Russia covers the Arctic with a solid radar field

Major-General Andrei Koban, head of the radio engineering troops of the Russian Aerospace Force of the Russian Federation, made a statement about the security of major Russian cities. We are talking about protection from low-flying targets, including unmanned aerial vehicles. According to General Coban, in Russia a continuous radar field has been deployed over the largest cities.

This radar field operates at low altitudes.

Speaking about the equipment of the RTV (radio engineering troops) of the Russian Federation of High Frequency Troops, Andrei Koban noted that the troops are equipped with modern and even advanced weapons by 70 percent.

It is noted that the concentration touched the latest automation tools that can control the regulations for the use of airspace.

General Coban noted that the most important task of the PTB is the distribution of a continuous radar field to the Arctic zone of Russia. The group of radio engineering troops in the Arctic has already been deployed, at the moment it is being built up.

Coban quoted by TASS, informs that there is a special program for training specialists in PTB calculations, which has already shown an effective result in the climatic conditions inherent in the Arctic.

This suggests that the struggle for excellence in the Arctic region is just beginning. In Russia at the moment (taking into account the presence of a powerful icebreaker fleet and the deployment of the RTV group) there is a definite advantage. By the way, this advantage is also claimed in the USA.

Comments

[Utlan]

Who would argue, the largest icebreaker fleet in the world is ours!

[ALEXXX1983]

Quote: Utlan

Who would argue, the largest icebreaker fleet in the world is ours!

I would say a little differently - "most of the world's icebreakers in our icebreaking fleet." The rest did not need them much before, but now everyone is preparing for the division of the Arctic shelf. Even those countries that do not have direct access to the Arctic (the same China).

[hrych]

There is such a bottleneck - the Bering Strait, it’s not hard to defend it, we’ll put the Bastion and drown any Chinese dzhonko

[cost]

There is such a bottleneck - the Bering Strait, it’s not hard to defend it, we’ll put the Bastion and drown any Chinese dzhonko

Good day, Hrych
Not a very good example. The bottleneck also shuts up easily from the opposite side. An example of how the Germans and Finns locked the Baltic Fleet during WWII

[Shurik70]

“Covering with a solid field” is good.
That's just about it "covered" I still hear from Soviet times. And every time - like new news.

[sergei28]

nonsense, on almost all counts.

[hrych]

Hi colleague! On both sides of our throats we have land territory, the other coast of Alaska, i.e. USA. Therefore, in a threatening period, Entrance from the Pacific to the Arctic, these two states can afford to block the eaters. Another thing is the relationship with the United States.

[MPN]

Quote: Rich

An example of how the Germans and Finns locked the Baltic Fleet during WWII

Well, we have access to the Arctic right from our coast, unlike the Chinese and others like them ...

[Lelek]

Quote: Rich

rich

Hi Dmitry.
Last night I came across an interesting article on the Arctic. It presents the humanitarian and environmental option of using the new product, but there may also be a military vector. However, read the screen:

[Inok10]

Quote: Lelek

Last night I came across an interesting article on the Arctic.

... my respect Leo ... ... there is such ... launching is planned in 2019 ... it is used, something like an external combustion engine, by analogy with the Stirling type ... there is little information ... maybe hydrogen ... in general, an alternative to AE. ..

In Russia, an autonomous uninhabited underwater vehicle (NPA) is being developed, powered by an external combustion engine. This was reported by Interfax with reference to the Deputy Director General of the Foundation for Advanced Research (FPI) Igor Denisov.

... nothing to add from myself ...

[solzh]

Quote: Utlan

Who would argue, the largest icebreaker fleet in the world is ours!

I will argue with you Russia is the only country in the world with a fleet of nuclear icebreakers!
http://sivilink.ru/atomnyj-ledokolnyj-flot-rossii
-edinstvennyj-v-mire /

[Flyer_64]

General Coban noted that the most important task of the PTB is the distribution of a continuous radar field to the Arctic zone of Russia. The group of radio engineering troops in the Arctic has already been deployed, at the moment it is being built up.

It’s interesting what stations they in the Arctic will create a continuous radar field. Even in the Union they could not cover the Arctic with a continuous field, but only in the most dangerous areas. Sly the general.

[Old anecdote]

The Union could not, but Russia was able to "Voronezh".

[For example]

Quote: Letun_64

Even in the Union they could not ...

To death, you will pray for a system that eventually burst. Russia is our country. And before the communists was Russia and after the commies of Russia. And God gave our people wisdom and wisdom.

[cost]

SETTGF (Eugene): For instance! No need to write nonsense! ..... Sofa generals, do not lie so vilely!

Hello, Eugene
Nobody argues with you about the huge contribution of the USSR to the development of the Arctic
But in your convictions you are a little carried away

THANKS TO THE COMMUNISTS, WE VICTORED BEAUTY

Homelessness, as a phenomenon, turned out as a result of the civil war unleashed by the Communists, and the ensuing famine, as a result of this war. In RI there was no homelessness. FROM THE WORDS AT ALL. By your logic, it turns out that the Communists defeated what they themselves spawned

[KERMET]

And your campaign has no logic at all - ask yourself the question: why should the party that seized power unleash a civil war?

[cost]

It was the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks that led to the civil war. Is the logic clear?

[KERMET]

Do you reread yourself before arguing

[d1975]

Well, you give a pancake! Not a statement, but simply the captain’s thoughts are obvious! Dmitry is 100% right here. He who thinks clearly, clearly states!

