The birth of the active-missile APC
the USSR
In the Soviet Union, the development of the future ARS begins with studies of the properties of phosphorus, working as fuel for a jet engine. The research itself began on the 12.07.1933 of the year. And although these works were carried out in order to create a jet engine (combustion chamber for a rotating type ramjet), the tests were carried out on 76mm artillery shells. Ten converted projectiles with direct-flow air-jet engines were tested. These shells were fired from an 76 caliber gun of the 1902 model of the year with an elevation angle of 20 degrees. The velocity of the projectile at departure from the barrel averaged about 600 meters per second.
Ordinary artillery shells, like many military developments, received rapid development and additional capabilities during the Second World War. Active development was carried out on both sides of the front. The Soviet predecessor of the ARS was at first a “special projectile,” and the start of development to increase the range of artillery guns dates back to the 1943 year. The development took place under the People's Commissariat of the aircraft industry at the Scientific Research Institute-1. According to the tasks received from the GAU, the development was carried out for a ZIS-3 gun (caliber 76mm), an 152mm caliber gun (sample 1910 / 1934) with standardized ML-20 howitzer ammunition and a mortar (120 caliber mm).
76mm caliber artillery projectile (ZIS-3)
A special projectile for 76mm caliber guns was created on the basis of a standard high-explosive fragmentation projectile for 6.28 kilogram guns. To embed an additional propulsion system, the warhead was divided by a partition. The explosive of the warhead remained in the front of the smaller part of the projectile, and an additional propulsion system (jet chamber) was placed in the rear of the larger part. A single-channel “H-40 / 8-150” powder checker weighing 285 grams was placed in the reaction chamber. As a result of this separation, the weight of the explosive warhead decreased to 200 grams from 760 grams. The principle of operation was as follows: gases when burning gunpowder in flight emerged through the 6 bottom nozzles (there was also a hole for the igniter) and gave it extra speed, which ultimately increased the maximum range of the projectile 1.5 kilometers (from 13.3 to 14.8 kilometers)
152mm caliber artillery projectile
A special projectile for an 152mm caliber corps cannon was also created on the basis of a standard high-explosive fragmentation ammunition weighing 43.6 a kilogram.
Mortar shot caliber 120mm
Unlike the 76mm and 152mm caliber artillery shells, the special projectile for the regimental mortar caliber 120mm was created anew (new design). The new special shot for the 120mm mortar was twice as heavy as the standard shot (31.5 vs. 16 kilogram).
Results of creating special shells
The main ground tests took place at the end of 1944 - the beginning of 1945 of the year. Artillery shells showed an unsatisfactory result - the powder installed inside the shells was deformed when fired, which led to uneven combustion of fuel in each projectile, sharp pressure surges and frequent explosions. Mortar shot successfully passed the test - the creation of ammunition again. But new ammunition was not used in the business - the end of the war immediately changed the priorities of the Soviet leadership.
Germany
After the end of the war, military experts, examining samples of German equipment and weapons, came to the conclusion that scientific thought was developed and embodied in Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States in parallel, as if someone or something was leading everyone in one way.
Germanic development to increase the range of artoriy begin in 1934 year. Tests begin with 76mm and 100mm projectiles. When tested, the Germans began to show the same problems as the Soviet designers. In 1938, the German company DAG created a technology for pressing powder guns from smokeless powder and developed a more reliable scheme for their ignition. Due to this, the shells became more reliable and got the maximum range of use by 30 more percent. The Germans are creating new ammunition with the help of new technologies, one of the examples of 150mm ARS "R.Gr.19", created for howitzer guns of the 1918 / 1940 model of the year. Almost all the ARS adopted.
Maximum range
The Germans, despite all their shortcomings, possessed an amazing rationality - if something proved itself to be good or could benefit Germany, it was never abandoned. Understanding the benefits of ARS as a means of increasing the range of destruction of field guns very quickly leads German engineers to use technology in ultra-long range shooting. The enormous benefit of such a decision is obvious - guns, which are at a safe distance and covered from attack, could have leisurely fired at half of Europe. The creation of giant guns and shells to them begins.
One of the most striking examples of German engineering was the “Slim Bertha” K5 (E) - an 280mm caliber gun installed on 2-x rail platforms. Weight guns - 218 tons, length - 32 meters. The ammunition used is the Raketen-Granate 4341 APC weighing 245 a kilogram, of which 19.5 a kilogram was jet fuel (diglycolic powder). The maximum range was almost 90 kilometers.
German ARS, created by V.Trommsdorff
The most rapid development of ARS in Germany is associated with the name of the design engineer V. Trommsdorff. In the mid-30s, he began to implement his idea - supplying an artillery shell with a ramjet engine. The military, having considered the idea of the designer, provide it with everything necessary, including an 88mm anti-aircraft gun, which later became the basis for a series of field and tank guns.
