 to 500 rubles, depending on the resource. That is, already three works - that's fifteen hundred. And if there are 10? It is clear that a researcher must be able to stop, otherwise he will not have enough money. Yes, and strength - to read works of 180-220 pages, and doctoral dissertations, as a rule, are even more voluminous ...

Poster of the All-Russian Voluntary Society "Down with Illiteracy". And this is what it offered ...

But what literally every Russian can afford is to read the dissertation author's abstract. What it is? And this is her summary, that is, everything that is written in it, but in a synopsis. When the Academic Council recommends a thesis for defense, it simultaneously gives the go-ahead for the printing and distribution of its abstract. This is usually a 14-16 page brochure. It is sent by the applicant for a scientific degree according to the list. First, to all the main libraries of the country, then to the libraries of the leading universities, etc. Moreover, having received such an abstract, the department dealing with the same topic usually gives a review on it. And if you have something good or bad to say, then it is very easy to do it. And then all received feedback is read out at the defense and taken into account.

So, on the Internet, dissertation abstracts are posted free of charge. And they can be read, but the dissertation itself cannot be ordered, which saves energy, time and money. That is, if you wish, you can "gamble" on some issue quite easily. And reading an abstract is not at all the same as reading a boring textbook or scientific monograph. Although there is enough "science" in them, and some are also written in a rather "heavy language". But ... all this is compensated by interesting data, and they all have links to relevant sources. That is, they are sufficiently reliable.

All this applies to any topic in the field historical science. For example, let's consider a topic that was recently raised on VO - the topic of the elimination of illiteracy in the USSR. From the context of the article where this was discussed, it was possible to understand that this was a relatively quick and almost one-step operation, after which, until then, the bulk of the illiterate inhabitants of Russia began to be able to read and write.

But was it really so?

1923 poster

In fact, this topic attracted the attention of many researchers, both in Soviet times and after 1991. Turning to the Internet resources, we will see that there are a lot of works devoted to this, and of a very different plan. For example, "The growth of the educational level of the population of Kazakhstan during the construction of socialism (1917-1937) (Historical and demographic characteristics)"; "Struggle for the implementation of Lenin's decree on the elimination of illiteracy among the population in the Kazakh aul (1917-1940)"; “The culture of a provincial Russian city in the mid-20s - first half of the 30s. XX century: the example of the cities of the Volga region "; "State policy in the field of cultural construction in the Lower Volga region in 1928-1941"; "Education in Dagestan in the second half of the 20s - 30s of the XX century"; “Elimination of adult illiteracy. 1897–1939: on the materials of the Orenburg region "; "Society" Down with illiteracy ": the history of creation and activity in 1923-1927: on the materials of the Upper Volga region"; “The Soviet policy of eliminating illiteracy in the 20s - mid 30s. XX century: on the materials of the Lower Volga region "; "State policy on educating the population of the Khanty-Mansiysk national district in 1931-1941"; “Elimination of illiteracy in the territory of the Mordovian region in the 20s - 60s. XX century ", etc.

And they say we didn't have comics. Were, how could it be without them

But, as always, scientific papers are in one place, and those who could read them are in another. Although, as already noted here, the Internet makes it possible to successfully overcome this contradiction. There would only be a desire ...

And there is a lot to learn from all this research. And above all, the elimination of the difficult legacy of tsarist Russia was not at all easy, by no means quick, and sufficiently ... contradictory.

Let's turn to just one of the works of this plan, which is called so: "The elimination of illiteracy in the Middle Volga region in the 1917-1930s." The topic of the dissertation and the author's abstract (according to the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation 07.00.02) of the candidate of historical sciences Natalya Nikolaevna Sologub (Penza, 2004).

So, first of all, she notes that one of the features of the fight against illiteracy was the assignment of this work ... the Cheka. And the dissertation shows in detail that illiteracy was eliminated not by persuasion, but by methods of compulsion. Moreover, the latter reached unheard-of proportions in those years and, according to the applicant, manifested themselves "in the most monstrous forms, up to the arrest and imprisonment of those who did not want to study." In the years of the first five-year plans, the nationalization of the process of eliminating illiteracy became more and more noticeable. Moreover, in the late 20s and the first half of the 30s, this process took on a variety of forms and forms. That is, both the public and the state were engaged in this. But the main line of the latter was to bring public organizations that fought against illiteracy under the control of both party and Soviet bodies, along, so to speak, the entire vertical of power.

As a result, public organizations eventually became an appendage of state bodies. Tight control was established over them, which did not lead to anything good. Rather, it led to the disappearance of any popular initiative in this area. And also total state control led to the fact that in the fight against illiteracy, strict planning began to be used, and it did not go well with the voluntariness of this process. And it turned out that the plans "descended from above" were very often completely unrealistic or, at least, difficult to implement. Therefore, the lower bodies, fearing reprimands from above, began to resort to falsifying the results of combating illiteracy. Data on the vertical of power rose from step to step and, as a result, acquired an increasingly "perverted" appearance.

"Pointing Finger" is a popular motif in many posters on a variety of topics

As a result, the government saw a distorted picture of what was happening, which, however, became the basis for the adoption of even more unrealistic plans. The result was the result of the 1926 census, which did not please the government at all. And if the state wanted to change its policy in this area, to get away from strict administration, but instead it strengthened its control over the activities of public organizations that fought against the illiteracy of the population.

And at this time, an interesting popular initiative appeared, a new method of combating illiteracy - a cult trip. But as soon as the cultural campaign was put under state control, it did not lead to the expected results. As a result, the new population census, scheduled for 1932, was postponed to 1937.

An illiterate woman was enslaved, literacy liberated her!

Moreover, now the general public has begun to be understood as something different from what was previously understood. In addition to the intelligentsia and, above all, teachers, the mass of Komsomol youth were called upon to voluntarily participate in the fight against illiteracy. The benefit was that this "public" had already gone through indoctrination. And secondly, it already had its own vertical of power in the person of the Komsomol, and that was under party control.

In her dissertation, the researcher notes that everything speaks of the genuine enthusiasm of the Komsomol youth, which she showed at the beginning. And the Komsomol members went on cultural outings, spreading culture and literacy in the villages. The participants of the cult-trip were sincerely striving to fulfill their important humane work.

But how can you do something if you have neither knowledge nor teaching experience?

That is, we could only talk about the elimination of formal illiteracy. The number of those who were formally literate grew, yes. But in fact, it did not reflect the situation. The main slogan - "Literate, teach the illiterate!", Was understood in the literal sense of the word, which, in general, did not make much sense. But as? And the literate did not know this. Literacy is taught!

And this is how the poster looked like under this slogan. One of the posters, of course ...

And the results of forcing this process were not long in coming. A new phenomenon has emerged in the country, and a mass phenomenon - recurrences of illiteracy and illiteracy. The voluntary participation in a cultural outing began to be replaced by "coercion". Yes, and the cultural campaign itself, placed in a strict planning framework, eventually gave inflated figures for the implementation and overfulfillment of this plan. And since the quality of literacy, which grew due to the cultural campaign, was not checked by anyone, then ... positive indicators multiplied, but the real state of affairs was very different from them.

Caring for the population of the national outskirts. In the article by G.M. Ivanova (link at the end of the article) it is well written about how it was carried out

Having postponed the 1932 census, the state, in fact, signed, if not a complete failure of the fight against illiteracy, then its strong lag behind the planned level. But the only conclusion that the state bodies drew from the cult-trip was this: to make teachers ... teachers, first of all from among the youth, as cultarmeys, and to transfer the work of eliminating illiteracy to the hands of professionals. But at the same time, they did not have to receive payment for their work, but to conduct it with full enthusiasm and on a voluntary basis.

And now, having considered one layer of information on this issue on the basis of one dissertation, let us turn to the work of Doctor of Historical Sciences G. M. Ivanova, which is called "The State Policy of Elimination of Illiteracy in the USSR in the 1950s – 1960s." It is posted on the Internet, so it's easier to get to know it. This work is quite extensive, so we use only part of its content. Namely, how all this struggle against illiteracy ended already ... in the 60s of the twentieth century.

Nice poster, but just look at what book she reads ... Ay-ay, it's not good how! Well, yes, then it will be banned ...

It turns out that according to the All-Union Census of 1959, 208,8 million citizens lived in the USSR (162,5 million over 10 years old). The number of people employed was 99,1 million. So, of this number, 23,4 million people, or 23,6% of the working population, did not even have a primary education. And there were 3,5 million completely illiterate people. However, the census data on the number of literate and illiterate did not get into our press! Why bother people once again ?!

"People go to biblio ... libraries!"

As a result, in 1962, on August 27, a secret resolution was adopted by the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for the RSFSR and the Council of Ministers, according to which the elimination of illiteracy was to be completed by July 1, 1965. That is, our spaceships were already in full swing plowing the vastness of the Universe, and in the country declared a country of universal literacy, there were still millions of illiterates!

So the authors of any articles about the great achievements of socialism in our country can in no way cover the processes that have taken place one-sidedly. The business of the "cultural revolution" in Russia stretched out for many decades, but by and large it has not been completed until now!

Использованная литература:

1. "Eradication of illiteracy in the Middle Volga region in the 1917-1930s." The topic of the dissertation and the abstract for the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation 07.00.02, Candidate of Historical Sciences Sologub, Natalya Nikolaevna. 2004, Penza.

2. State policy on the elimination of illiteracy in the USSR in the 1950s – 1960s. The text of the scientific article in the specialty "History and Archeology". Ivanova Galina Mikhailovna https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gosudarstvennaya-politika-likvidatsii-negramotnosti-v-sssr-v-1950-1960-e-gg

Comments

[antivirus]

business then ... "continuous isolated" life continues now - what do you need for life in the country? without an asphalt road to the regional center and water supply, sewerage and gas - only onions and potatoes from the garden. there are places without a cellular connection - the 17th century. the Middle Ages without an alphabet.

literacy is an option for those in need.
no need for a letter - that's and illiteracy in the report. does a lumberjack in the center of Krasnoyarsk Territory need Aelita Tolstoy?

[Basil50]

antivirus
The message of the author is that the BOLSHEVIKS FORCED to study. That is whether the case is public organizations that gathered only those who are interested (volunteers). And then even the NKVD was hooked up.
The author tried to forget the ferocity of the murder of teachers and doctors. After all, they were often killed in the most brutal ways with their families and not only in remote villages.

[Blacksmith 55]

Good morning .
Forcing and window dressing were everywhere and always.
Eliminating illiteracy is not as easy as it might seem. If for children and young people this (excuse me) is like two fingers on the asphalt, then not much will crawl into the head of an elderly or even an old man.
I remember how in the seventies they planted 10 tap holes everywhere. They forced the elderly to go to school, paid for it. So they did everything there, except for study, well, with the exception of, of course, some.
A few years later, loudly, from a high rostrum, they announced that EVERYONE had secondary education in the country.
There was even a joke altered: Learning is light, and ignorance is a little light, and to work.
It is necessary to study, everywhere and always. And reading contributes a lot to this. They read a lot in the USSR, therefore, in a fairly short time, illiteracy was mostly defeated.
I would even say that the USSR was the most reading country.

[Krasnodar]

Quote: smith 55

I would even say that the USSR was the most reading country.

Second after Hungary

[vladcub]

"here even the NKVD was connected" The Cheka and the NKVD are not the same thing.
The Cheka was formed in 1917, the NKVD appeared in 1934 (?) I don’t remember exactly

[hagen]

Quote: vladcub

NKVD appeared 1934 (?) I don't remember exactly

Do not confuse the NKVD of the USSR and the NKVD of the RSFSR. In the RSFSR, the NKVD was formed in 1917 and existed in parallel with the Cheka part of the time under the command of one person - the FED. Complex interweaving and duplication of functions in those days was a frequent occurrence, especially during the period of their formation. The scope of functions of the NKVD of the RSFSR does not coincide with the modern Ministry of Internal Affairs, and therefore looks somewhat unusual. FED at that time was one of the most influential and energetic leaders of the republic, and therefore loaded its structures with almost all acute problems at that time. The joint work of the NKVD and the People's Commissariat for Problems of the RSFSR looks quite in the spirit of that time.

[EvilLion]

What villages? In the Russians? There they took off their caps in front of the teacher. Or maybe some ukrobandits who willingly killed teachers and doctors sent from the RSFSR, in general, those who were supposed to make people out of them.

[ABC-schutze]

The Bolsheviks, as the spokesmen for objective national interests, "forced" the people to do a lot ...

And to learn by yourself, and children, it is obligatory, to "send school" (with free education of all levels and forms of education). And to do vaccinations (with free health care). And, even, "work", punishing parasitism. And, to serve in the Red Army ...