[Aviator_]

[/ quote] In RI there was no homelessness. FROM THE WORDS AT ALL. [Quote]

More than a controversial statement. Homelessness is the result of wars, and they have always been. Naturally, the scale of the Civil gave rise to a very large homelessness. But the reason for the Civil War was an unresolved land issue. It was RI that did not want to decide on it, for which it suffered. And Soviet Russia won thanks to the Decree on the Earth, see A.I. Denikin's memoirs, he admitted this with bitterness.

[cost]

Of course, after all the wars orphans remained, but do not confuse orphanage and homelessness. In Ingushetia, the so-called charitable institutions for orphans left without relatives. My great-grandmother of the Cossack village of Lysogorskaya remained an orphan at 13 years old after her family died from the plague. Her father rose to the rank of sub-junior (the lowest officer rank), but thanks to this, the TKV sent her to Smolny. Yes, it was in that same "Institute of Noble Maidens." The princesses and countesses went there to study only during the day, and simple officer orphans, far from noble birth, lived there. They were given three specialties to choose from: a governess teacher, a seamstress, and something related to agriculture. Great-grandmother chose a seamstress. After graduation, she returned to the village as an enviable bride with "lifting capital and the Singer machine from Smolny. In orphaned establishments" for the simple "were also given lifting and were taught various professions.
In RI, under each governor, there was a special inspector of charitable institutions. So, with good reason, I can say there were no street children

[cost]

Yes, I apologize, I forgot to finish it - my great-grandmother told me that officer balls were constantly given to Smolny's senior students so that the orphans could pick their future husband. Also, after all, but a kind of care for orphans

[Aviator_]

About charitable institutions and their condition. Contemporaries knew better. Classics of literature (Tolstoy, Korolenko, Gorky) painted by no means a kind picture of the life of children at the bottom of society. Well, about the charitable institutions of the first third of the 19th century, it is more than exhaustively written in Gogol's The Examiner - Strawberries, the trustee of charitable institutions. By the way, at the end of the 20 of the last century, there, too, the state was far from ideal - see "12 chairs" by Ilf and Petrov, Stargorodsky sobs, "blue" (in a good way) thief Alchen.

[solzh]

Dmitry, you are wrong. The communists did not start a civil war. I don’t want to enter into a discussion about this, especially since the article is not about this and you did not start raising this issue, I just want to draw your attention to the fact that in the spring and summer of 1917, that is, several months before the October Revolution, Russia was already on the verge of a civil war. Let us recall the famous performance in Petrograd in August 1917 of General Kornilov and the July events in Petrograd, plus nationalist performances on the outskirts of Russia.

[ZAV69]

And with what fright did the Communists start the civil? Civil began with the uprising of the Czechoslovak corps.

[SETTGF]

Rich! Learn the story to start! Homelessness arose after the First World War and the Civil War ... And it was not the Communists that unleashed it, but the Entente countries and other capitalist countries!

[SETTGF]

Dear Rich! Before the revolution (and there were two), Russia was a backward agrarian country with an illiterate population (80%) that overwhelmed Europe with sausage ... Russia was so weak that it lost the war in little Japan in 1905! In technical terms, Russia had only two plants: Putilovsky and Izhorsky, which did not produce ships, but were engaged in minor repairs ... we bought them in Europe and America. And these ships were represented by miserable vessels - for example, the cruiser Varyag, who did not have armored protection for the guns and the aiming was due to two stations, one of which was destroyed at the beginning of the battle. Sailors in the explosion of Japanese shells perished dozens.
And we must not forget that the USSR was created by communists and which was a powerful power ... under tsarist Russia, the Great Patriotic War, we would have lost to Germany and were destroyed ... Now our Russia is so weak in economic terms in comparison with the USSR that it cannot build its nuclear carrier and also because of the sanctions of the "partners" curtailed some military programs - no money! Under the USSR, our society was more fair to the people! Good luck

[Flyer_64]

Quote: For example

Russia is our country.

Surprisingly, it was in Russia, and not in no where else that the Communists appeared. So that.

[Vlad.by]

Voronezh is not RTV. This is an SPR.
Over the Arctic, Voronezh will be able to see something only at altitudes of 3000 and above.
But there are other stations.
For example, over-the-horizon locations or passive RTR Vega-type stations. Well, active radars on the islands and the same icebreakers, RTR ships.
Of course, it is difficult to completely close the Arctic from low-altitude targets, but it is quite possible to detect the launch of the KR group and draw their route. And then first the aircraft will meet, then the ZRV. And in the process of meeting ballistic "notifications" of detection will fly.
And everyone who didn’t hide - we are not to blame

[sergei28]

beautiful fairy tale

[Sheridan]

Do not be offended, but this is a field for small heights. Here, Voronezh are not helpers.

[Old anecdote]

I'm not offenced. I just replied to the comment, which initially stated that the Union could not create a continuous radar field, without specifying areas and tasks. Then this comment was corrected and the meaning of the statement changed. And yes, I agree with you.

[tractor driver73]

The question is certainly interesting!

[Stoler]

Yes, he does not "dissemble", but frankly ............

[Vita vko]

A continuous radar field is a relative thing. It all depends on its parameters, at what altitudes, accuracy, ESR size of targets, frequency ranges, level of noise protection, etc.
Formally, a continuous RLP can also form a Voronezh-type SPRN. But these stations are intended solely for warning about the attack and assessing the threat, because it forms a field far beyond the borders of Russia. Therefore, according to this information, not one air defense system or more than one fighter will not be able to sight and intercept the target; it will not even start in the air defense control system.
RTV air defense always had a continuous radar field, even in the worst years of the 90s, its lower boundary was 6-8 thousand meters, maybe with small dips in Siberia and in the North. Cruise missiles with such RLP parameters could only be detected by chance, but violators of the rules for using airspace were always recorded.