ARS E Series
The first APC Е1 (caliber 88mm) was first created in the usual way with a gunpowder in 1939. And in 1942, the ARS E1 with ramjet engine was successfully tested. Fuel - diesel and carbon disulfide. Oxidizer - oxygen (atmospheric). The shell on the test showed almost 3M (920m / s). Following it were created APC E2 (caliber 105mm), APC E3 (caliber 122mm) and APC E4 (caliber 150mm) with an average speed up to 4.5М.
ARS C Series
APC series C were created for large and super-large caliber guns. The first APC С1 was ready in 1943 for the 210mm gun. The weight of the projectile - 90 kilogram, of which 6 kilogram - the weight of rocket fuel. ARS С1 with ramjet accelerated to 1500 m / s, and the maximum range was 200 kilometers.
ARS С3 is a special projectile with a ramjet for the “Strict Bert” super-tool of caliber 280mm. The length of the ammunition - 135 centimeters, weight - 170 kilogram. Flight speed to 5.5M, maximum range - 350 kilometers. The muzzle velocity of the ARS С3 to 4400 km / h. However, the development of the projectile before the end of the war was not fully finalized, the data that at least one shot from K5 (E) APC С3 was made, is not available today.
The logical development of the German ARS - D-6000
The high speed of the flight and the long-range delivery of the warheads make German designers go even further. The D-6000 project is the German response to the dominance of American and British bombers in the last year of the war. Project D-6000 - the world's first intercontinental cruise missile launched from the shores of Europe, could deliver a warhead to the territory of the United States. The first version of the FIBC D-6000 - 2-x speed design. A rocket with a length of 10.2 meters, a diameter of 112 centimeters and a weight of 9 tons according to the project was raised to a height of 8 kilometers on a bomber, where the launch took place. The next version of the project is the launch of MKR with a special ground-based catapult Theoretically, when launching a rocket, boosters mounted on the wing ends would have dispersed it to 859 m / s, with the further activation of the ramjet. The engine had to accelerate the D-6000 to speed 3.5M and gain altitude 24 kilometer at which the rocket would fly at cruising speed. 5000 kilograms of fuel could deliver a warhead weighing 1000 kilograms to a maximum range up to 5.3 thousands of kilometers. True, it is worth noting that the D-6000 project was never embodied in metal, although it has descendants. The United States and the Soviet Union, having divided the spoils of war, begin an arms race in which they use the experience, trophies and scientific potential of a defeated Germany. The American descendant of D-6000 is North American Navaho, the Soviet descendant is La 350 Storm. Both were created in the form of prototypes, but both are no longer being developed in favor of ballistic missiles.
The fate of design engineer V.Trommsdorff
German design engineer V.Trommsdorff was captured by the Soviet and, according to the official version of the Soviet press, died in the 1946 year. However, this fact seems unlikely - there is information about studies of captured ARS C-3, on which the German designer continued to work. In 1956, information about the presence of V.Trommsdorff at the scientific symposium, where he spoke on the work done, appears. As the German designer told, in 1955, he was released (the last German prisoners were released). After the scientific symposium, he publishes a small book about the work on the ramjet. In it, he argues that the APC C3 was still tested, but under the leadership of the Soviet military. The author does not mention other projects on which he worked during the Soviet captivity.
Successes of the Soviet Union in the creation of ARS
From the successes of Soviet designers, we note the creation of ARS for 152mm guns. From 43.6 kilograms of weight, 4.35 kilograms accounted for the powder test 110 / 10-300. The BB warhead had to be reduced by almost a kilogram 2. The gunpowder made it possible for the projectile to acquire additional 200 m / s, which eventually increased the maximum range by 6 kilometers to 22.4 kilometers. Only the 152.4mm cannon of the BR-2, which in the Soviet troops were no more than three dozen, could use the data from the APC.
Other successes are related to the development of sub-caliber ammunition. The 203mm caliber projectile and 110 kilogram mass for the 356mm gun were able to reach the 1250 m / s speed and the maximum range of 48.5 kilometers. However, to achieve an acceptable shooting accuracy failed. The development of the projectile is stopped.
The 356mm cannon is converted into an 368mm gun. A sub-caliber 220 / 368 mm, weighing 262 kilograms, with a mass of active ammunition 142 kilograms, is being developed for it. The projectile developed an average speed of 1255 m / s, and when firing from a cannon at an angle of 50 degrees, the maximum range was 88.7 kilometers. The average dispersion averaged 120 meters. Development time is the middle of the 1935 of the year. Further development of the projectile was discontinued, the experience gained was not used according to the available data.