And it is right. An illiterate crowd, neither restoration, nor construction, nor, moreover, the development of the country, can not provide ...

Peter the Great also, in the interests of the Russian monarchical state, "forced". Study in particular .... Both the nobles and their servants (at the expense of the nobility, by the way). And Catherine the Great, "resettling the peasants" to the same New Russia, also "forced". And very successfully ...

Only they did this in the interests of the development of Russian, imperial, absolutism. And the Bolsheviks did this in the interests of the development of the Soviet people's state - the Red Empire ...

"The author tried to forget the ferocity of the murder of teachers and doctors. After all, they were often killed in the most brutal ways with their families and not only in remote villages."

And you, it seems, having remembered the "connection of the NKVD", forgot to remind the VO forum, who, after all, and FOR WHAT, brutally killed teachers, doctors for their educational activities during the struggle for universal literacy ?. NKVD, or what? ..

By the way, another Soviet poster ...

"Who is smart and who. One for the book, the other for the pub ..."

[Looking Petrovich]

Why do we need many literate people in a consumer society? On the contrary, they only interfere, they ask unnecessary questions. Devour, buy unnecessary shmatier and another iPhone - that's the main goal. And the result: A quarter of Russians announced the rotation of the Sun around the Earth.
Every fourth inhabitant of Russia believes that the Sun revolves around the Earth, Izvestia reports with reference to the general director of VTsIOM Valery Fedorov. Sociologists have been asking Russians this question for several years, and each time a significant part of the population demonstrates adherence to an alternative view of the structure of the world, the newspaper writes.
"According to the VTsIOM poll, a quarter of Russians believe that the Earth does not revolve around the Sun, but the Sun revolves around the Earth. This is a sociological fact that we have established, then rechecked and again confirmed," Izvestia quotes Fedorov.
https://www.interfax.ru/russia/556219

[mole]

So the author Shpakovsky at one time was obliged to drown for the policy of the CPSU. Capitalism is now, but the propaganda habits have been preserved. That drowns where they pay more.

[knn54]

Thank you, Vyacheslav. Plus for the REAL coverage of the issue.
I myself was shocked when I saw an illiterate married couple (parents' neighbors from the lower floor) of retirement age, Poltava, 1970.
I don’t want to tire, but I still found the graduates of the gymnasium, who could "suck in the belt" of the graduates of the university. And being in the third year of the TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY for quite a long time (without X-s) I solved the problems proposed by Leo Tolstoy for the 3rd (!) Grade of TsPSh ...
And the last, well, very important.
"We do not want only one thing: the element of compulsion. We do not want to drive them into paradise with a club." (V.I. Lenin, Article "Do we need a mandatory state language").

[astepanov]

In your opinion, the villains, the Bolsheviks only rubbed their glasses, but did not teach the people? Yes, and in the sixties and seventies there were enough semi-literate people. But here's an example: my mother, born in 1932, could hardly read. She is originally from Belarus. In 1941, when the Germans came to Slavgorod, she was nine years old, and her education ended at the end of the first grade, then she fled to the Saratov region, her father and two brothers were killed. And from the age of 10 - the beginning of work: grinder, crane operator, cleaner - and so on almost until his death. And there were many of them, because no one studied in the occupied territories, and many youngsters began to work at the machines. Father since 1927, finished five classes - and in Siberia, he worked in mines, in lumbering, at a metallurgical plant, and from 1945 to 1951 he served in the army. True, he passed the exams for 7 classes as an external student and graduated from technical school thanks to his mother, who pulled the family as best she could. But they gave me a decent education.
What, exactly, did the author want to say? What was not taught in the USSR plainly? He's lying. But against the background of the chaos that is happening in education now, the article looks custom-made. In recent years, I have been to many universities - and, as a rule, they are beggars, with worn-out equipment from the seventies, graduates, as a rule, do not go to work in their specialty because of the low level of training and low salaries. The state instills: why the hell do you need education, if you can become a tick-toker, blogger, rapper, at worst - a football player and cut the money? Remember Danya Milokhin, the idol of youth? If you don’t remember, ask Gref, he will tell you about Danya and the goals of the state in terms of education. Yes, there are specially trained groups of smart guys who are taken to school Olympiads, but they do not characterize the face of education in Russia.
But there is a clear course of the state towards profanation of education - one EG is worth something. The Higher Attestation Commission has rotted away: it is no longer surprising that D. Rogozin, with his purely humanitarian education, managed to become a Doctor of Technical Sciences, that at the request of a "dissertation to order" the Internet gives out 5 million - 70 years with such work from the defense of a student diploma would have been flooded with a filthy broom ... Yes, plus the church is not lost: either textbooks (approved by the Ministry of Education!) Like "Orthodox Biology" by Vertyanov come out, then the hierarch begins to tell that Six-Day is real an event that took place, but the theory of evolution, well, you know ...
Well, in terms of lies, the Bolsheviks did not quite reach the current government.
Sad girls.

[EvilLion]

The state instills: what the hell is education for you, if you can become a tick-toker, blogger, rapper

And you can ask, why the hell does the state have tick-tokers and bloggers? Maybe people do not want to go to the factory, neither to the machine tool, nor to service structures, including IT?

[alekseykabanets]

Quote: EvilLion

And you can ask, why the hell does the state have tick-tokers and bloggers?

He (the state) does not care about Tiktokers, bloggers, YouTubers. The state, whether a taxi driver or a blogger, is indifferent, if only he organized his own workplace, paid taxes and believed in television.

Quote: EvilLion

Maybe people do not want to go to the factory, neither to the machine tool, nor to service structures, including IT?

Are there many factories left? I have CNC machines for the whole city, about 10, probably, and they cut woodcarving. As for IT, it is necessary to learn. Do they teach at school today? For example, I do not understand how you can demand to write an essay on the topic "Conscience", no more than fifteen sentences.

[Sarboz]

Quote: EvilLion

Maybe people do not want to go to the factory, neither to the machine tool, nor to service structures, including IT?

This problem will exist until advertising on the Internet in its current form, with the monetization of blogs, with search algorithms tuned not to search for information adequate to the request, but to the interests of advertisers, is prohibited.

[Sergey Averchenkov]

I'm not a lumberjack, but I worked as a driller for a long time - I need Aelita ...

[Lech from Android.]

What about those who do not want to study due to their social status and place of residence (in the dense taiga or high-mountainous aul), where the teacher can only get by helicopter?
This is problematic even now, and even more so in 20-30 of the last century.
You cannot defeat illiteracy with a cavalry swoop, you need systematic work sharpened for a specific goal. The topic of the article is of course for those interested in the field.
I thank Vyacheslav for reminding me how the total illiteracy was eliminated in the USSR.

[vladcub]

Bravo, Lech "Cavalry Beginning" nowhere leads to good

[Krasnodar]

Vlad, welcome!
If a person does not want to learn to read and write, he must be forced.

[SERGE ANT]

we are talking about a relatively quick and almost one-step operation, after which, until then, the bulk of the illiterate inhabitants of Russia began to be able to read and write.

Not quickly and not all at once, but the goal was achieved.

by July 1, 1965. That is, our spaceships were already in full swing plowing the vastness of the Universe, and in the country declared a country of universal literacy, there were still millions of illiterates!

And what? In 1965, according to UNESCO, there were 750 million illiterates in the world. In the United States, 20% of adults still have difficulty writing, and some cannot even read a newspaper. Special thanks for the posters.

[Fat]

In the United States, 20% of adults still have difficulty writing, and some cannot even read a newspaper.

In the USA, as you know, they use English, and the English spelling is extremely non-phonemic (26 letters -62 phonemes and 1120 graphemes)
In French, the situation is simpler: 190 graphemes are used to write 36 phonemes and the stress is strictly fixed. In addition, the French language is fully standardized and is based on the Parisian norm through the efforts of the French Academy. The greater the gap between the number of graphemes and phonemes, the more complex the spelling of a particular language, and the more likely dyslexia is among its speakers ...
First, Peter I, then the Soviet authorities took care of "throwing out" the "unnecessary" symbols from the Russian alphabet. As a result, written Russian almost corresponds to oral, but even here it took many years to eliminate complete illiteracy.

[EvilLion]

Do you know that they were going to throw out these symbols back in the 19th century?

French cannot be read from a word at all. Combinations of letters at the level of hieroglyphs.

[Professor]

Quote: SERGE ant

In the United States, 20% of adults still have difficulty writing, and some cannot even read a newspaper.

Literacy in the United States at the level of the Russian Federation is about 99%.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/literacy-rate-by-country
Well, and I can hardly read newspapers. Immediately begins to feel sick from the written. The TV stopped watching altogether, thereby damaging the statistics.

[Far B]

The message of the article is not clear. Is it bad that at first, through compulsion, you were taught to write-read-count? Well, just try not to send your child to school on time, you will see what coercion is.
That at first they taught only the basics? So where to get at once a huge mass of trained teaching staff in a semi-literate, to put it mildly, country?
The fact that even by the time of Gagarin's flight, universal coverage had not been achieved? Duc, Siberia, the Far East, the North - even the all-terrain vehicle will not always reach there.
Results? And Gagarin did fly. And the peaceful atom is also the first time in the USSR. A lot of young people with higher education. A lot of trained personnel.
Although, of course, it is a pity that Shpakovsky was not at the origins of the educational program - he, without a doubt, showed how it should be. In any case, the results would definitely be completely different.

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

The message of the article is not clear.

The message is absolutely clear: in the eradication of illiteracy, as in everything else, the so-called. "people's" power shamelessly and shamelessly lied and was engaged in loud propaganda, fraud and concealment of the truth about the true state of affairs: in the 1930s, the elimination of illiteracy was announced, although the 1937 census showed tens of percent of the population of illiterates - according to the census, there were 62 illiterate citizens and 521 literate. Except for children under ten years old, 486% of the country's citizens could neither read nor write, and those who barely managed to sign were considered "literate" in the USSR.

in the country from already liquidated 20 years back by illiteracy, on January 4, 1957, a decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population" appeared.

But also in 1964 year, the following documents were issued: the report on the implementation of the 1962 resolution in the Kemerovo region said:

“As of July 1, 1964, 725 illiterate people aged 16 to 49 remained in cities and villages. 1 illiterate.

Quote: Dalny V

And Gagarin did fly.

flew in 1961, and electrification in his homeland, the Smolensk region, was completed only in 1970x ... Such is the "ilicha lamp" in every home , And in 1989 g another 10% of Russian schools in the countryside-WITHOUT electricity ...

[Far B]

You, as always, shamelessly and impudently manipulate the facts. What the hell is illiteracy among workers in the chemical, metallurgical and energy industries ?! Can you imagine what completely illiterate workers would have done there? Did it ever occur to you that we are talking about different levels of literacy? And those two classes (the ability to read-write-count), which gave the right to be called a person literate in the years of the educational program, were not considered literacy in 20 years? No, of course it didn’t come. Because there is nothing to go into.
Regarding the homeland of Gagarin - is it nicho that the Smolensk region suffered severely from the occupation?

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

You, as always, shamelessly and impudently manipulate the facts. What the hell is illiteracy among workers in the chemical, metallurgical and energy industries ?!

You, as always, shamelessly and impudently manipulate data: What the hell are the workers in the chemical, metallurgical and energy industries (a small percentage of them) when it comes to all the people?

Quote: Dalny V

Did it ever occur to you that we are talking about different levels of literacy?

it never occurred to you that the mention of

... On July 1, 1965, 398 remained in the region illiterate and 4155 illiterate.

clearly says - WHAT does illiteracy mean

Quote: Dalny V

Regarding the homeland of Gagarin - is it nicho that the Smolensk region suffered severely from the occupation?

but nothing that electrification Kostroma the area also ended in the 1970s? And so it is everywhere.

Did the Germans occupy you there too?

And remember that in the 1980s there were NPs without electricity a in 1989, another 10% of Russian schools in rural areas - WITHOUT electricity

[Far B]

Are you okay? No temperature? The head is not bo-bo? Such, to hell, the workers who are listed in the quote you quoted... Or do you not care what kind of quotes you are conducting - the Chukchi is not a reader, the Chukchi is a writer?
In our Kostroma region ??? Do not know. We have in the Far East in the 70s, all N / As were electrified. Let diesels, but electrified. By the way, at the Far East, there is still a lot of DPP.
And remember, if you claim that something was or was not somewhere in the 70s and 80s, it would be nice to refer to the source of information. And then taking your word for it, a person from abroad, who is also clearly biased, somehow does not work out very well.