[vitalm]

For example, the detection altitude of a helicopter-type target in the North (Rayakoski, Kuorpukas, Nickel, Zapolyarny) was 50-100 meters depending on 35n6, 19zh6 or 57u6 radars. In our RTB 2 companies in the early 2000s reduced 137 km between Rayakoski and Zapolyarny, here you have the failures. Reduced companies stood on the mountain, the radar rowed everything that moves.

[Vita vko]

Quote: vitalm

Rayakoski, Quorpukas, Nickel, Polar

This has always been one of the most important areas of the enemy’s probable strike. Therefore, the attention was special. But the cover of Murmansk and the base of Severomorsk from Norway and Finland is only a tenth of the northern borders of the Russian Federation. There is also the northern border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yakutia, where for thousands of kilometers of the northern border there is generally nothing from air defense and RTV. The average winter temperature there is -60, units like in the warm Murmansk climate can’t be put in 100 km, and there aren’t so many settlements and at least some affordable infrastructure for life support.

[hrych]

Quote: Letun_64

It’s interesting what stations they in the Arctic will create a continuous radar field.

ZGRLS Container and ZGRLS Sunflower, the first global with a detection range of 3000 km, 10 of them are planned around the perimeter of the Russian Federation, and the second is Sunflower, almost up to five hundred kilometers, but it is of high factory readiness, much cheaper. Well, and over-the-horizon radars in missile-hazardous directions, such as the Sky radar. Of course, of course, the radar SPRN Voronezh, but of course the control of high-altitude targets. ZGRLS sees from the surface up to 100 km in altitude, in principle, in addition to tracking the fleet and aviation, it perfectly captures the low-altitude attack by the Kyrgyz Republic and aviation, and the wavelength does not allow the use of steel technology.

[scientist]

In the aerospace control system, everything is quite strict. For example, not a single air defense missile defense system is capable of solving air defense tasks in spite of its power in detection range. Just the field parameters are not suitable. Therefore, experts never mix the tasks of the SPRN, missile defense and air defense systems. The combination of some missile defense and air defense tasks became possible only with the creation of the S-500, and even then, it is a whole complex with several types of radar reconnaissance and guidance of various ranges.

[Vlad.by]

And what prevents using track information from overseas stations in the interests of air defense? As a notification of a threatened sector, for targeting intelligence tools. There is no particular accuracy needed. It is important to have information about the very fact of the presence of targets and their proximity to the field of view of the RTV, and then the ZRV.
Again passive intelligence also gives good results.
Each CR at least includes a radio altimeter that has side lobes. We catch them, and even with very high accuracy.

[hrych]

Listen to you, so ZGRLS so walked out This is a continuous radar coverage, although it is the global MRIS system that is created when all the data will be taken into account.

Quote: scientist

Therefore, experts never mix the tasks of the SPRN, missile defense and air defense systems.

Specialists didn’t mix before, now they mix, because civilization does not stand still, global tracking, guidance, positioning systems are being created. Long-range air defense systems cover missile shafts, in turn, short-range systems cover long-range ones. So the shell covered Triumph. The S-500 erased the border of air defense and missile defense, becoming one level with the A-235, although the S-400 Triumph is already capable of hitting missiles at a speed of 4,8 km / s, and these are medium-range missiles with a reserve, therefore The S-400 is already an air defense / missile defense system. Therefore, your view is outdated, and absolutely.

[SETTGF]

grunt! Erased the border between air defense and missile defense is not S-500, which is still being tested, S-400 missile 40N6 ...

[KKND]

Quote: hrych

Listen to you, so ZGRLS so walk out laughing

You also listen to people, although they may be mistaken and do not know everything, sometimes they are right.

Quote: hrych

The S-400 Triumph is already capable of hitting BR with a speed of 4,8 km / s, and these are medium-range missiles with a reserve, so the S-400 is already an air defense / missile defense system.

Only the range of 5-10 times is reduced compared with aerodynamic targets. And a rocket with a special warhead is needed (with a direct hit or special filling).

[hrych]

Quote: KKND

You also listen to people, although they may be mistaken and do not know everything, sometimes they are right.

That's it, that sometimes. An integrated airspace control system has already been created. In 2015, the Air Force merged with the Air and Space Defense Forces in a new form of the Armed Forces - the Aerospace Forces (VKS), which included a new organizational branch - the Air Defense and Missile Defense Forces (Air Defense Missile Forces).
The tasks of the air defense missile defense are:
-reflection of aggression in the aerospace sphere and protection from attacks by means of an aerospace attack of the enemy by command posts of the highest echelons of state and military command, troops (forces), administrative and political centers, industrial and economic regions, the most important objects of the country's economy and infrastructure;
-the defeat of the warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy, attacking important government facilities.
It is necessary to distinguish the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Air Defense Forces) from the Air Defense of the Aerospace Forces (Objective Air Defense, Air Defense of the country).
The Air Defense Forces are assigned the following main tasks:
- carrying out combat duty on air defense;
-conducting reconnaissance of the air enemy and the notification of covered forces;
- Destruction of enemy air attack in flight;
-participation in missile defense in theaters of operations.
Those. even military air defense also solves missile defense issues at the level of its diocese, i.e. tactical.
Everything is spelled out, everything is scheduled. Briefly, the airborne forces were created, and their structure includes air defense missile defense. Therefore, all the forces and means of airspace control and means of repelling an attack, namely, radar, air defense systems, air defense missile defense / missile defense systems and fighter aircraft, perform a single task and receive information from a single control center. And now there is no separate air defense and separate missile defense, there is air defense / missile defense.

[KKND]

You are right, and the air defense automation systems we have always had are even better than the Americans. And the creation of the videoconferencing movement forward.
Nevertheless, you unnecessarily exaggerate our capabilities, in my opinion (it is certainly not the ultimate truth). You should tighten the "materiel", but not for me to tell you.

