Little-known wars of the Russian state: Russian-Swedish war 1554-1557.
The Swedish king Gustav I Vaza, who gained power in 1523, at the end of 1540 — the beginning of 1550. headed for war with the Russian state. He tried to organize an anti-Russian coalition consisting of Sweden, Livonia, Denmark and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, this attempt failed. According to Balthazar Ryussov (a Livonian chronicler, compiled the Chronicle of the Livonian Province), the authorities of the Livonian Order were pushing the Swedish government to war with the Moscow state, promising help and assistance. However, when the Swedish king started a war with Russia and waited for support from the Livonians, the Master of the Order did not fight with Moscow. War
Despite the fact that the Swedish government failed to create an anti-Russian alliance, Sweden still came out against the Russian state. In 1554, the Swedish troops began to attack the Russian borderlands. Sweden resumed its expansion to the East: the Swedes began to explore border areas, rob and beat Moscow citizens, collect tribute from graveyards that paid the Russian Tsar, etc. These actions provoked a sharp protest from the Moscow government.
The reason for the complete rupture of relations between the two powers was the detention in Vyborg and the arrest in Stockholm of Russian merchants and the envoy of the Novgorod governor of Prince Dmitry Paletsky "Zemtsy" Nikita Kuzmin. Novgorod was sent to Sweden with complaints about the frequent attacks of the "German people" on the Russian lands. Swedish troops ravaged a number of border areas.
In January, the Novgorod governor received a letter from 1555, which contained the command to send troops to the border in Vyborg district. Russian troops had to respond to the raids of the Swedes and take "twice and threefold" from enemy territory. However, the Swedes were waiting for the enemy’s response and were able to prepare for a possible attack by the Russian troops. In the battle on the border, Swedish troops were able to break up a detachment under the command of Ivan Bibikov, in which local militias dominated - "Zemtsy and black people." Despite this victory, the Swedish command was in no hurry to launch a large-scale operation. The Swedes concentrated their forces in Abo and Vyborg. Only in late summer - early fall 1555, units of the Swedish army and fleet under the command of Admiral Jacob Bagge marched. The Swedes planned, using the surprise factor, to seize the Russian fortress Oreshek and then launch an offensive on the Novgorod direction.
However, the Swedish preparation of the campaign did not go unnoticed by the Russian commanders. Back in mid-August, the 1555 Novgorod governor Dmitry Paletsky reported to Moscow that the Swedes were gathering troops in Vyborg and preparing to attack the Russian border areas. Large forces immediately moved to the Russian-Swedish border. To the Nut came the army commanded by the governor Andrey Nogtev and Peter Golovin. Most of the forces were to be in Kipensky churchyard, and a separate detachment under the command of Golovin to strengthen the garrison of Nut. The troops under the leadership of Zacharias Ochin-Pleshcheeva sent to Korela. Novgorod militia led by Paletsky received the task of standing on the left bank of the Neva and covering the approaches to Novgorod.
The Russian command in time strengthened the garrison of the Nut. 10 September 1555 of the year Swedish admiral Jacob Bagge besieged the Russian fortress with an 10-thousandth army. Ground forces came from Vyborg, a fleet from the sea on the Neva brought up artillery. Swedish forces besieged Oreshek for three weeks, bombing it. Other Swedish troops ravaged the Korela area, many rural settlements were burned. People were killed or led away in full. One of such detachments attempted to cross the Neva "to the Naugorodsky side", but was defeated by the Watchtower regiment under the command of S. Sheremetev. The counter-offensive of the Russian troops under the command of Nogtev and Pleshcheyev, which began in October 1555, joined by a part of the Novgorod army under the command of Sheremetev, forced the Swedish command to lift the siege of Oreshka and withdraw to its border. During the pursuit of the enemy, one of the Swedish ships with 4 guns was captured, the crew was killed.
The Russian command planned a retaliatory strike on Swedish territory. In Novgorod, the army was concentrated under the command of Pyotr Shchenyatev. The service people of the Novgorod district were to go on a campaign. 1 November 1555 of the year, the king demanded that the governor of Novgorod should gather landowners and local people from all five cities and cities by 6 December. Moscow was going to strike at Sweden in the winter of the 1555-1556. 20 January 1556 of the Year 20-25 Thousands of Russian troops under the command of Schenyatov and Paletsky crossed the border at Smolin and Lebezh'ya, launching an offensive against Vyborg. Russian governors did not plan for a long time to besiege the well-fortified city and stood with him only three days. The goal was different - to destroy the Swedish territories. The Russian army destroyed settlements along the banks of the Vuoksi River, occupied the city of Kivinebba (having seized 7 cannons and a lot of other property). City Kivinebba (Russ. Kinovepi) burned to the ground. In the vicinity of Vyborg there was a battle. The Swedes overturned the “Yarotulsky regiment” - during the campaigns in front of the guard regiment they sent artouls, Yartula, artillery brigades, which, apart from intelligence, had to fix roads, build crossings and solve other tasks. But the Advanced Regiment under the Sheremetevs, made up of Novgorod and Ivangorod militia, hit the Swedes who were fascinated by the pursuit and defeated them. The adversary hastily retreated, joining the main forces. New forces were drawn into the battle. From the front, positions of the fiercely resisting Swedes were attacked by the Tatar cavalry under the command of the “prince” Kaibula. From the flank, the enemy’s position was routed by the regiment of the Right Hand of the Governor Ivan Sheremetev, he struck the Swedes from Vyborg. The Swedes were defeated and fled to the city.
Having lined the city, the command sent forces to Lavretsky Pogost under the command of commanders Bogdan and Vasiliy Saburovs, Ivan Zamytsky and Vasilii Razladin. They were to meet the Swedish detachment, going from Stockholm to Vyborg to strengthen the city’s garrison. At Lavretsky pogost, the enemy detachment was crushed. Then the Russian troops ravaged the surrounding places and returned to Vyborg, capturing a large one. On the third day the Moscow army moved to the Russian border.
World
The devastation that befell West Karelia and South Finland forced the Swedish government to begin a search for a peaceful solution to the conflict. In June, 1556, fearing a new devastating invasion of Russian troops, the Swedish king Gustav Vasa sent envoy Knut Knutson to Russia. The Swedish envoy arrived in Moscow on July 27 and conveyed a message from Gustav Vaz with a proposal to start peace negotiations. The king agreed to accept the Swedish embassy.
In February 1557, the Swedish embassy, led by Sten Eriksson and the Archbishop of Stockholm, Lars, arrived in the Russian capital. On the Russian side, negotiations were conducted by Alexey Adashev and Ivan Mikhailov. 21 March 1557 was a peace treaty. According to him between Sweden and the Russian state established a truce for 40 years. The Russian-Swedish border was restored under the old Orehovsky Treaty of 1323. The Swedes liberated all the captured border areas and returned the Russian prisoners. Swedish prisoners were subject to release for ransom.
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