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

Are you okay? No temperature? The head is not bo-bo? Such, to hell, workers, which are listed in the quote you quoted.

Are you okay? No temperature? The head is not bo-bo?
Such, to hell, workers are just an EXAMPLE in one area, and even in such high-tech industries, there are so many illiterate people, to say nothing of the whole country

Quote: Dalny V

Or do you not care what kind of quotes you are conducting - the Chukchi is not a reader, the Chukchi is a writer?

Or

Quote: Dalny V

you do not care - the Chukchi is not a reader, the Chukchi is a writer

that you are asking ridiculous questions:

what are we talking about different levels of literacy

?

Quote: Dalny V

In our Kostroma region ???

you Bolsheviks.

Quote: Dalny V

And remember, if you claim that something was or was not somewhere in the 70s and 80s, it would be nice to refer to the source of information.

remember, no one is obliged to educate you according to the history of the country in which you live.

read, for example, the monograph by L.N.Denisova "The Disappearing Village of Russia"
There are only 250 pages, but at least find out what

Quote: Dalny V

And then take your word for it

you don't need to believe, you need to know

[Far B]

Parrot? Sorry, I didn't recognize it right away.
It is clear that the workers have merged.

no need to believe, you need to know

What I know I wrote above.
As for the monographs you cite, the facts available there are interpreted by you exclusively as it is convenient for you, without the slightest attempt to comprehend them. As it was with the "Russian cross".

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

Parrot?

Your mirror does not deceive you, yes.

Quote: Dalny V

Clearly merged.

not, let it down

Quote: Dalny V

As for the monographs you cite, the facts available there are interpreted by you exclusively as it is convenient for you, without the slightest attempt comprehend their

HOW can a fact ... be interpreted? He is either there or not.

You can at least stare in an attempt to "comprehend" , but the fact that 10% from schools in Russia in 1989 g it was ... WITHOUT electricity, 70% without water and 90% without sewage is a fact.
Yes, now think about it in a positive way.

Quote: Dalny V

... As it was with the "Russian cross".

interpret correctly

[Far B]

Well, exactly a feathered one. I have no thoughts.

not, let it down

Better get a woman
Once again: refer to 10 percent of schools without electricity? Did anyone study in them? Or it doesn't matter - there is a school building, but there is no electricity, which means 10 percent of it! By the way, this is not the history of my country, this is purely your (or someone else's) speculation.
And I also comprehend. Unlike.

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

feathered. I have no thoughts.

yes I see already, don't make excuses

Quote: Dalny V

Better get a woman

Ahhh, that's what you mean (who has what, yes).

Then learn Russian:

DOWN - DOWN, pull down what, whom ; start up top down, let it fly,unleash, ..; ... ...
Explanatory Dictionary of Dahl

Quote: Dalny V

Once again: refer to 10 percent of schools without electricity? Did anyone study in them? Or it doesn't matter - there is a school building, but there is no electricity, which means 10 percent of it!

do not understand, you cho, quite a representative of the respected northern people? It is written clearly: read, for example, the monograph by L.N.Denisova "The Disappearing Village of Russia"
There are only 250 pages. So read it all.

and yes: you absolutely don't make Itiots out of the Bolsheviks: the schools of Russia that were closed, disappeared thanks to them, were listed as such, and they were closed in just an unfortunate 30 years by 1989 more than FORTY THOUSANDS

[Far B]

Ie, schools in liquidated unpromising villages. What is the problem with my question? Or is it not a problem with my question, but with you?

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

Ie, schools in liquidated unpromising villages.

yes, ALL of Russia turned out to be unpromising, let down such wonderful leaders

Quote: Dalny V

What is the problem with my question? Or is it not a problem with my question, but with you?

you have already seriously bothered me: HOW else to answer you (in third time, by the way) : read the monograph by L.N.Denisova "The Disappearing Village of Russia"?

Oh! Seems to understand: you see, you ... are waiting for the exact address?

Duc, just type in google and get:

The book "The Disappearing Village of Russia Non-Black Earth Region in 1960 ... www.rulit.me› author ›denisova-lyubov-nikolaevna
Free download, read online The Disappearing Village of Russia Non-Black Earth Region in the 1960s-1980s the author Lyubov Nikolaevna Denisova.

The book "The Disappearing Village of Russia. Non-Black Earth Region in 1960 ... www.ozon.ru› context ›detail
In stock The book "The Disappearing Village of Russia. Non-Black Earth Region in the 1960-1980s" (Denisova Lyubov Nikolaevna), Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences ...

Denisova L.N. The disappearing village of Russia ... www.twirpx.com ›file
Dec 12. 2011 - L.N. Denisova Disappearing village of Russia: Non-Black Earth Region in ... size 9, 61 MB; contains documents in html pdf formats. Added ...

The disappearing village of Russia: Non-Black Earth Region in 1960-1980 ... rusneb.ru ›catalog› 001980_000024_EN_FESSL_M ...
The Disappearing Village of Russia: Non-Black Earth Region in the 1960s-1980s / Ros. acad. sciences. Inst. stories. Denisova L.N. Share. Read later ...

etc.

[Far B]

The communists of the USSR (and the RSFSR as well) economically grew annually faster than the world economy. Humpback and Co. are not communists, despite the presence of a party card. (Stirlitz also had a NSDAP membership card, which does not make him a Nazi).
Denisova's monograph (by the way, who is it?) "Disappearing village of Russia. "The key word is disappearing. That is, the same one where 2,5 residents remained. The village has not been liquidated (residents remained). Accordingly, the school is mothballed (not closed!), electricity and heating were turned off (and what the heck are superfluous expenses?) Once again, what's wrong with my question: how many of these schools are among the 10 percent you mentioned? Sorry, but Denisova's monograph does not have an answer to this question.

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

The communists of the USSR (and the RSFSR as well) economically grew annually faster than the world economy.

Rostovs "grew" to coupons for women's panties once a quarter at the top of their "achievements" in 1991 and coupons for sausage from the mid-80s and with a THIRD harvest that goes under the snow, which was collected by students, engineers (instead of engineering) and schoolchildren instead of school. Etc. And this is without war and disasters

Quote: Dalny V

Humpback and Co. are not communists, despite having a party membership card. (

and WHERE are YOU, the real fighters of the Leninist-Stalinists were at that time, that the fake despicable Trotskyists bent you and huh?

You all died on the fronts of the Second World War?

Quote: Dalny V

Stirlitz also had a NSDAP membership card, which does not make him a Nazi)

but he was a communist, And Gorby was then .. a member of the NSDAP? Why is it that you are ALL not like people?

Quote: Dalny V

Denisova's monograph (by the way, who is it?) "The Vanishing Village of Russia".

Doctor of Historical Sciences, too lazy to see?

Quote: Dalny V

The key word is vanishing. That is, the one where 2,5 residents remained.

disappearing - in the amount of hundreds of thousands - as a result of YOUR "activity"

Quote: Dalny V

Accordingly, the school is mothballed (not closed!), Electricity and heating have been turned off (and why the heck are extra expenses?)

show the phrase about the conservation of schools, inventor.

And they turned off in 40 thousand closed ones, which were destroyed later - what kind of conservation? Do you realize that conservation is a lot of money in terms of maintenance? Of course not.

Quote: Dalny V

... Once again, what's wrong with my question: how many of these schools are there among the 10 percent you indicated?

this question is the first time.
40 thousand schools are closed and destroyed, and yes, everything is turned off. According to your logic, 50% of schools in 1989 were without electricity.
But that's why they write about 40 thousand closed and 10% of the remaining working without email.

Quote: Dalny V

Sorry, but there is no answer to this question in Denisova's monograph. Take the trouble to answer yourself, since you have already undertaken to operate with this figure.

quote a phrase from work about schools without email. (and it is) and I will explain it to you.

But you cannot, for you have NOT read it.

Come when you read the truth about the crimes committed in the Russian countryside and, accordingly, Russia

[Far B]

Didn't oversleep, or what? I wrote to you in Russian in white: in Denisova's monograph (by the way, quite biased, but nothing else can be expected from you) there is no answer to the question I posed: how many mothballed schools were located in unpromising villages, among 10 percent of "non-electrified" schools, which do you link? Since Denisova has no answer, I would like to ask you to answer, since you are using this figure with such persistence. However, it can be understood from Denisova's monograph that all these schools were located precisely in unpromising villages, and the children were transferred to study in schools in nearby settlements, where there was electricity and, possibly, even running water with sewerage. So you don't have to answer. Judging by how weak your gray matter is, you definitely need to add a couple more hours per eye. Only my advice to you: do not try to get a hangover before that.

[Olgovich]

Quote: Dalny V

Didn't oversleep, or what?

Didn't oversleep, or what?

Quote: Dalny V

I wrote to you in Russian and in white: in Denisova's monograph (by the way, quite biased, but nothing else can be expected from you) there is no answer to the question I posed: how many mothballed schools located in unpromising villages were among 10 percent of "non-electrified" schools, for which are you referring?

Once again I say: what kind of "canned" schools? WHERE did you even find a mention of them (other than your fancy head)?

They HAVE BEEN REMOVED (partially used the material) or THROWNED (in 90% of cases) to rot and to be plundered.

This is more than 40 thousand schools.

And there are less than 40 thousand schools left to work, of which 10% are WITHOUT electricity

Now, show these ... "mothballed" schools in "mothballed" villages

Quote: Dalny V

can be understood

you can IMAGINE what you are doing.
Like your leaders

Quote: Dalny V

Judging by how weak your gray matter is, you definitely need to add a couple more hours per eye. Only my advice to you: do not try to get a hangover before that.

I don’t drink at all, you can ask Sergey Bubalik, we are with him for a couple.

So leave your own ways to come to life with alcohol, as well as advice to build up gray matter with sleep.

By the way, it feels like you've never slept in your life

[DIM (a)]

You, dear, are not even fooled by references to this "Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences" - This is a cesspool of anti-Sovietism since the 90s, a lot of "works" revealing the "TRUTH" about the USSR originated there.

[Sugar Honeyovich]

Quote: Olgovich

1989 was ... WITHOUT electricity, 70% without water and 90% without sewage is a fact.

70% of schools without water and 90% without sewage? Consequently, in 1989, 90% of schools in Russia were in villages?

[vladcub]

"you have Bolsheviks" Olgovich, where did you see the Bolsheviks?
Those REAL Bolsheviks are long gone.
While there was: "Captain Smolki", as one comrade aptly said, the Podkhalyuzins sat and did not squeak, and then climbed out of all the cracks.
A show and general approval began, and then a friendly retraining in a jump.

[Kisa]

Quote: Olgovich

ilicha light

the moment is not clear to me - here the tsar was thrown off poverty, there is nothing to eat, and Lenin announced that the religion is opium and there is no one in heaven, and at the Sovdepovskaya school they taught me that the bourgeois god was invented so that the people would endure to the cemetery ...
and now again yesterday's communists are bashing their foreheads in the church, and the further the more religion is in the state, although we don't seem to be starving.
why then they abandoned this brace and now it comes with a bang?

[Olgovich]

Quote: kitty

why then they abandoned this brace and now it comes with a bang?

because those who refused-no relation to the people did not have, neither ich, nor his entire clique of nowhere never worked by anybody overage loafers.

They disappeared - and everything returned to normal.

[Sugar Honeyovich]

Quote: Olgovich

They disappeared - and everything returned to normal.

Presumably, now we should expect them to appear again?

[EvilLion]

The tsarist government definitely didn’t lie, it just didn’t care. Lord, where do you come from such shell-shocked head. RI in WWI just got 6 '' - with tidin guns, like the country of the 3rd world, and they still talk about the tsar-father.

[Aviator_]

In any case, the results would definitely be completely different.

What is true is true.

[andrewkor]

My father, a front-line infantry soldier, a graduate of the Chelyabinsk Tank School in 1945, deputy technical engineer of a heavy tank company, a senior lieutenant, while serving in the TurkVO in Mary, after the GSVG, studied at an evening school at the ODO in order to master 9 classes (or 10, I don't remember ). There was no elementary education even for the 7th grade. Here was a craving for knowledge! Career did not work out after an accident at the exercises.

[The leader of the Redskins]

And my wife - "twice overcame not literacy"
She has two higher educations, but does not work according to her profile!)))

[Fat]

A perfectly normal situation My daughter is a psychologist by her first education, and her second is a jewelry designer.
Where do you think the management of the jewelry enterprise determined her, where does she work? That's right ... to the sales department!

[Non-fighter]

Offtop.
All by profile. If working with clients, then the education of a psychologist to help
If piece goods - then a designer.
And both formations will help to cross the wishes of customers and the real products of the enterprise.