[hrych]

Quote: KKND

You overstate our capabilities

No, because Our gunsmith engineers were initially tasked with creating over-the-horizon systems and they did just fine. Below I sketched the principles of the systems. Also, anti-ship missiles, have long been working on over-the-horizon targets, the coordinates were given by aviation, now satellites and ZGRLS, but for aviation and the Kyrgyz Republic, this is new, only after the appearance of over-the-horizon anti-aircraft missiles, which do not need to illuminate the target from the radar, they let it in by known coordinates , adjust the flight relative to the trajectory of the target, then it captures it with its GOS and the job is done. The principle is not different from the work of RCC. It’s just that the level of technology has allowed this to be accomplished against aeroballistic targets. Our anti-ship missiles, made a hill, rising higher, captured the GSN ship, descended and flew to the target, sneaking over the horizon. ZR roughly does as well, rising higher to capture the target. I saw, on TV, how they were still testing the s-300, but in fact over-the-horizon missiles, they hit a non-flying target parallel to the ground with a doublet plumb from above.

[SETTGF]

scientist! You are a little wrong! Combining some missile defense and air defense tasks became possible with the creation and adoption of the S-400 complex, or rather with the adoption of the 40N6 anti-aircraft missile for the S-400 and S-500 anti-aircraft systems ... The S-500 is still being tested and not accepted into service! Read therefore the speech of US generals in the US Senate regarding the use of our anti-aircraft systems in Syria!

[sergei28]

S-500 is not in the troops.

[bolt]

Quote: Letun_64

... It’s interesting what stations they in the Arctic will create a continuous radar field. Even in the Union they could not cover the Arctic with a continuous field, but only in the most dangerous areas. The general is disingenuous.

Not certainly in that way. And in the USSR the general could not “dissemble”. It was just that neither in the 60s, nor in the 70s, nor in the beginning of the 80s there was no need to cover the Arctic direction. The Americans simply did not know how to shoot their ICBMs across the North Pole. That's all. The main areas of missile attack were the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.

And when the KR and maneuvering warheads appeared, they simply did not have time to cover this area. The 90s came. So we stood all these years completely defenseless.

By the way, the whole doctrine of a global non-nuclear strike proceeded precisely from this. Our partners hoped that we would only learn about the attack when their missile launchers began to explode on our territory, and our missiles simply did not have time to take off.

[Alexander Safonov]

In the 70s, during my service in the air defense, the American B-52 with nuclear bombs on board carried out constant combat patrols from the United States to the North Pole and vice versa. Patrol routes bore the names: “Glass wall”, “Push-button switch” ... For their interception on drifting ice floes landed, to carry out combat duty, separate mobile air defense divisions S-75 ...

[sergei28]

tales of the Arctic

[Alexander Safonov]

I plotted patrol routes for B-52 with nuclear bombs ... As well as drift schemes for air defense divisions ... To the question of "fairy tales" ...

[solzh]

Why fairy tales?

[Beltasir matyagu]

Our Arctic shelf. Therefore, there should be an army so that everyone does not "divide" it

[solzh]

The debate is not about whose shelf, of course, everyone there wants to take it to ourselves and we will not give it to anyone, a debate about something else, is it realistic for Russia to close the defense and control the Arctic space. I think it’s real, because At present, Russia has enough defense and offensive technologies that are and are in service, capable of withstanding attempts to occupy the Russian north.

[STORM 12]

Quote: scientist

In the aerospace control system, everything is quite strict. For example, not a single air defense missile defense system is capable of solving air defense tasks in spite of its power in detection range. Just the field parameters are not suitable. Therefore, experts never mix the tasks of the SPRN, missile defense and air defense systems. The combination of some missile defense and air defense tasks became possible only with the creation of the S-500, and even then, it is a whole complex with several types of radar reconnaissance and guidance of various ranges.

probably "Murmansk BN" which for 4 thousand ... will help us

[KKND]

Quote: hrych

ZGRLS Container and ZGRLS Sunflower

Ordinary planes do not see ZGRLS, radar problems are solved for wavelengths from 10 times smaller than the size of objects. And the power with distance (absorption by the atmosphere, plus losses from incomplete scattering by the ionosphere) is greatly reduced. ZGRLS need ballistic missiles starting to see. There, the ionic trail from the operation of the engines is such that it extends for kilometers.

[Vlad.by]

From the group of aircraft, the ion track is also quite large. Yes, and the passage of several CRs along the route changes the atmosphere so that the ZGRLS sees the thread of the route.
You can, of course, "for the stealth effect" plan routes KR at a great distance from each other, but here the time factor plays a role. And the launch of missiles by the submarine creates an ionization cloud. It is also quite noticeable.
And if from the air, then the B52 group is a sufficient object for detection by over-horizon.