Information sources:
http://nvo.ng.ru/notes/2011-06-24/14_ars.html
http://alternathistory.org.ua/snaryad-s-raketnym-serdtsem
http://lib.rus.ec/b/347378/read
In the Soviet Union, the development of the future ARS begins with studies of the properties of phosphorus, working as fuel for a jet engine. The research itself began on the 12.07.1933 of the year. And although these works were carried out in order to create a jet engine (combustion chamber for a rotating type ramjet), the tests were carried out on 76mm artillery shells. Ten converted projectiles with direct-flow air-jet engines were tested. These shells were fired from an 76 caliber gun of the 1902 model of the year with an elevation angle of 20 degrees. The velocity of the projectile at departure from the barrel averaged about 600 meters per second.
Ordinary artillery shells, like many military developments, received rapid development and additional capabilities during the Second World War. Active development was carried out on both sides of the front. The Soviet predecessor of the ARS was at first a “special projectile,” and the start of development to increase the range of artillery guns dates back to the 1943 year. The development took place under the People's Commissariat of the aircraft industry at the Scientific Research Institute-1. According to the tasks received from the GAU, the development was carried out for a ZIS-3 gun (caliber 76mm), an 152mm caliber gun (sample 1910 / 1934) with standardized ML-20 howitzer ammunition and a mortar (120 caliber mm).
76mm caliber artillery projectile (ZIS-3)
A special projectile for 76mm caliber guns was created on the basis of a standard high-explosive fragmentation projectile for 6.28 kilogram guns. To embed an additional propulsion system, the warhead was divided by a partition. The explosive of the warhead remained in the front of the smaller part of the projectile, and an additional propulsion system (jet chamber) was placed in the rear of the larger part. A single-channel “H-40 / 8-150” powder checker weighing 285 grams was placed in the reaction chamber. As a result of this separation, the weight of the explosive warhead decreased to 200 grams from 760 grams. The principle of operation was as follows: gases when burning gunpowder in flight emerged through the 6 bottom nozzles (there was also a hole for the igniter) and gave it extra speed, which ultimately increased the maximum range of the projectile 1.5 kilometers (from 13.3 to 14.8 kilometers)
152mm caliber artillery projectile
A special projectile for an 152mm caliber corps cannon was also created on the basis of a standard high-explosive fragmentation ammunition weighing 43.6 a kilogram.
Mortar shot caliber 120mm
Unlike the 76mm and 152mm caliber artillery shells, the special projectile for the regimental mortar caliber 120mm was created anew (new design). The new special shot for the 120mm mortar was twice as heavy as the standard shot (31.5 vs. 16 kilogram).
Results of creating special shells
The main ground tests took place at the end of 1944 - the beginning of 1945 of the year. Artillery shells showed an unsatisfactory result - the powder installed inside the shells was deformed when fired, which led to uneven combustion of fuel in each projectile, sharp pressure surges and frequent explosions. Mortar shot successfully passed the test - the creation of ammunition again. But new ammunition was not used in the business - the end of the war immediately changed the priorities of the Soviet leadership.
Germany
After the end of the war, military experts, examining samples of German equipment and weapons, came to the conclusion that scientific thought was developed and embodied in Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States in parallel, as if someone or something was leading everyone in one way.
Germanic development to increase the range of artoriy begin in 1934 year. Tests begin with 76mm and 100mm projectiles. When tested, the Germans began to show the same problems as the Soviet designers. In 1938, the German company DAG created a technology for pressing powder guns from smokeless powder and developed a more reliable scheme for their ignition. Due to this, the shells became more reliable and got the maximum range of use by 30 more percent. The Germans are creating new ammunition with the help of new technologies, one of the examples of 150mm ARS "R.Gr.19", created for howitzer guns of the 1918 / 1940 model of the year. Almost all the ARS adopted.
Maximum range
The Germans, despite all their shortcomings, possessed an amazing rationality - if something proved itself to be good or could benefit Germany, it was never abandoned. Understanding the benefits of ARS as a means of increasing the range of destruction of field guns very quickly leads German engineers to use technology in ultra-long range shooting. The enormous benefit of such a decision is obvious - guns, which are at a safe distance and covered from attack, could have leisurely fired at half of Europe. The creation of giant guns and shells to them begins.
One of the most striking examples of German engineering was the “Slim Bertha” K5 (E) - an 280mm caliber gun installed on 2-x rail platforms. Weight guns - 218 tons, length - 32 meters. The ammunition used is the Raketen-Granate 4341 APC weighing 245 a kilogram, of which 19.5 a kilogram was jet fuel (diglycolic powder). The maximum range was almost 90 kilometers.
German ARS, created by V.Trommsdorff
The most rapid development of ARS in Germany is associated with the name of the design engineer V. Trommsdorff. In the mid-30s, he began to implement his idea - supplying an artillery shell with a ramjet engine. The military, having considered the idea of the designer, provide it with everything necessary, including an 88mm anti-aircraft gun, which later became the basis for a series of field and tank guns.