[EvilLion]

And how was he taken as a deputy technical officer without education? Or no one looked at the piece of paper, and the person was simply, obviously, technically literate?

[nikvic46]

Interestingly, in what period did the country come out on top in literacy and education in the world? What was noted at the UN in 1952: Dull hatred of their state, as well as its past, does not speak of logic. And also a dull hatred of the peoples around us, speaks generally of the weakness of minds. Just now, the level of simple knowledge is adjacent to illiteracy.

[Fat]

What was noted at the UN in 1952: Dull hatred of your state, as well as its past, does not speak of logic

Elementary logic says that in other countries things were worse than in the USSR, which was noted by the UN, and what did you mean?

[nikvic46]

Fat. I wanted to say that the USSR came out on top in education and literacy in the world.

[3x3zsave]

"What happens? You go to school, and then - bam - the second shift!" (FROM)

[depressant]

I got out into the people, and then - bam! - on the sidelines! )))

[3x3zsave]

If Kae Ranevskaya, then I agree!

[depressant]

And how is Galkin? Not?

[3x3zsave]

Who's that? Babkina's hope?

[depressant]

"Babkina's Hope" ... To the point! But there is also "child's hope" - for mutual benefit. The tradition is a thousand years old! Including overlord Zoe.

[3x3zsave]

Actually, in Roman language this name sounds different - Zoë.

[depressant]

So I'm a Slav, in a way. Articulation, you know. If I knew the buy-in, I would put a straw.

[3x3zsave]

Oh-wei, Lyudmila Yakovlevna! We are all such Slavs that there is nowhere to put brands!
"Someone has done something wrong here,
And the measure intended "(C)

[depressant]

This is something you have done with a freak, but with me the measure intended ... a Pole grandfather!

[3x3zsave]

There was no miracle, only one Swede, according to family legends. Which I strongly doubt.

[depressant]

Doubt is a friend of knowledge and mistrust. Hence your doubts. So you have a strong Nordic character?

[3x3zsave]

Oh no! It was as if the nomads trampled on my ancestors. Look at my mother - clean, old Tatar!
Moreover, this is along the line along which I am a Swede.

[depressant]

Do you even look at yourself in the mirror sometimes? )))
Genes - they can wake up from sleep after 20 generations! By the way, the Finns - who are they?

[3x3zsave]

I look, of course. Normal Central Russian erysipelas. Oh, today I saw a woman, with her face - as she left the Byzantine icons! He walks along Enlightenment Avenue (however, to the topic), with a hurried step ...
Maybe he is in a hurry to bring the true faith?

[depressant]

It has long been noted that women in St. Petersburg are distinguished by a special breed, in Moscow there are none. But I would not appeal to Byzantine icons. Maybe Italian?

[3x3zsave]

Uh-huh. The Petersburg breed of women became extinct in the Blockade. Sorry for the cynicism.

[depressant]

Well, what cynicism! It's all true. But for what I bought, for which I tried to sell, but, as you can see, I’m not a trader. I'm not a market woman.

[3x3zsave]

But for what I bought, for which I tried to sell, but, as you can see, I’m not a trader. I'm not a market woman.
Lyudmila Yakovlevna, I'm starting to doubt ... To whom to appeal, to Kuprin, or Babel ...

[depressant]

And what is there to be clear about under X-ray? Babel's? And what about Kuprin?

[3x3zsave]

I will not flirt, but that Kuprin's and Babel's, the main cunning people broadcast exactly this:
But for what I bought, for which I tried to sell, but, as you can see, I’m not a trader. I'm not a market woman.
Gilyarovsky, by the way, too ...

[depressant]

Well, everyone remembers from the works, who is close to what. Aesthetes are one thing, peddlers are another.

[3x3zsave]

there are none in Moscow
Meanwhile - there is. My cousin.

[depressant]

Well, I saw several real Russian beauties here - the kind that you won't find on the catwalk, not on the screen, on the covers, and even in the great pictures. I watched and did not believe that this happens. But these are unique single copies. And so ... In the suburbs, everyone is ordinary.

[3x3zsave]

In the suburbs, everyone is ordinary.
A cross between Tatars and Mordvins? And where do others come from? These are we, the descendants of the megaarians.

[parusnik]

Danya Milokhin is the face of modern Russian culture and education. Buzova on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. Failure films about the war, filmed with state money. Fuck painted on the bridge. Paid education. Cultural counter-revolution. In just 30 years.

[Phil77]

"Buzova on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater".
There are fewer and fewer decent places. /Sarcasm/

[3x3zsave]

"Distorted by microfilm,
GUM has become a small hut,
And it's indecent to remember
What was the Moscow Art Theater "(C)

[Phil77]

And the other day, another "painter *" tried to arrange shooting on the square ... Red. In the spirit of performance, you know. Self-expression is different, after all, someone writes brilliant canvases for centuries, and someone tries to "attach" to the paving stones.

[depressant]

What is the difference between an installation and a performance?
Well, if you shit under the door and ring the bell, this is an installation, and performance is the other way around.

[Phil77]

So he, no, they first informed the media that there would be a BUSINESS, and only then for a BUSINESS. So the performance! In its pure form and under the watchful eye of "illuminating this action." Performance, however.

[Richard]

- And why in Ust-Khoperskaya all assets were given a negro, but we are not in Gremyachy?
- Wait, comrades, and it will come to you, give time, we will note all worthy ones (c)
M. Sholokhov "Virgin Soil Upturned" book 2

"Negro - so at that time they called the icon of the" Society Down with illiteracy "

[Richard]

The chairman of the society "Down with illiteracy" was MI Kalinin.
Society Attributes

[north 2]

In the country's education, it was not only the state program to teach people to read and write at school that was important, but it was also very important who would teach people. My parents are hereditary teachers. From what they told them by their parents, also teachers, who devoted themselves to the cause and devoted teachers, which were in schools during the formation of the USSR and before Stalin's death, such with the rise to power of Khrushchev became less and less, and under Brezhnev, many entered pedagogical institutes knowing that that they don't care where to go anymore, and the title with "higher education"
very attracted even those who were only allowed to graze cows by vocation, morals and abilities. Of course, both in Khrushchev and in Brezhnev there were teachers by vocation, capable and worthy of the name of a teacher. But there are fewer of them, in comparison with what teachers were during the formation of the USSR and before Stalin's death ...

[Boris55]

Quote: V. Shpakovsky

That is, our spaceships were already in full swing plowing the vastness of the Universe, and in the country declared a country of universal literacy, there were still millions of illiterates!

By what criteria do you define universal literacy or illiteracy?

- In tsarist agrarian Russia, there were enough three classes of parish.
- USSR, new challenges (industrialization) demanded more literate people (seven years). The further the country's economy developed, the more ambitious tasks the country's leadership set, the more literate people it needed.
- Russia, for the country, like a gas station, education of the people according to the exam is enough.

First, we determine what we are building, then we cultivate (or not) specialists for this. Knowledge that has no practical application is dead. How many people found the foreign language they studied at school useful in life?

ps
We lost in the war with Japan in 1905 и due to the fact that the Japanese soldiers and sailors had a higher education (that someone there was talking about a school teacher and victory in the war).

During perestroika, the United States stole from us all the documentation on everything that is possible and impossible, and they fly into space on our engines - the general education of Americans is not able to repeat what they got for free, but the Chinese are doing it.

[Undecim]

How does the preparation of any more or less literate article begin?

The preparation of any more or less literate article begins with an understanding of what a literate article is.
A competent article is a complete and logically coherent work that covers any topic.
That is, if the task is to highlight the issue of dissertations as a source of information, then this should be the article.
If the question is raised to highlight the process of mass teaching of illiterate adults to read and write in Soviet Russia and the USSR, this is another article.
An attempt to cover both topics in a short article is clearly unsuccessful, since none of the issues is fully disclosed, and the reader has not learned two things.
The first is how to work correctly with such a source as a dissertation, since this source of information is quite specific and one should be extremely careful when using dissertations, even doctoral dissertations, and it is clearly not worth using the first one that comes across, focusing only on a suitable topic.
The second is what is, in fact, the elimination of illiteracy in the USSR and how this multi-stage social project was implemented, one of the most important factors in the industrial development of the state and at the same time a cultural phenomenon that characterizes the social sphere of life in Soviet society.
The problems of this process, pulled out of the context of events, shown in the article, clearly do not give an answer to the question, and the article in this form is nothing more than an excuse for another holivar.

So, first of all, she notes that one of the features of the fight against illiteracy was the assignment of this work ... the Cheka.

Didn't entrust this job VChK - All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage.
This work was entrusted to the established in July 1920 All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Elimination of Illiteracy (VChKl / b), which was part of the People's Commissariat for Education and whose decisions were binding. But those who sabotaged its decisions, those were dealt with by the Cheka.

[A. Privalov]

A very interesting topic, Vyacheslav Olegovich. This is exactly how it was.
Indeed, it was hidden, they did not write or talk about it. The reasons are different, but the essence is invariably the same - the illiteracy of the population inherited from the Russian Empire is a terrible thing and it was necessary to fight with it. Point. So they fought as best they could and as best they could.

My grandparents, bless their memory, met in 1925 in the Komsomol cell of a tiny provincial town. Grandfather was a non-educator - that was the name of those responsible for overcoming illiteracy, and grandmother was sent to teach literacy as a recent graduate of a two-year teacher's course. Actually, she was a teacher at a local school, and in the evening she taught in an educational program. Grandfather worked as a dyer at a tannery during the day, and in the evening he taught himself and commanded as many as five teachers. It was then considered a great center of enlightenment.

All six were Jews, since literacy in the Jewish environment was almost 95%. So cunning, greedy and corrupt Jews took over the process of liquidating illiteracy in this place in their dirty hands, at the same time drinking all the water in the tap and tormenting the elephants ...

I have not heard of any compulsion from my grandparents. But there was inertia and unwillingness to learn. The entire Komsomol cell - 12-15 people - also carried out campaign work, inviting young people to go and learn to read and write. Some refused, saying that they did not need a diploma, some, for various reasons, were not allowed by their relatives. But overall, things were moving forward.

In 1927, they got married, grandmother taught until her retirement, grandfather was sent to the courses of military builders on the basis of the Komsomol appeal. Thus began his career in the army. Exactly 20 years later, after the War, as a major, he will be dismissed from the army by redundancy and he will start all over again as a construction superintendent at a small factory ...

[Professor]

That is, our spaceships were already in full swing plowing the vastness of the Universe, and in the country declared a country of universal literacy, there were still millions of illiterates!

What they knew how to do in the scoop is to lie.

In the late 80s I had to meet absolutely illiterate soldiers.

[Boris55]

Quote: professor

In the late 80s I had to meet absolutely illiterate soldiers.

Normal distribution law.
In any society there are always 5-10% of the "illiterate" and 5-10% of the geniuses.

ps
You wrote that you had to meet, not constantly meet. Normal distribution law - works. About literacy and illiteracy:
When the professor's car stalled, he called a locksmith with a "secondary education", and he repaired that car. I will not write a question and an answer - they are competent, you yourself will understand what it is for.

[Professor]

Quote: Boris55

Normal distribution law. In any society there are always 5-10% illiterates and 5-10% geniuses.

Uh-huh. Just no need to shout about 100% literacy. By the way, now there are countries with 100% literacy.

[Boris55]

Quote: professor

there was no need to shout about 100% literacy

What are the criteria for determining this?

Quote: professor

By the way, now there are countries with 100% literacy.

Is it Israel?
According to the law of normal distribution, this is impossible.

[Professor]

Quote: Boris55

What are the criteria for determining this?

A person who is 15 years old and more can read and write.

Quote: Boris55

Is it Israel?
According to the law of normal distribution, this is impossible.

No, Israel is not 100% literate. We have a lot of Bedouins "spoiling" statistics. There are also repatriates from Ethiopia where adult literacy is ~ 50%. ! 00% literacy for example in Greenland and Andorra.

The Normal Distribution Law does not apply here.

[A. Privalov]

Quote: professor

In the late 80s I had to meet absolutely illiterate soldiers.

In the early 70s (72-74) in the army, I met a soldier from Central Asia and the Caucasus who knew bad Russian. But they were quite literate, read in their native language, wrote letters, etc.
I also met quite a Russian-speaking person, but they did not know how to express coherent thoughts on paper. Not once or even ten, I wrote letters at their request to parents at home, girls and just friends. But I would not call this phenomenon illiteracy.

[Professor]

Quote: A. Privalov

But I would not call this phenomenon illiteracy.