[hrych]

Quote: KKND

ZGRLS ordinary planes do not see

No, they see, a ship at a distance of 3000 km, a plane at a distance of 2800 km, and they achieved a deviation of several meters. This is the ZRLLS Wave under Nakhodka, all the algorithms worked on it, because it works, except surface wavewhen the radio beam and the radio echo propagate along the surface, bending with it, where there is especially no distortion and range in the region of 400-500 km, it’s quite possible, but also space wave, that is, the reflection of the beam from the ionosphere and vice versa, there is clearly a strong loss of signal power and therefore requires powerful energy consumption and bulky antennas, but sees 3000 km. Also, the ionosphere is variable in time of year and even time of day, but the algorithms worked on the Wave so that the computer takes all this into account and gives the same deviation in meters. That allows you to direct weapons systems, including anti-ship missiles, even armored personnel carriers, in regards to ships, and for aviation and missiles, it is theoretically possible to operate over-the-horizon air defense systems, and active GOS, which are part of the S-400 and will undoubtedly be on the S-500. Those. no target illumination is required by the radar, the GOS itself must capture and hit, and the coordinates of the target for course correction are transmitted to the satellite via satellite communication channels. And on Container, in Mordovia, work continued and now she sees not 180 degrees like her mother Volna, but 240, she sees the north of Africa, the entire EU, the Barents Sea of ​​the Arctic, where volleys can be expected from. And ZGRLS Sunflower, which on a surface wave and high factory readiness block the coast for 400-500 km, they have almost no deviation, because the wave is not reflected from the ionosphere, they will be tied with S-400/500 necessarily. They were worked out in the Caspian when they gave the coordinates of the target of the RTOs, which met with their modest air defense a worthy conditional target. Arctic Sunflower samples prepared. There is also ZGRLS Taurus, they see 250 km, more compact and cheaper. Therefore, we are moving in the right direction and Voronezh’s SPRN radars will be supplemented by ZGRLS Containers, partially duplicating each other, but covering all the space for 3000 km from the surface to near space, and S-400/500 Radars, plus “Sky” will be jointly block the line of 500 km. And from the Shell to the A-235, everything will be ready to meet the enemy, creating a powerful echelon defense. The USSR had such a thing, but it was powerless against a low-altitude breakthrough, therefore the enemy relied on the Tomahawks, the Stealth with their low-altitude breakthrough. Now this task is practically being solved, naturally thanks to the ZGRLS (the principle was discovered by the Russian genius Kabanov) and the over-the-horizon air defense systems. Like that.

[Operator]

ZGRLS work in the decameter range - with a wavelength from 10 to 100 meters, they see targets from a height of 0 meters to the ionosphere. Targets up to 100 meters in length are detected in single-hop mode at a distance of 3000 km, targets longer than 100 meters are detected in double-hop mode at a distance of 6000 km. In the second mode, a loop of gases is detected from the start of solid-fuel engines of ICBMs and SLBMs using aluminum particles in it.

The ZGRLS wavelength is rebuilt in the process of one observation cycle, so stations can see targets the size of a cruise missile (half the wavelength 10 m). Stealth technologies in the decameter range do not exist.

The computing power of the most advanced ZGRLS (domestic "Container") so far allows you to determine the flight height of an air target within 1 km. The direction and distance to the target are determined within 1 degrees and 500 meters, respectively. These indicators are quite sufficient for remote guidance of fighters on the target and over-the-horizon target capture of active anti-aircraft missile systems.

The only problem is that there is no answering machine operating in the decameter range, so you need to either know about the absence of a given sector of the space of your aircraft or use the capabilities of the answering machines of your fighters and missiles aimed at the target.

[KKND]

Quote: Operator

Stealth technologies in the decameter range do not exist.

From the point of view of the geometric properties of the aircraft, I agree, from the point of view of the electrical properties of radio-absorbing materials, there is a big question. Smoking is necessary in the physics section of wave propagation in heterogeneous media. Or something like a quantum reradiation of various materials. .
An extremely difficult question, especially when you consider the "closeness" of the topic.
If you find out, please enlighten.

Quote: Operator

ZGRLS (domestic "Container") so far allows you to determine the flight height of an air target within 1 km.

Then a person writes that he cannot determine from a height.

[Operator]

Man writes based on Soviet data

Synthesizing a radar image in the decameter range using a supercomputer is our everything (in the Russian sense).

PS As for the use of metamaterial with a negative angle of reflection in the decameter range, I strongly doubt the technical feasibility of such stealth technology.

[KKND]

Quote: Operator

PS As for the use of metamaterial with a negative angle of reflection in the decameter range, I strongly doubt the technical feasibility of such stealth technology.

Not I did not mean it.
1 fact: when an electromagnetic wave propagates in a homogeneous medium (air, for example, with the same electric light), it propagates as a united front, as soon as it meets the medium with other electric, dielectric and some other properties (sorry, sclerosis) it is reflected.
2. fact: the reflection properties of an electromagnetic wave depends not only on the shape of the object, but also on its electrical properties (electrical, dielectric and some other property (sorry, sclerosis))
Moreover, the authors of the literature about radar mention this fact in passing, without revealing it at all. In particular, the EPR of stealth aircraft in 0,1 m * 2 is given in Russian textbooks on the basis of only their geometric shapes. (As I understand it, that's where the figure of 0,1-0,3 m * 2 came from our "experts", but these are just my guesses).
3.Fact: Quantum re-degeneration depends on the structure of an atom or molecule. For example, a white sheet reflects quanta of the same visible range as they came (95%). Black converts visible-range quanta to infrared quanta.
I can’t help you anymore.

[Operator]

Now all this is called shorter - "metamaterial".

The problem is the wavelength: metamaterials that reflect ultraviolet, optical, infrared and radio waves down to the decimeter range with a negative angle have already been created, but metamaterials for the meter and longer radio bands are not.

[KKND]

Quote: Operator

"metamaterial"

Yes, in short it will not work. Suppose the Americans miraculously created material, without any meta, or with it, which stupidly absorbs radio waves by 99% and gives out IR instead. And why not? Who knows? Who can I ask? Is this even possible?
Or suppose the Americans came up with material with dielectric, electric and magnetic (thanks to you I remembered ) air-like properties. And at the same time suitable for the construction of aircraft. (Well, of course this is absolutely fantastic, just kidding).
It’s not a matter of coal, since the plane is not a plane and the energy will still reach the RADAR (it’s possible to go to the extreme bistatics.)
I'm talking about absorption. (Quantum re-emission).
And here "smoking" is seriously necessary.