ARS E Series
The first APC Е1 (caliber 88mm) was first created in the usual way with a gunpowder in 1939. And in 1942, the ARS E1 with ramjet engine was successfully tested. Fuel - diesel and carbon disulfide. Oxidizer - oxygen (atmospheric). The shell on the test showed almost 3M (920m / s). Following it were created APC E2 (caliber 105mm), APC E3 (caliber 122mm) and APC E4 (caliber 150mm) with an average speed up to 4.5М.
ARS C Series
APC series C were created for large and super-large caliber guns. The first APC С1 was ready in 1943 for the 210mm gun. The weight of the projectile - 90 kilogram, of which 6 kilogram - the weight of rocket fuel. ARS С1 with ramjet accelerated to 1500 m / s, and the maximum range was 200 kilometers.
ARS С3 is a special projectile with a ramjet for the “Strict Bert” super-tool of caliber 280mm. The length of the ammunition - 135 centimeters, weight - 170 kilogram. Flight speed to 5.5M, maximum range - 350 kilometers. The muzzle velocity of the ARS С3 to 4400 km / h. However, the development of the projectile before the end of the war was not fully finalized, the data that at least one shot from K5 (E) APC С3 was made, is not available today.
The logical development of the German ARS - D-6000
The high speed of the flight and the long-range delivery of the warheads make German designers go even further. The D-6000 project is the German response to the dominance of American and British bombers in the last year of the war. Project D-6000 - the world's first intercontinental cruise missile launched from the shores of Europe, could deliver a warhead to the territory of the United States. The first version of the FIBC D-6000 - 2-x speed design. A rocket with a length of 10.2 meters, a diameter of 112 centimeters and a weight of 9 tons according to the project was raised to a height of 8 kilometers on a bomber, where the launch took place. The next version of the project is the launch of MKR with a special ground-based catapult Theoretically, when launching a rocket, boosters mounted on the wing ends would have dispersed it to 859 m / s, with the further activation of the ramjet. The engine had to accelerate the D-6000 to speed 3.5M and gain altitude 24 kilometer at which the rocket would fly at cruising speed. 5000 kilograms of fuel could deliver a warhead weighing 1000 kilograms to a maximum range up to 5.3 thousands of kilometers. True, it is worth noting that the D-6000 project was never embodied in metal, although it has descendants. The United States and the Soviet Union, having divided the spoils of war, begin an arms race in which they use the experience, trophies and scientific potential of a defeated Germany. The American descendant of D-6000 is North American Navaho, the Soviet descendant is La 350 Storm. Both were created in the form of prototypes, but both are no longer being developed in favor of ballistic missiles.
The fate of design engineer V.Trommsdorff
German design engineer V.Trommsdorff was captured by the Soviet and, according to the official version of the Soviet press, died in the 1946 year. However, this fact seems unlikely - there is information about studies of captured ARS C-3, on which the German designer continued to work. In 1956, information about the presence of V.Trommsdorff at the scientific symposium, where he spoke on the work done, appears. As the German designer told, in 1955, he was released (the last German prisoners were released). After the scientific symposium, he publishes a small book about the work on the ramjet. In it, he argues that the APC C3 was still tested, but under the leadership of the Soviet military. The author does not mention other projects on which he worked during the Soviet captivity.
Successes of the Soviet Union in the creation of ARS
From the successes of Soviet designers, we note the creation of ARS for 152mm guns. From 43.6 kilograms of weight, 4.35 kilograms accounted for the powder test 110 / 10-300. The BB warhead had to be reduced by almost a kilogram 2. The gunpowder made it possible for the projectile to acquire additional 200 m / s, which eventually increased the maximum range by 6 kilometers to 22.4 kilometers. Only the 152.4mm cannon of the BR-2, which in the Soviet troops were no more than three dozen, could use the data from the APC.
Other successes are related to the development of sub-caliber ammunition. The 203mm caliber projectile and 110 kilogram mass for the 356mm gun were able to reach the 1250 m / s speed and the maximum range of 48.5 kilometers. However, to achieve an acceptable shooting accuracy failed. The development of the projectile is stopped.
The 356mm cannon is converted into an 368mm gun. A sub-caliber 220 / 368 mm, weighing 262 kilograms, with a mass of active ammunition 142 kilograms, is being developed for it. The projectile developed an average speed of 1255 m / s, and when firing from a cannon at an angle of 50 degrees, the maximum range was 88.7 kilometers. The average dispersion averaged 120 meters. Development time is the middle of the 1935 of the year. Further development of the projectile was discontinued, the experience gained was not used according to the available data.
Information sources:
http://nvo.ng.ru/notes/2011-06-24/14_ars.html
http://alternathistory.org.ua/snaryad-s-raketnym-serdtsem
http://lib.rus.ec/b/347378/read
Information