And I have met absolutely illiterate people who can neither write nor read. Usually these were called up to the construction battalion, but it happened that they slipped into other types of troops. I will deliberately keep silent about their nationality.

[Undecim]

What they knew how to do in the scoop is to lie.

Have you decided to support this tradition?

In the late 80s I had to meet absolutely illiterate soldiers.

Indeed, in the 80s there were different cases. From the republics of Central Asia and mountain auls are very small, but very proud republics. The question is, who was hiding it? Or that out of thirty Turkmen conscripts who came under my command in 1984 by the will of fate in XNUMX, six knew Russian, and should have been published in the Pravda newspaper?
At the same time, they were not illiterate, because within the framework of their native language they read, wrote and mastered four arithmetic operations.
As for the service, it was much easier with them than with graduates of the history department of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.

[Professor]

Quote: Undecim

Have you decided to support this tradition?

Why should I support your traditions?

Quote: Undecim

Indeed, there were such people in the 80s. From the republics of Central Asia and mountain auls are very small, but very proud republics. The question is, who was hiding it? Or that out of thirty Turkmen conscripts who came under my command in 1984 by the will of fate in XNUMX, six knew Russian, and should have been published in the Pravda newspaper?

The scoop was hiding. After all, he defeated illiteracy and now 100% literate in the "most readable in the world".

I did not write about the nationality of those who cannot read and write.

[Undecim]

Why should I support your traditions?

How do I know why you decided to support them, this is your personal complex, from which neither time nor change of place of residence saved you.

[Professor]

Quote: Undecim

Why should I support your traditions?

How do I know why you decided to support them, this is your personal complex, from which neither time nor change of place of residence saved you.

I changed my place of residence in order to be away from Your traditions in order to live according to their traditions. So stay on your own with your traditions.

[Undecim]

Professor, you changed your place of residence, began to live according to different traditions, but the complex remained and you will not get rid of it in any way. Why it was formed in you - you know better. But he is with you and all your comments, many of which I really like, bear the imprint of this complex. Contact a psychologist, of whom, no doubt, there are many in your country and their qualifications are exactly at a decent level, they will confirm this to you. I could recommend you a good friend of mine, but alas, she can no longer help anyone.
Le Haim!

[Professor]

Quote: Undecim

Professor, you changed your place of residence, began to live according to different traditions, but the complex remained and you will not get rid of it in any way. Why it was formed in you - you know better. But he is with you and all your comments, many of which I really like, bear the imprint of this complex. Contact a psychologist, of whom, no doubt, there are many in your country and their qualifications are exactly at a decent level, they will confirm this to you. I could recommend you a good friend of mine, but alas, she can no longer help anyone.

Thank you, but I do not need psychological help / Neither professional nor your amateurish one.

Quote: Undecim

Le Haim!

I don't drink alcohol in the middle of the day.

[Undecim]

Thank you, but I do not need psychological help / Neither professional nor your amateurish one.

And I didn’t offer you mine. And think about a professional one.

I don't drink alcohol in the middle of the day

Well then, "Shavua tov".

[Professor]

Quote: Undecim

And I didn’t offer you mine. And think about a professional one.

I do not need the advice of amateurs.

Quote: Undecim

Well then, "Shavua tov".

The new week begins at the end of Saturday, that is, tonight, but for now "Shabbat Shalom".

[Undecim]

The new week starts at the end of Saturday, that is, tonight

Well, excuse me, I did not take into account the time difference.

[stalkerwalker]

Quote: professor

The new week begins at the end of Saturday, that is, tonight, but for now "Shabbat Shalom"

So, it turns out why "Monday starts on Saturday"!

[Professor]

Quote: stalkerwalker

Quote: professor

The new week begins at the end of Saturday, that is, tonight, but for now "Shabbat Shalom"

So, it turns out why "Monday starts on Saturday"!

Duc first began to write from right to left. It seemed a little to them. They wrote non-vowels. Few. No capital letters. Confused yet? Then they made 12 months a year, but ... not in every one. Sometimes 13. Is everything clear? And what about chronology then? What is the 5000th year? And the New Year in what month, and what date this year? Well, a new day begins in the evening, not at midnight or in the morning.

[stalkerwalker]

Quote: professor

Duc first began to write from right to left. It seemed a little to them. They wrote non-vowels. Few. No capital letters. Confused yet? Then they made 12 months a year, but ... not in every one. Sometimes 13. Is everything clear? And what about chronology then? What is the 5000th year? And the New Year in what month, and what date this year? Well, a new day begins in the evening, not at midnight or in the morning.

Yes ... You can't do without a hundred grams ...

[Professor]

Quote: stalkerwalker

Quote: professor

Duc first began to write from right to left. It seemed a little to them. They wrote non-vowels. Few. No capital letters. Confused yet? Then they made 12 months a year, but ... not in every one. Sometimes 13. Is everything clear? And what about chronology then? What is the 5000th year? And the New Year in what month, and what date this year? Well, a new day begins in the evening, not at midnight or in the morning.

Yes ... You can't do without a hundred grams ...

And not everything is simple here. You can't have beer on Passover, only wine made by the hands of Jews, but with vodka it's easier. Her family can be, if not wheat for Passover. There are no problems with cannabis. Religion does not regulate, and the Criminal Code does not prohibit.

[hohol95]

The graduates of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute had a "complex" - Woe from Wit?

[chenia]

Quote: professor

80s to meet absolutely illiterate soldiers.

In the Israeli army, well, you know better.
And in Soviet times, if an Uzbek might not know Russian. it doesn’t mean he didn’t read and didn’t write in Uzbek.
Here's an interesting thing, at the level of the military registration and enlistment office there was a sorting of recruits, and the more complicated the type of activity of the troops, the more literate the recruits were. And you were sent to serve, where there were absolutely illiterate people. Here I somehow did not have to go through this (and I served more than you).
So how did you get into such a contingent? It’s strange.
.Army anecdote, - ... smart to smart, and me to you ...

[BAI]

In the late 80s I had to meet absolutely illiterate soldiers.

It is only necessary to clarify - from Central Asia. Although there are Old Believer villages in Siberia, where they do not bother with literacy - this is their principled attitude. Literacy is not from God, but in temptation ..

[vladcub]

"postponing the 1932 census" V. There was hardly a reason for the lag in the fight against illiteracy.
Q Oh, you are an intelligent person, but you are a little jammed in literacy

[vladcub]

"there was an order for this struggle ... the Cheka", probably, it was a local gag. I don’t remember from history that it was ubiquitous.

[stalkerwalker]

I read it. I burst into tears.
The author pleased, as always, with his "selective assessment" of the methods of combating illiteracy by the Soviet regime.
Special thanks for the "extended list of literature sources", which were practically not cited.
On this topic...
The main task of the Soviet government was not just the elimination of illiteracy, but the creation, for the beginning of a minimum number of engineers at the level of secondary technical education, on the basis of the generation that already had primary education.
Against the background of industrialization, which began at the very end of the 20s, a massive outflow of rural residents began to the city, to the machine tool, to replace those who replenished knowledge in technical schools, and occupied positions of the middle level of management at the enterprises being built and already operating.
But best of all, the process of eliminating illiteracy can be traced on the example of the Red Army, the lion's share of the rank and file, which consisted of people from the countryside. There are many works with data on the level of education l / s for different periods up to 1941.
Well, the fact that "bast shoe Russia" launched both the first satellite and the first manned ship with a man on board speaks, if not of the feat of the Soviet people, then, at least, of the decisiveness of the leadership and people who created these products, and were able to provide the minimum technical level for solving such a problem.

[vladcub]

My grandmother told me how she learned to read and write in the 30s.
About 10 women gathered, and a young girl taught them: 0 experience, and ambition is above the roof. The women were tired on the collective farm, at home and in the classroom there were already none, and the girl was yelling at them. My grandmother became psychotic and stopped practicing.
She remembered some letters and could write "PT? S (she signed it like that), and her husband knew a little bit of literacy.

[ee2100]

The Cultural Revolution is a set of measures aimed at changing the ideology of society. The process of combating illiteracy is only one of the directions of the set of measures.
Since the 90s, a new cultural revolution has been taking place in the Russian Federation. the system and of course the ideology changed.
The revolution is carried out without slogans, posters, etc. quietly.

"The business of the" cultural revolution "in Russia stretched out for many decades, but by and large it has not been completed until now!" (C)

In the USSR, the tasks set by the Bolshevik Party were fulfilled by the Cultural Revolution. A new society was formed.

[A. Privalov]

Of the 36 years I lived in the USSR, I spent most of the time in a big city - the capital of the republic. Naturally, the literacy level was decently high there. All children studied in schools, universities and technical schools worked. I have not come across completely illiterate people. First encountered illiterate in 1988. Fate threw me to a musical instrument factory, where the work of the deputy head of production did not require permits to secret documentation (I was already preparing to leave and I did not need any problems). So, due to the lack of workers in the city for low-skilled work, about forty women aged 30-40 from several villages were brought to the stamping shop every day. The two hours to get to work and return home were taken into account by him during working hours. They performed the simplest work on small metalworking equipment - stamping, grinding, etc. I found that none of them counts within more than a dozen, cannot read the heading of the column in the payroll, the inscription on the packing box, cannot write anything but his surname. They were managed by a very sweet and extremely patient woman specially assigned to them for teaching production processes, solving personal affairs, etc. Moreover, they were very polite, diligent and neat women, mostly with good and non-malicious characters. They held a huge production site. They also sold moonshine, which they brought with them in rubber heating pads for local hard workers. Who remembers, in those days there were problems with strong drinks in stores. The management turned a blind eye to this, tk. the workers, surprisingly, did not use in their workplaces. Seriously!

[Krasnodar]

And I consider the Educational program one of the main achievements of the Bolsheviks

[depressant]

Can a person live without food? Can not! And he doesn't need to explain it. The baby screams for food. The same, only without an unconscious cry, is demanded by both an adult and an old man. And when, due to some circumstances, a person decides to kill himself, he is able to do this by refusing food. The need for bodily food is an unconditioned reflex, a way of existence for the human body.
Can a person kill himself by refusing to read books? Well, it will get bored, it will shorten the life. This is provided that he is literate. But literacy is not an unconditioned reflex! This is the fixed result of the consumption of spiritual food in the system of consciousness by digesting new information and assimilating it. And since literacy is not an unconditioned reflex, in the overwhelming majority of cases it is the result of a violent influence on a person.
And now imagine a hefty village man of about forty, who plowed, sowed, gave birth to children quite successfully for himself, and they tell him, go, they say, learn to read and write. And his stomach does not growl from a lack of literacy in his stomach, but his stomach growls because that stomach is empty, and no arguments in favor of the fact that literacy and a full stomach are somehow connected do not work on him - this contradicts the experience of his entire previous life ...
Of course, there was resistance. And I guess it was significant.
And since the program to eradicate illiteracy was carried out by literate people, most often taught to her at an uncritical age, incapable of resistance, but allowing one to forget how dreary it was, and therefore sincerely exclaiming how, they say, right? How can you give up such a great blessing as teaching to read and write? The collision of two convinced misunderstandings gave rise to tragedies in the process of eliminating illiteracy.
Above, my colleagues explained well why universal literacy is needed:
maintenance of military equipment, machine tools, machines, mechanisms, design and creation of the above, tactical and strategic skills, the ability to learn new things.
And in those days - as soon as possible!

[stalkerwalker]

Quote: depressant

And in those days - as soon as possible!

A. Shirokorad rightly noted that the Soviet government made titanic efforts to eradicate illiteracy in those difficult, poverty-stricken and hungry years, when not only there were practically no roads, there were only a handful of specialists.
Teaching is much easier than retraining. Even those illiterate and illiterate elderly people who, having lived their lives, considered school to be pampering and a useless waste of time - the economy required time and care. And the order in the personal courtyard, including working off in the collective farms, sometimes corny did not leave time for study.
Even today, studying in the form of a Higher School is a prerogative more for city dwellers.

[depressant]

So, just by estimates, the level of literacy of the population is largely determined by the goals and objectives of the state. There is, of course, the population's own need, which turns literacy into a steady increase in education. But this is only if the state needs such people - not just literate, but educated, that is, capable of using a significant array of world culture as spiritual food. Such people were required to maintain communist ideology, as evidenced by the well-known words of Lenin.
And since now there has been a rollback into the ideology of capitalism, it can be assumed that the literate are needed as service personnel, and the educated are not.
And so that the population from the category of literate people does not pass into the category of dangerous educated, capable of critically looking at the evil that is being done, and even trying to prevent it, teaching is structured in a stupefying way, knowledge is not given in a system, but fragmentarily, in the form of a jumble of facts. Such knowledge looks like pieces of a mosaic that can no longer be put together into a coherent picture. As a result, a young person does not receive the skills of logical thinking, which means that he can be duped and much more successful than people who have received a systemic education by the beginning of the 90s have been duped.