[Operator]

About quantum reemission, especially with the conversion of the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, I do not know anything. As I understand it in resonant absorption / emission at the atomic level, frequency conversion is contrary to the laws of physics.

I focus on what has already been achieved - materials with a negative reflection coefficient: incident electromagnetic radiation flows around the object from the sides and enters the back sphere.

Purely specifically the technology "invisible man"

[KKND]

Quote: Operator

About quantum reemission, especially with the conversion of the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, I do not know anything.

Well, therefore, black heats up, and white is noticeably from afar.
It all depends on the frequency of the quantum and the molecules of the "receiving" side.
As I understand it in resonant absorption / emission at the atomic level, frequency conversion is contrary to the laws of physics.

Quote: Operator

As I understand it in resonant absorption / emission at the atomic level, frequency conversion is contrary to the laws of physics.

Absorption, like radiation far away, is not always resonant.

Quote: Operator

I focus on what has already been achieved - materials with a negative reflection coefficient: incident electromagnetic radiation flows around the object from the sides and enters the back sphere.
Purely specifically the technology "invisible man"

It’s not so simple there. Significant secondary re-emissions spoil everything.

[Operator]

Until recently, there was another ambush in the manufacture of metamaterials (consisting of microscopic resonance cells) - they had to be made manually under a microscope, so the prime cost went off scale, and the "production volume" was focused only on scientific research.

Now 3D printers have adapted to the production of metamaterials and things have gone uphill.

[Vlad.by]

Sorry, the signal processing algorithms for the "synthesized radar image" involve the processing of phase shifts and the more there are, the more accurate the image. On decameter waves, a large number of phase shifts cannot be obtained, or rather difficult and unpromising - due to the large number of rereflections, such a “phase noise” will appear that all internal coding of the signal will go to dust.
On centimeter waves, it is still not possible to obtain an accurate radar image, let alone decameter ones.
Although, ROFAR systems are on the way. But what is there and how is known only to the initiates. I am not one of them. Released ...

[Operator]

A multi-core supercomputer can synthesize a picture even from seismic data. Therefore, for him to synthesize a picture from radio waves with a propagation speed of 300000 km / s - just spit (the question is only in the correct software).

Synthesis during horizontal horizon radar is based on a multi-parameter model (including taking into account the differences in the reflected signal in time and in different ranges of decameter radiation), and not only on the basis of phase shifts. AFAR / ROFAR is resting.

[Vlad.by]

What are you, what are you ...
And the specialists of radar hogwarts then suffer, formulas are written on three sheets, integrals with logarithms for derivatives fail ...
And here again, and a picture on a supercomputer!
You, my friend, first learn from the radio response a twin-engine aircraft from a single-engine aircraft to distinguish at a distance of at least 20 km !!! at a millimeter wavelength, and then declare sludge ROFAR.
And then, who will write you the algorithm for the image on the supercomputer? Based on what calculation formulas?
Enlighten me, the retarded, kindly.
There are a lot of beeches in the word “multi-parameter”, but I don’t see the content yet. The model can be mathematical, simulation, statistical ... but you never know.
Your multi-parameter of which?
Again, a model of what? And what are the differences in the reflected signal in time taken into account?

[Operator]

We write - for seismic.

Have you even seen in the photo what the radar picture looked like on the screen of the Soviet ZGRLS?

[Vlad.by]

Seismic is propagation in solid media, no? In addition, heterogeneous. Each of which gives a response with its own handwriting. Again, the initiating seismic pulse has a much more serious power and specific modulation. I see no reason to compare the propagation of waves in a solid medium and over-horizon radar. Compare the picture of an ultrasound examination of the fetus or non-destructive testing of a part in industry and try to apply the same ideas for radar or even for ultrasonic location in water.
The results are completely different.
We tried using ultrasound to determine the number of vehicle wheels at a distance of 20 m !!! Not kilometers. Naturally in the air. It turned out, but only after a VERY serious signal processing. And in a solid environment they would see every rivet.

[Operator]

Seismic is similar to over-the-horizon radar by mixing heterogeneities underfoot: in the first case, the medium of the propagation of the acoustic signal, in the second case of the intermediate medium of reflection of the radio signal (ionosphere).

It is necessary to empirically find the signal distortion parameters, from which you can then tune out programmatically. Oddly enough, this is achievable.

Returning to the radar picture on the screens of Soviet (and American of the same period) ZGRLS: it looked like a black and white coloring of a zebra running across the screen, if a target was found in one of the black bars, a white space appeared, the space in the strip was interpreted as a range to the target, the distance from the edges of the screen - as an azimuth, the speed of jumping a gap from strip to strip - as speed.

The operators were literally trained on the machine to determine the three target parameters by the type of screen, but they coped. Russian developers formalized the process of interpreting the appearance of the screen and using the program displayed the position of the target in the virtual space - nothing complicated except the correct statement of the problem and the thoroughness of execution.

[KKND]

I agree with everything . Minor clarifications:

Quote: hrych

Stealth with their low-altitude breakthrough.

Low-rise stealth is contraindicated. Too close to ground radars may be. “Komanche” turned off after it turned out that “Thor” “HARM” sees and also knocks down. Stealth at maximum distance should be.

Quote: hrych

I saw, on TV, how they were still testing the s-300, but in fact over-the-horizon missiles, they hit a non-flying target parallel to the ground with a doublet plumb from above.

Maybe you mixed something up? I can’t remember the S-300 missiles with AGSN Maybe someone else highlighted there ?.
In general, for the S-400, the troops say there are some problems with the supply of missiles from the AGSN (stupidly little), but this is the OBS.