[stalkerwalker]

Quote: depressant

And since now there has been a rollback into the ideology of capitalism, it can be assumed that the literate are needed as service personnel, and the educated are not.

I will not argue about this moment. Although the statements of Gref and Chubais show a similar emphasis. As an example - that "representative of today's youth" who shook lice on the PEMF.
And educated people are required always and everywhere, those countries that see themselves in the future as truly independent countries are needed.

[depressant]

But, of course, the collection of posters is atomic!))) That is another collection! Either tendentious, or all of them were.
On the first is an elongated, black hacked-style chopped font that can scare away anyone who wants to become a literate user. On the second - an extremely muscular worker with a head transplanted from a dead intellectual degenerate. On the third - very strange Red Army men, as if disguised as clowns. And the girl with the pointing finger is the spitting image of Medusa the Gorgon. Well, others are not without peculiarities. Were such artists? )))

[Korsar4]

Lyudmila Yakovlevna, the theme of women's emancipation can be accompanied by many pictures. The question is to what extent this process continues.

[depressant]

But not to the book of the same "Fifty Shades of Gray" and several more of the same (the same, hehe!) Author. There is enslavement.

[depressant]

Meanwhile, I was interested to know how psychologists see the problem of education.

An educated person knows that "we are what we eat" - this is about the body. But he also knows that "we are what we know and what we think." This already concerns the spiritual essence of a person.
As it turns out, the growth and development of human spirituality is subject to strict energy-informational laws, in accordance with which the spiritual essence goes through three phases of its development.
Each phase takes about 30 years, during which there is a sequential structuring of three hypernets (brain, mind and consciousness).

By the age of 30, a person develops a brain structure, like a neural network of rationality.
JUSTICE - a thinking ability that allows you to think logically, reason, comprehend reality; differ in the predominance of reason over feeling (this is the simplest definition).

From the age of 30 to 60, the development of a hypernetwork of reason and intellect is underway.
MIND is one of the forms of consciousness, self-conscious reason, directed at itself and the conceptual content of its knowledge (Kant, Hegel).
INTELLIGENCE, or mind, is a quality of the psyche, consisting of the ability to be aware of new situations, as well as the ability to learn and memorize based on experience, understand and apply abstract concepts, and use their knowledge to control the human environment. General ability for cognition and problem solving, which combines cognitive abilities: sensation, perception, memory, representation, thinking, imagination.

From 60 to 90 - 100 years in the brain there is a development of a hypernetwork of spiritual consciousness as the highest and most perfect network of consciousness.
SPIRITUAL CONSCIOUSNESS is consciousness based on perception and thinking of the spiritual nature of the whole world. Possessing spiritual consciousness, a person perceives himself and all other living beings as eternal souls, and not just bodies.
According to religious beliefs, the soul settles in this very hypernet after death. But there is a reservation: this is possible if the spiritual essence of a person has consistently passed all stages of bodily-mental-spiritual development.
And if you didn’t? Where does the soul of a person go? And what does physically mean the settlement of the soul in the hypernetwork of spiritual consciousness?
In general, scientists know how to powder their brains.

[Aviator_]

But, of course, the collection of posters is atomic!))) That is another collection!

This is not a selection, this is a selection. Compare this with Deineka's mosaics, which he created at the same time. So the note is another hyip of Shpakovsky, who makes money on provocative notes.

[depressant]

So if there is no provocation, no one will come to comment. For example, if I'm not mistaken, an article about the Central Bank's loan interest has been hanging on analytics for almost a day - not a single comment! Because the topic has already been nibbled several times, sucked and the bones of the dogs have been thrown away - there is no interest in people. And the presentation of Vyacheslav Olegovich --- "Well, here you are in this aspect! What, you ate?" The sacred theme of eliminating illiteracy is painfully touched.
But any noisy company of this kind is like an advertisement. The posters will be seen by everyone, many will rush (or will break them) to eliminate their own illiteracy, and the literate will come out a certain pre-planned real percentage that the government needs. Do you think they did not know at the top that not everyone can master the letter? They knew. But all were not needed. The main thing is to pick up the youth. Which is exactly what happened.
And Deineka is one of my favorite artists, such a power of young bodies! So much wind and sun! But I don’t remember his posters.

[Aviator_]

He did not work in the poster genre. I remember in my childhood, the very beginning of the 60s, even before Gagarin, in "Technique-Youth" there was his illustration, where beautiful athletic people made space rockets, I was very impressed. And what about the posters of the 30-50s - they are united by a thorough study of the drawing, so to speak, socialist realism in action. And the chopped objects depicted on the posters of the 20s are more likely a tribute to the then fashion - cubism. And then there were enough fighters against the "bourgeois heritage in art", the same writer V. Shklovsky, who lived almost until the mid-80s, then seriously called for "throwing Pushkin off the literary ship of our time." Then he calmed down and lived almost to 100 years, all the work of L.N. Tolstoy was illuminated.

[Phil77]

Good evening! Isn't this one by chance?

Eh, this picture has a rather sad fate, at the moment because of its "irrelevance" it is gathering dust in the storerooms of the Lugansk Art Museum.

[Aviator_]

She is the most. It seems to have been published in "Tekhnika-Youth" in 1960.

[Aviator_]

So if there is no provocation, no one will come to comment.

And if you write a clever article, then it will be commented on without a provocative message. But this is not the case, the author's qualifications do not allow. I already wrote to him once, "The case of Azef lives and wins," but this is all God's dew.

[depressant]

Still, I would not be so categorical. Vyacheslav Olegovich sees the problem this way, and I, say, that way. Let's say, even quite the opposite. So what? Is this a reason for reproaching the Author? You just need to calmly and with dignity state your own understanding of historical events, clearly show what you disagree with, without stopping to sticking labels.
Well, imagine, you come to work, the boss gives you an assignment not according to your profile - so what? Are you telling him that he is not competent and in general? Of course not. In restrained terms, you remind him that you are on a different profile, and for the right one, perhaps, another employee will be found)))

[Aviator_]

You see, Lyudmila Yakovlevna, I argued with him on a number of fundamental things, but he continues to adhere to his "exclusiveness", he is warmed by the "Paretto theory" about 20% of the elect, and in all seriousness. In the USSR, he sees only dirt and lies. You can understand - I tried to climb the party ladder higher, but it collapsed. His arrogance towards ordinary people (he has repeatedly stated what a job it is to write a dissertation on social science in the late Brezhnev era), and so on. About his competence. A couple of years ago there was his article about the castles of Cyprus. I have been there, so I read this work with interest and thoroughly. The entire period of the island's development is not described in any way, right after the Greeks there were almost Turks, in general, they were not even drawn to the essay of a first-year student with a C grade. I wrote to him about this mildly enough, with a desire to supplement the work so that it looked logically connected. However, apart from outright rudeness, he received nothing. Then he began to treat me more respectfully, but the level of work did not change. I absolutely do not understand his things about historical weapons and armor, since this is out of my interests. But when he tries to explain to me how badly I lived in the USSR, then I have to put him in his place, that's all. I am the same age with him, we studied in provincial schools, but each chose what he liked best. I have no derogatory attitude towards hard workers, for example, I managed to persuade someone else's team of mechanics in a wind tunnel to work on the second shift on Friday - this is when when I told them what was the meaning of my tests, so my life experience helped me in my work. So I have a different worldview with him.

[Undecim]

And if you write a clever article, then it will be commented on without a provocative message.

Yesterday's article "The birth of the Soviet missile defense. Yuditsky is building a supercomputer." Good or, as you say - "smart". And as many as nine comments, moreover, not very "smart".

[Aviator_]

The article is controversial, but not provocative. I don't like the presentation style, but the information content is high. As for the comments - questions to the commentators. Incidentally, I also expressed some considerations there.

[depressant]

And if by the way)))
In addition to the usual Paretto theory, according to which the base of the pyramid of needs is a wide stratum of the poor, and the top is a narrow stratum of the rich, there are several other such theories, one of which is also expressed by the pyramid. It is an inverted pyramid, and it is a pyramid of knowledge!
The broad base is at the top, full knowledge in the person of hired professionals belongs to the rich. The narrow peak, symbolizing ignorance, is below, where the poor are. They do not have complete knowledge of what is going on. Yes, in fact, often at least some kind of knowledge. It turns out that the action to eradicate illiteracy was aimed at turning the inverted pyramid of knowledge into a cylinder - what they know at the top, they should know at the bottom, the even distribution of knowledge among the strata of the population.

[Undecim]

It turns out that the action to eradicate illiteracy was aimed at turning the inverted pyramid of knowledge into a cylinder.

Frustum.

[depressant]

Rather, you are more right, Viktor Nikolaevich, than I am. Indeed, there are state secrets that can be misunderstood even by an educated population in the current political and economic situation, and as a result, cause a ferment of minds that weaken the state. We are not alone in this world, there is an environment that is a priori always hostile - countries, unlike an individual person, still live in the animal world.
Therefore, yes, a truncated cone of knowledge. Well, or a truncated pyramid with a smaller base at the bottom.

[Undecim]

We are not alone in this world, there is an environment that a priori is always hostile

Using the image of an external enemy in propaganda is a separate very interesting topic. For some reason, local authors avoid her, as one famous character of incense.

[Aviator_]

Yes, probably so. Progress in an elite society is fraught with strong stratification and social upheavals, after which you have to restore a lot and do a lot for the first time. And the social elevator should work not only from the bottom up, but also vice versa, which ended under Khrushchev Kukuruzny and ultimately led to stagnation and collapse.

[kalibr]

Quote: depressant

Were such artists?

I chose the most NEUTRAL POSTERS, the most massive and typical.

[depressant]

Good afternoon, Vyacheslav Olegovich!)))
Imagine what the atypical posters were from homegrown self-taught artists. And what about without a poster? There was essentially no radio yet, and the poster on the wall was a stationary propaganda point. It doesn't matter that you can't read it yourself - there will always be at least one who will explain. It's like the Romans, when the reports on the results of the Senate meetings were hung on the wall of this institution. The difference is that there were many literate Romans and very few literate Russian peasants. Of course, the city and the countryside. But how many Russians were taught to read and write even in cities two thousand years ago? And were there cities. And yet thoughts of national disgrace involuntarily enter my head. How could tens of millions of people be kept in an illiterate state at the beginning of the 20th century, when revolutionary discoveries were taking place en masse in science? Happened in a civilized world, to which Russia belonged. This is some kind of savagery! And for some reason it seems to me that if the Russian peasant were literate, the Bolsheviks would not have had a chance.

[kalibr]

Recently there was an article by Samsonov, Lyudmila Yakovlevna, something about the beginning of the war. And there was a great phrase that peasants were sitting at the levers of excellent T-34s. The peasants drove everyone around. And now there are a lot of them, or their descendants. Read A.S. Yakovlev how peasant women drove bolts on airplanes with sledgehammers, read Popov's "Without Secrets and Secrets", how they cut filters on ACS engines ... They did a lot of things, and they do by inertia ...

Quote: depressant

if the Russian peasant was literate, the Bolsheviks would not have had a chance.

Not a single one! You are absolutely right.

[Aviator_]

Read A.S. Yakovlev how peasant women drove bolts on airplanes with sledgehammers,

Where is it? It is very interesting to me.
Samsonov is undoubtedly a recognized authority on history.

And now there are a lot of them, or their descendants.

But here I will agree, I am a descendant of peasants (my grandfathers and grandmothers were them).

[depressant]

Yes, I am a witness. At the preliminary control of the floating diodes, the workers were given alcohol for three times to wipe the workplace with coarse calico napkins during the working day, and cambric - tweezers, a microscope stage and fingertips. Despite the strict control by the foreman and the head of the section, the alcohol (ethyl rectified) was given to the adjusters, since they did not recognize the installation by the alloy of the diodes when sober. At the same time, a significant part of the napkins were carried home to the working hostel. No persuasion or explanation helped. But these were adjusters and workers who had previously completed six-month courses at the expense of the state, at which they were clearly explained what hygiene is in relation to the pn junction, which is fraught with contamination of the silicon surface. They passed their exams! But these people - they were all from the village.
Do you think I was in vain above in one of my posts resulted in the standard concepts of rationality and intelligence? The villagers from the workshop had rationality, which is present both with the presence of literacy and without it. But they didn’t have the intelligence to link yields to industrial hygiene. Intellect is impossible without education! As a result, that plant was never able to master the planar technology and, moreover, the production of integrated microcircuits. In the end, even the production of fusion diodes was abandoned. But at the head enterprise in Moscow, girls worked who were urban for more than one generation. They worked exactly according to the technical map in compliance with all standards. They were educated!
But, unfortunately, this did not save the parent company from bankruptcy in recent history. Because the country is run by people who are literate, but uneducated. For an institute diploma with the collective-farm origin of the owner of the diploma or his parents is not a guarantee of education, therefore, of intelligence. This is just a guarantee of stable peasant rationality, which orders: grab here and now, while you can. The country must be ruled by intellectuals of many generations.

[Aviator_]

The country must be ruled by intellectuals of many generations.

I disagree. How to explain the breakthrough in the development of our country during the Stalinist era - the presence of "intellectuals in many generations" in power? And why did these "intellectuals" do so much to destroy the USSR in the late 80s (Rostropovich, Sakharov, Ryzhov (rector of MAI) ...)?
Regarding your example about the mentality of the Limitsch women who worked at the enterprises of Zelenograd - remember the time. They came from the provinces for a beautiful, wealthy metropolitan life - they did not receive less than 300 rubles for their work, and this was a lot of money in the 70s. And this is 20 years old. My scholarship for the junior courses at that time was 55 rubles, for the older ones - 75 rubles, it was enough for a living, and I also worked part-time at the department of general physics - 38 rubles. On a summer scholarship in 1976 I bought a bicycle "Sport B-542" (91 r 60 kopecks, I think), it’s worth it in the garage, I still ride it. I didn’t come to study for money, but for the sake of an idea. And they - for the money, hence the result. We also had village guys, but not many - about 5 out of 100, no more. They were distinguished by great persistence. There were also 3 people from the Kolmogorov boarding school at Moscow State University, but they were completely different, some of them felt the psychological trauma inflicted on them during this training.

[depressant]

Eyes hurt, I will answer briefly. Lenin and Stalin succeeded - they were intellectuals who took the uneducated masses into circulation, therefore, the masses of rural youth with a mythologized consciousness.

[Liam]

Quote: depressant

... Lenin and Stalin succeeded - they were intellectuals

Is this Stalin an intellectual? With an unfinished theological seminary, which is equal to an unfinished secular 7-year school

[Aviator_]

Do you think that the main thing is the diploma and the supplement to it - a piece of paper with grades? Then A. Sakharov is the greatest intellectual of all times and peoples. Only now his ideas for the development of the USSR are for some reason very similar to the speeches of Novodvorskaya.

[kalibr]

Quote: depressant

who took into circulation the uneducated masses, therefore, the masses of rural youth with a mythologized consciousness.

Quite right! In the eyes of Taufon!

[Aviator_]

Lenin - fits your definition, nevertheless, the son of a nobleman, inspector of public schools, but Stalin - the son of a shoemaker, does not fit, but both were geniuses, and both knew the goal, knew the masses with whom they worked, therefore the country was under their leadership and achieved such success. Lenin came to power with the "Decree on Peace", won the Civil War with the "Decree on Earth", and then Stalin brought the country to the peak of its power. Yes, and speechwriters at that time did not write them the texts of their speeches, they were Leaders who knew what to do.

masses of rural youth with a mythologized consciousness.

Sergei Kara-Murza analyzed these questions well, have you read them? Highly recommend. Again, these uneducated masses themselves were drawn to knowledge, it was already people aged 30 and older who had to drive them to school for an educational program.

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

How to explain the breakthrough in the development of our country in Stalin's time -

With the help of the USA and Germany, the purchase of a lot of patents and licenses. There was ... very little of its own. Suffice it to say that during all this time all THREE inventions of world novelty were made in the USSR. Teaching of artificial rubber, a direct-flow steam boiler and a safety device against double loading of a mortar. And that's it! All other patents are "local spill". The USSR of the 30s and 40s is an imitator country! Everything has been licked from the West, from the design of the TT to the angles of inclination of the armor on the T-34, although there were some original technological solutions ...

[Liam]

Quote: kalibr

With the help of the USA and Germany, buying a lot of patents and licenses.

Add also the massive impoverishment of the population and the use of almost free (slave) and low-paid labor of the bulk of the population, coupled with almost non-existent spending on social services, health care, people's life, civil infrastructures

[Aviator_]

The USSR of the 30s and 40s is an imitator country!

Well, you can't hate your country so much. So, all her achievements at this time are imitation?

Suffice it to say that during all this time all THREE inventions of world novelty were made in the USSR.

Well, yes, the vortex theory of a wing (N.E. Zhukovsky), works on the theory of jets (S.A.Chaplygin), the theory of flutter by M.V. Keldysh. And this is only offhand and only on the mechanics of a continuous medium. And yet - it seems that you do not know the difference between an invention and a breakthrough work that opens a new direction. Are you seriously sure that everything can be bought, and only this explains the rise of our country in those years?

[kalibr]

Cars, motors, tanks, cannons, ships ... what else was not bought in the 30s?

[Korsar4]

By the way, no matter what industry you take, there have been successive breakthroughs.
Before the invention of synthetic rubber, it was obtained from euonymus.

You can treat N. Vavilov differently, but both him and V. N. Sukachev were known in the world.

[Undecim]

Suffice it to say that during all this time all THREE inventions of world novelty were made in the USSR. Teaching of artificial rubber, a direct-flow steam boiler and a safety device against double loading of a mortar.

Vyacheslav Olegovich, do not write nonsense, you are still quite an adult, holder of an academic degree. This imposes some responsibility for the content written.

[Aviator_]

Come on, it’s just at the level of a professional propagandist, where is the responsibility. For the dialogue on the website, his notes go to him money, he himself wrote about it.

[Undecim]

Even for a professional propagandist, giving three out of three incorrect examples is too much.

[Aviator_]

Even for a professional propagandist, giving three out of three incorrect examples is too much.

The author does not own the topic at all, but I really want to be among the 20% of the “chosen ones”. Is getting old.

[Undecim]

You know, the "20 percent theme" is a separate complex issue. On the one hand, it causes rejection, but it is worth going, for example, to the "News" or "Opinions" section of this site or any other site where comments are provided, as twenty percent seems to be a very optimistic assessment.

[Aviator_]

Yes, I have no doubt that at the moment not everyone is able to understand what they want, it is enough to go to a meeting of the tenants of the cooperative house (I myself live in this, built in 1968, we live according to the charter of the same year, since there is no new one, and no one canceled the old one, they did not go under the management company, they saw what they were doing). Yes, 20% is a very rough estimate, in reality the percentage is lower. What is there to do - to clarify the essence of the issue to the rest, sometimes it is possible. But this is not a reason to pretend to be the "elite".

[Undecim]

But this is not a reason to pretend to be the "elite".

Modesty adorns a man, but a real man does not wear jewelry.

[Korsar4]

Today F. Abramov read "Alka".
I came across other things before. On the living cuts.

The villagers took their own in the senior years.
Those who are accustomed to work cannot be eradicated.

[kalibr]

"This is just a guarantee of stable peasant rationality, which orders: grab here and now, while you can." . How well you wrote, Lyudmila Yakovlevna!

[Undecim]

But these people - they were all from the village.

Lyudmila Yakovlevna, the village has nothing to do with it. I also worked in the production of monocrystalline silicon. The origin does not affect the turnover of alcohol.

As a result, that plant was never able to master the planar technology and, moreover, the production of integrated microcircuits. In the end, even the production of fusion diodes was abandoned.

How do you explain the success in the production of the element base in China and South Korea?
By universal education and centuries-old urbanization?

[kalibr]

Quote: Undecim

By universal education and centuries-old urbanization?

Sorry to interfere. A LONG TIME TRADITION!

[Undecim]

A tradition of what? In 1953, South Korea was one of the poorest in the world, poorer than Liberia and Guatemala.

[depressant]

Viktor Nikolaevich, let's not! Do you not know the eastern tradition of going your way to the end? Take any antique or modern Chinese or Japanese thing - sanded and polished in the smallest recesses and from the side where we will never even look. They look to see if the master has gone his own way. Once I bought a sofa for my deceased mother. And the first thing that happened, she drove herself a monstrous splinter in her finger, running her hand along the inside of a piece of furniture, which was worth a lot of money. Here in this example, the whole essence of the difference in mentality underlying the two civilizations. Their diligence in everything is not a tactic, it is already a survival strategy, which by its peculiarity rallies and allows you to revive if the extreme limit of the fall is not passed.

[Undecim]

Viktor Nikolaevich, let's not!

We will, we will.
So the difference is in mentality, not in origin. Or did the peasants also make a sofa with a splinter?

[depressant]

Explained above. I will not repeat myself. You can only talk about the reasons for the difference in mentalities, and they, mentalities, are indestructible, you know.

[kalibr]

"Stories of an Aircraft Designer", A.S. Yakovlev. (The second version of this book "The Purpose of Life" - by the way, they are interesting to read in the sense of comparison)
Even the last fool can say a clever thing.
That's noticeable...

[Aviator_]

"Stories of an Aircraft Designer", A.S. Yakovlev. (The second version of this book "The Purpose of Life" - by the way, they are interesting to read in the sense of comparison)

I have both. Give the chapter and paragraph.

Even the last fool can say a clever thing.
That's noticeable...

Well, you can't be so self-critical

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

I have both. Give the chapter and paragraph.

I have nothing to do but look for all kinds of rubbish in the barn ... Interestingly, you will find it.

[Aviator_]

I have already poked you into the text of the "Short Course", which you distorted, have you forgotten?

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

Even the last fool can say a clever thing.
That's noticeable...

Well, you can't be so self-critical

Cheap! For a candidate of technical sciences, a normal level, of course. But overall, it's cheap at the sandbox level.

[Aviator_]

Cheap! For a candidate of technical sciences, a normal level, of course.

Estessno, the grandson of Voronezh and Far Eastern peasants will never rise to the apologist of the Only True Teachings!

[hohol95]

According to my wife !!!
Her grandmother, Natalia Matveevna Kalacheva (Gorkaeva) (born in 1908) and her older sister, were not literate (they did not attend school and did not graduate).
But no repressive measures were ever applied to their parents and to them !!!
At the same time, they knew the letter. They knew how to write. And Natalia Matveevna was drafted to the front in 1942 and was awarded the medal "For Victory over Germany". She served in the airfield service battalion.

[Aviator_]

As a result, in 1962, on August 27, a secret resolution was adopted by the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for the RSFSR and the Council of Ministers, according to which the elimination of illiteracy was to be completed by July 1, 1965.

From this place in more detail, pzhlst. At that time (1965) I entered the 4th grade of a secondary school in Orenburg, often visited my relatives in Tura-Kurgan (Fergana Valley), and I also had to visit the villages of the Orenburg region. The people around me sometimes could write a word with mistakes, this concerned old age. Everyone was literate. I understand that the author is in awe of the materials from the special depositories, but this is a classic fake. So I can’t call such a maxim, taken from the historical dissertations of the XNUMXs, written in an opportunistic way, other than nonsense.

[kalibr]

And you, Sergey, look at the end of the recommended article. The author is Doctor of Science Ivanova, not me ... There is a lot of links to sources about this. It is clear that for a person who has never been in any archive, everything that is "against the grain" is fake. But, nevertheless, this is an article by a specialist, published in a peer-reviewed publication and no one showered it with "poop". That is why it is presented here for various ignoramuses. And then there is the E-lab and there it too. And what could be the situation, by the way, in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU? This is a fact, it either exists or not, and the dissertation has nothing to do with it. I hope that you know that this is in contrast to "Makar", who knows a crowbar, a sledgehammer, but believed that it was something glamorous ...

[Aviator_]

And what could be the situation, by the way, in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU?

The current situation here in the topic of the dissertation of the early XNUMXs and its quality. Well, as for the facts - they are around and are very noticeable. So, "If you saw a buffalo inscription on a lion's cage, don't believe your eyes" (K. Prutkov). Well, as for written sources, your diploma also contains a lot of things, but in reality ...

[kalibr]

These are all empty words of a person who is used to feeding on the fables of our media. Alas, this is the use of secondary information.

Quote: Aviator_

And what could be the situation, by the way, in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU?

No need to juggle. The question is obvious! The conclusions of the dissertation may be opportunistic. The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU is a historical fact. If you don’t understand this, it’s sad.

[Aviator_]

No need to juggle.

This is definitely not necessary. So I explained that the dissertation is opportunistic.

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

This is definitely not necessary. So I explained that the dissertation is opportunistic.