[hrych]

Quote: KKND

Maybe you mixed something up? I can’t remember the S-300 missiles with AGSN. Maybe someone else highlighted there.

I meant that the S-300 was trained for low-flying targets, such as the KR. The rocket rose above the target and dived at it. Those. in the case of an AGSN and a new over-the-horizon missile, the most optimal option is to rise higher by raising the radio horizon, and having found a target, dive onto it, as was decided with a semi-active seeker at the S-300 complex.

Quote: KKND

Then a person writes that he cannot determine from a height.

Computer will calculate everything

[KKND]

Quote: scientist

Just the field parameters are not suitable.

Please specify what you mean.

[scientist]

All ZG radars, both strategic type Voronezh, and coastal (Sunflower, Container) operate in the sector directed towards the state border, therefore their field extends far beyond the territory of the country. Theoretically, its own aviation is able to fly there while on duty in the air, but practically the boundaries of entering the battle from the standby position at the aerodrome are either directly at the border or in the depths of the territory where there is simply no field at the ZL radar station.
Due to the characteristics of signal propagation, all 2G radars are 0,05-coordinate. Searching for a target from heights of 30 km to XNUMX km is a very difficult task for aviation; without knowing the level, it will simply fly by.
But this does not mean that the information from the ZG radar is not used at all in the interests of air defense. At the level of the central command and control station of the airborne forces, it is used to alert and bring air defense forces and assets to higher levels of battlefield Then this information comes as an alert for those units to whose area of ​​responsibility the targets are approaching.
.

[KKND]

Thanks for the reply.

Quote: scientist

Due to the characteristics of signal propagation, all 2G radars are XNUMX-coordinate.

And why only azimuth and range?
And, if it’s not difficult, could you please comment on my comment from 02:32 in terms of reliability.

Quote: KKND

Ordinary planes do not see ZGRLS, radar problems are solved for wavelengths from 10 times smaller than the size of objects. And the power with distance (absorption by the atmosphere, plus losses from incomplete scattering by the ionosphere) is greatly reduced. ZGRLS need ballistic missiles starting to see. There, the ionic trail from the operation of the engines is such that it extends for kilometers.

[scientist]

Quote: KKND

Ordinary planes do not see ZGRLS, radar problems are solved for wavelengths from 10 times smaller than the size of objects.

I did not serve this type of radar, but I studied and theoretically I can say that the wavelength mainly affects the propagation conditions of the signal. The ability to detect targets such as cruise missiles, airplanes, and the torch of a rocket engine depend solely on the width of the signal spectrum and the associated resolution parameter. Despite the wavelength range of up to 10 m, modern ZG radars have a fairly good signal, which is able to adapt to the changing parameters of the ionosphere. Therefore, they allow you to confidently detect the most difficult goals for them - these are cruise missiles at the first jump. At the second jump, of course, it’s already more difficult to select targets on the background of the earth, it just won’t work out in the northern latitudes, but it’s quite easy to detect planes including Stealth. And this range is already more than 1000km. The third jump of the signal is also used, this is already a range of more than 2000 km, but exclusively for detecting the launch of a rocket through a torch that has an EPR of more than 100 sq.m. Friends who served on the SPRN said that sometimes it is possible to see even planes at the 3rd race. But this is quite rare. you need the coincidence of many conditions from the ideal ionosphere in which the signal should not decay strongly when reflected from different sections, as well as a very high-quality tuning of the equipment. At the same time, the officers themselves do not maintain or adjust the equipment of the ZG radar, and repair teams of manufacturers are usually used for these purposes.

[KKND]

Thank you very much for your reply (don't think bad ).
You can still ask: Why only azimuth and range ?.
If you do not know, then there is nothing to worry about, but if you know, then I will be happy to learn from you.

[scientist]

Quote: KKND

You can still ask: Why only azimuth and range?

To measure the height you need to be able to scan by elevation, or at least be able to measure the angle of the front of the reflected signal. For ZG radar, this physics is meaningless, because the signal propagation angle largely determines the conditions for its reflection from the ionosphere.
But if I worked in this area, I would surely have conducted research on the possibility of measuring height by the difference in time of arrival of the reflected signal from the target and from the ground. The geometry is quite simple, only the receiving system itself rigidly selects a signal with a “0” Doppler component; otherwise, against the background of these powerful reflections from the earth, you won’t understand anything at all, they are thousands of times stronger than a useful signal. Although for a modern ADC with a dynamic range of 60 - 80 dB this task is quite capable, I would have twisted it.

[KKND]

Thank you so much for the answer, much has become much clearer. It's good that there are still "competent" users on the forum. And even so, the seams are full.

[Vlad.by]

The beam width of the beam in the horizontal plane is too large. What will the information on finding the target in the altitude range from 100m to 40 km give you? Therefore, this parameter is not fixed

[KKND]

Quote: Vlad.by

The beam width of the beam in the horizontal plane is too large.

Please explain.

Quote: Vlad.by

What will the information on finding the target in the altitude range from 100m to 40 km give you?

Maybe before the first jump, it is quite possible?

[Vlad.by]

ZG radar - a group of emitters in the horizontal plane. Accordingly, a rather narrow beam in azimuth is formed. And it is impossible to form a beam at the elevation angle - the emitters are almost the same height in height and at this wavelength - opening the antenna is practically zero. Well, wave propagation involves many re-reflections, and completely unpredictable, so it’s almost impossible to determine the target’s elevation angle

[KKND]

Thanks for the reply.