And I explained to you that a dissertation is one thing, but a party resolution is another. Unclear? Intellectual problems? Rights, oh, how right, our Lyudmila Yakovlevna!

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

Well, as for written sources, your diploma also contains a lot of things, but in reality ...

But really - everything is real there. And I understood that you didn’t read Ivanova’s article, didn’t look into references to sources, and in E-lab ... didn’t look at her works? They kept the "holy orthodoxy" ... Well, well, the flag in hand. The main thing is that good construction materials come from you or what you do there. Submit to experts to judge the archives and their contents.

[Aviator_]

But really - everything is real there.

During the time elapsed after studying, a person with a diploma of an English teacher could improve his knowledge of it. And then one is written, and when applied - another. But the main thing is what is written! It's a Document!
I do not intend to climb the dissertators, as well as the decrees written by the leaders of the One True Teachings, who are concerned about their own financial situation, as well as the state of education in distant villages and auls, which spoiled statistics for them. Squeamish, you call me, specialist.

[kalibr]

One mistake means nothing. For 2000 articles, yes this is complete nonsense.

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

Squeamish, you call me, specialist.

Rather stupid. Manure is a very useful and valuable fertilizer!

[Aviator_]

I learn the slang of a professional Marxist-Leninist propagandist.

[Aviator_]

By the way, about the regulations. We must remember that in 1977 (6?), The Central Committee of the CPSU issued a decree on improving ideological work in universities based on the results of an audit of Saratov University and MVTU im. Bauman. Because of this decree, we at MIPT had to pass the state test for scientific communism in order to strengthen our ideological knowledge. At that time I had friends in Baumank, I regularly visited there, but I did not notice any opposition or anything like that. I also had friends at Moscow State University, where the cheap university frustrations were just right there. The resolution on this "opposition" in the Moscow State University did not affect in any way. True, I was not in Saratov then, maybe it was so bad with the ideology there? I mean that the attitude of the Central Committee's resolution to the real situation at that time was more than illusory.

[Barnabas]

I would like to see the numbers over the years, dear author, and not a list of posters with caustic comments, your personal conclusions, and who thought and did what evil deeds. To begin with, start with how literacy was determined in the Russian Empire and how many literate people were then, then how literacy was determined in the USSR, and how many literate people were then at the beginning of the fight against illiteracy, and how the changes took place. It seems to me that it would be much more interesting material than what happened now. And, probably, cheaper.

[BAI]

1.

How does the preparation of any more or less literate article begin?

It all starts with determining whether an article is needed at all? It solves some socially useful problem or is written for the self-satisfaction of the author.
2.

And then all received feedback is read out at the defense and taken into account.

POSITIVE ONLY are read. Therefore, 100-200 copies were sent out in a fan, assuming that there would be 3 positive ones. Positive feedback from the leading organization and the official opponent was obligatory. Therefore, for classified works, ONLY FIVE copies of abstracts were printed. And all five had to be positive.

[Aviator_]

Therefore, for classified works, ONLY FIVE copies of abstracts were printed. And all five had to be positive.

The case, of course, is old, maybe I forgot that, but, in my opinion, in this case, the number of abstracts is 10, but there was no requirement for their positiveness. At least, the Academic Council of TsAGI acted like this. No one wanted to quarrel with the leading organization and the official opponent, (after all, they would send their works later), but if the dissertation candidate insisted and he had something to respond to their claims, then the defense was still carried out.

[EvilLion]

So, of this number, 23,4 million people, or 23,6% of the working population, did not even have a primary education. And there were 3,5 million completely illiterate people.

I will not doubt the numbers, but I would very much like to hear an official explanation of these numbers, otherwise we, for example, had wonderful Central Asian republics with their own concepts, there was a war during which a bunch of teenagers were forced to stand at the bench, and many, Perhaps after the Victory they didn’t graduate from school, and just went to work, and in 1959 we had an experienced master-patterner, but he didn’t even have documents about secondary education.

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

You can understand - I tried to climb the party ladder higher

Oh, Sergei, Sergei! Why do you always confuse everything? Well, you are not waving a sledgehammer at work? The party ladder is work in the nomenclature of the party apparatus, while teaching at a university is something completely different. don't you know the difference? Or is it all the same for techies?

[Aviator_]

and teaching at a university is completely different.

It's important what taught at the university.
So how is it with the books of A.S. Yakovlev, as well as with the "Short Course"?

[kalibr]

Quote: Aviator_

It is important what exactly is taught at the university.

Once again, teaching at a university is one thing. Party work in the respective organizations is different.
Yakovlev's books - read over the years. Very interesting. Perhaps you can write interesting material based on them, which VO will finally take. And the "Short Course ..." will certainly be used. But now is the summer cottage season. I have less time to read. And then where is the hurry? They asked me to write an article about the Nagant revolver back in the winter, and then they were waiting for it. But it only happened now ...

[Aviator_]

Once again, teaching at a university is one thing.

And again - what exactly is taught at the university. If about the peculiarities of the development of medieval weapons - that's one thing. If about ways to sell an unnecessary product, that's different.

[kalibr]

From the point of view of pedagogy and common sense, there is no difference either between the history of the CPSU or between higher mathematics. In the USSR, it was a very necessary product, and they hoped that for centuries. And it didn't depend on the teachers that it didn't work out that way.

[Siberian54]

The main thing is that the Bolsheviks created an opportunity for "cook's children" to get an education, and now we should not gloat that not everyone could use this opportunity and not all of them were vital. Look around and see many young designers of the forties-fifties at the beginning of history precisely the courses on literacy elimination. And another truth is that it was these people who in the late sixties and seventies blocked the social lift for talented students in many fields of science and technology. And "tar" - it was at this time that the studios of the Mediterranean nationality became extremely gifted and began to conquer the heights of career science.

[depressant]

Colleague, )))))

Look around and see at the beginning of history among many young designers of the forties and fifties precisely courses in the elimination of illiteracy. And another truth is that these people in the late sixties and seventies blocked the social lift for talented students in many fields of science and technology.

You know, this is epic! In two sentences. And now these cooks' children are blocking the barrier to the country, essentially eliminating it. On both sides - both the government and the opposition. Both are from the stupidity of origin, for one field of berries.
Great, colleague!

[faterdom]

The most unpleasant thing is that we have not gone anywhere from this.
You need a result (for the elections, for the date, anniversary), but it is not?
And let's say that there is ... In advance, so to speak, and then we will catch up ... we will connect the NKVD, or the Russian Guard, so that, it means, discipline, order and subordination - and most importantly - Rosstat!
And a happy population will begin to multiply, multiply and grow rich ahead of time, sneezing at the same time for the coronavirus.
In advance. For the elections of United Russia and Dmitry Anatolyevich personally.

[depressant]

Yes, colleague, that's right. In appearance, we are still a decent piece of furniture, but inside are unpolished surfaces that hurt the hand. The powerful generation of the new civilization, formed in the 30s of the last century, was killed by the war, which we call the Great Patriotic War. The loss was irreparable! For this was the FIRST generation of intellectuals! The one that managed to transform the peasant myth of universal justice into a strategy for its implementation. The generation that didn't get a sequel ...
And the generation with peasant rationality survived as more numerous and did everything to finish off a competing intellectual. The war of the judicious turned out to be objectively profitable! Therefore, we have what we have. The West knew the direction of its main blow. We, as competitors, were destroyed even then, in the Second World War ... And the 90s is only the final monetization of the result. And the present appearance of the country with the priority of peasant prudence presupposes only the tactics of momentary survival, but not its strategy. For strategy requires an intellectual layer that has been killed and never reborn. And the conditional "peasants", deprived of the strategic thinking of intellectuals, will do everything to support the situation. The set of tools is enormous. And - what an irony! Acting like a virus, the judicious use ... a virus! The power of the judicious defines the prospects for the country as bleak.

[Aleksandr1971]

Great and interesting article. But as if unfinished ....

[Aleksandr1971]

Quote: Undecim

A tradition of what? In 1953, South Korea was one of the poorest in the world, poorer than Liberia and Guatemala.

A tradition of centuries-old bureaucracy and respect for the state machine, a tradition of collective land use and participation in large-scale irrigation works.

[Aleksandr1971]

Quote: Mole

So the author Shpakovsky at one time was obliged to drown for the policy of the CPSU. Capitalism is now, but the propaganda habits have been preserved. That drowns where they pay more.

Is it bad? On the contrary, you have to be where the pay is better. But apparently you are where everything is for free.

[Aleksandr1971]

Quote: Far In

The message of the article is not clear. Is it bad that at first, through compulsion, you were taught to write-read-count? Well, just try not to send your child to school on time, you will see what coercion is.
That at first they taught only the basics? So where to get at once a huge mass of trained teaching staff in a semi-literate, to put it mildly, country?
The fact that even by the time of Gagarin's flight, universal coverage had not been achieved? Duc, Siberia, the Far East, the North - even the all-terrain vehicle will not always reach there.
Results? And Gagarin did fly. And the peaceful atom is also the first time in the USSR. A lot of young people with higher education. A lot of trained personnel.
Although, of course, it is a pity that Shpakovsky was not at the origins of the educational program - he, without a doubt, showed how it should be. In any case, the results would definitely be completely different.

If the message of the article is not clear to you, then contact the psychiatric dispensary.
For people with a normal head, there is nothing incomprehensible in the article.

[Aleksandr1971]

Quote: Lech from Android.

What about those who do not want to study due to their social status and place of residence (in the dense taiga or high-mountainous aul), where the teacher can only get by helicopter?
This is problematic even now, and even more so in 20-30 of the last century.
You cannot defeat illiteracy with a cavalry swoop, you need systematic work sharpened for a specific goal. The topic of the article is of course for those interested in the field.
I thank Vyacheslav for reminding me how the total illiteracy was eliminated in the USSR.

We must temporarily forget about such.
And if such become criminals, then let SOBR treat them with bullets.

[ABC-schutze]

“It turns out that according to the All-Union Census of 1959, 208,8 million citizens lived in the USSR (162,5 million over 10 years old). There were 99,1 million employed. So, of this number, 23,4 million did not even have a primary education. people or 23,6% of the working population. And there were 3,5 million completely illiterate people. However, the census data on the number of literate and illiterate people did not get into our press! Why worry people once again ?! "
*
Whom and what were the Bolsheviks afraid of "worrying" about? ..

Judging by the above figures, the number of illiterates, in the context of the total population of the USSR, was only 1.7% ...

Funny figure. Moreover, in the context of those conditions (including the "initial" ...), in which the country was built and developed for 50 years.

From "plow" to space and nuclear weapons ...

To paraphrase the respected Gleb Zheglov, we can say that "the education of the population of the state is judged not by the" presence "of illiterates, but by the state's ability to fight illiteracy" ...

AND EQUALS OF THE SOVIET POWER, IN THIS SKILL, IN HISTORY THERE WAS NOT ANYWHERE and NEVER. And it won't ...

"There are currently several million children in the United States who are NOT in school, more than two million children go to grossly unsatisfactory schools; three million adults have NEVER GOED to school, and ten million are so poorly educated that they are virtually illiterate."

This is US Attorney General Clark, on the state of literacy in the country, in 1947 (at the National Conference on Citizenship May 9, 1947).

Let me remind you that by the time Clark made this speech, the United States (whose territory was never "leveled" by bombing) had existed as a state for almost 200 years.

And the USSR, by the time of the 1959 census, and with the same number of illiterates, only 32 years old (of which 8 years, ie TWO THIRDS, were "purely military") ...

So, what is the informational "pathos" of the article? ..

The builder of the Soviet state, JV Stalin, never appointed any "specific dates" for the complete elimination of illiteracy. Because he was a realist, and not a opportunist - a fool, unlike his "accusers" ...

"We want to make ALL workers and all peasants cultured and educated, and we will do it IN TIME" (Stalin in the report of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) at the XVIII Congress).

"WITH TIME" is the target setting. And the movement to achieve it in the USSR (living within its means ...) was more than successful ...

Now the "denunciators" of Stalinism and Soviet power are humbling about the fact that in the USSR, "even" in the 50s - early 60s, the older population in the countryside "wrote poorly" and practically, "did not read anything." Losing literacy skills ...

Sorry, but there is a craving for reading, there is a "grave consequence" of PURPOSE upbringing, laid down in the family and school, even in CHILDREN'S AGE.

The Soviet villagers, who were born STILL before the October Revolution, who in the 50s - early 60s, were 50-60 years old, was this upbringing laid down in childhood? .. Are the “Bolsheviks” to blame for its absence? ..

Duc, what are we talking about? ...

[mvbmvbmvb]

The enemies of Russia and the Russian people can be seen from the comments. Like the author.