[SETTGF]

Dear scientist! I want to correct you a little bit! As you say: "The ability to detect targets such as cruise missiles, airplanes, and the torch of a rocket engine depend solely on the width of the signal spectrum and the associated resolution parameter." The width of the spectrum and the resolution depend on the duration of the radar probe pulse, which means that instead of the resolution and spectrum width, the duration of the probe pulse, that is, the pulse power of the transmitter, will be correctly indicated ... That which means that you wrote incorrectly! Good luck

[Vlad.by]

Strange, you correct and it seems correct, but ...
Radar resolution depends not only on the pulse duration. In theory, in textbooks there is even a special reservation that they consider the resolution of an UNMODULATED signal. In addition to the duration of the pulse, the resolution is also affected by the width of the pattern. There are many factors, you are fixated on only one, from a special case.
I think, nevertheless, about the width of the spectrum is still more true

[SETTGF]

Vlad.by! How do you imagine a pack of pulses ?! And influence the radiation pattern on it ?! To facilitate the task for you, imagine a transmitter and a receiver with an antenna switch - during the transmission the input of the receiver is closed ... the resolving power is equal to the pulse duration between the reflected signals and this is the minimum distance between targets; when they are visible separately and this is equal to the duration of the reflected signal, and this is the duration of the probe signal ... the radiation pattern in the packet rounds off and where does the width of the spectrum? Imagine a capacitive-type hard switch without linear linear modulation — how does the spectrum affect aircraft and missile detection and resolution ?, the duration of the probe pulse affects and look at the basic radar equation — what radar parameters are there! This will give you the answer to the dictum of the scientist, which I noted on the example of a simple radar!

[SETTGF]

Vlad.by! Please indicate the literature on which you relied!

[SETTGF]

Much affects the duration of the probe pulse — resolution, spectrum width and will correctly be expressed through the duration of the probe pulse, and not vice versa — this is incorrect!

[Vlad.by]

Sorry, I rummaged in the directory of an air defense officer. A little one, still lying on the shelf ...
Any modulation of the signal leads to the expansion of the spectrum of the signal, which in turn leads to the potential to increase resolution.
1. The actual width of the spectrum of the AM signal with single-tone modulation: ΔW = 2Ω
2. The spectrum width of the complex AM signal is equal to twice the highest frequency in the spectrum of the modulating signal
ΔW = 2Ωn
3. The width of the spectrum of signals with angular modulation (frequency or phase)
ΔW = 2 (m + 1) Ω, where m is the modulation index, which is much greater than 1
The pulse duration is also a factor affecting the width of the spectrum, but not the only one.
And since the resolution in range is determined precisely by the width of the signal spectrum, the wider it is, the better.
For angular coordinates, resolution is, for the most part, determined by the width of the beam.
Well, of course, the signal-to-noise ratio.
Or is something wrong?
Me in Minsk VIZRA KTN Lover in 79-80 years. taught so.
True, radar was a non-core “scary” subject, so it penetrated into the details with difficulty.
Something may have been forgotten, but is it unlikely that something has changed fundamentally in the last 30-40 years?

[Hikaro]

I am glad that the new equipment is in the troops, in Russia a good groundwork has been made for the future in radio equipment and automated systems, as well as electronic warfare! And a huge merit in this Marshal Sergeyev Igor Dmitrievich! He is a little forgotten at the zenith of Shoigu glory. But it was he who was able in those damned 90 years to save the design school, achievements and promising products! And what it cost him we will never know! Now it’s much easier, and financing and programs, and the attitude to the army in society. And remember the period of Sergeev I.D. led by the Ministry of Defense: the war in Chechnya, seven-bankers, the guarantor is barely standing! And no matter what, he continued to slowly invest those crumbs that fell from the master's table of bankers, the army, in the REP in the Strategic Missile Forces, into the radio-technical troops and air defense!

[andron-30]

I served in the USSR, which I don’t want, just in the Strategic Missile Forces, WHAT I can say. the town was not large Ukraine, the city of Lebedin, Sumy region, then we had no difference who and what nationality, either you are Urka or Chock

[andron-30]

rats need to be killed on the way, well done keep it up

[Operator]

The general’s statement about a continuous radar field against UAVs over cities is a disa: a solid (starting from zero height) field can only be created using airborne radars, for example, on the same UAVs that are on duty in 24x7 mode. What is not and is not expected.

And in the Arctic, a continuous field with a range of detection of 3000 km cruise missiles is created only with the help of the Container ZGRLS, which the general “modestly” kept silent about.

Aged Rust prepares to take off

[SETTGF]

Operator! A continuous electromagnetic field does not start from a zero height, it is determined by the minimum height of interception of air defense systems - for "Shell-C1" - 15 m, for "S-400" - 5 m ... here we have in mind throughout the entire airspace of Russia - it is determined by the number of radars !

[SETTGF]

And of course the radar coverage area!

[Operator]

Let it be with 5 meters.

[Vlad.by]

So, is there a solid field or is it not?
Will cruise missiles be discovered after launch by a submarine or with a B-52?
Will we manage to bring the Air Force and ZRV into combat readiness and give the command center where to wait for the target?
Did the general lie or tell the truth?

[Operator]

Judging by the comments about the "Field" project, it does exist - above the cities in which there is cellular communication, and their surroundings.

Such a field detects air targets (by their radio shadow) only after they enter the field itself - a valuable quality for detecting small-sized low-speed UAVs.

High-speed air targets with a short approach time must be detected in advance, taking into account the response time of the air defense / missile defense system to a retaliatory strike. In this case, the field should not be created above the protected object, but at the interception / decision-making line - called the SPS, consisting of a satellite constellation, over-the-horizon radars and over-the-horizon radars.

Satellites detect a torch of ballistic missiles after they rise above the cloud in 1 minutes after launch, over-the-horizon radars detect warheads when they reach the apogee of the trajectory in 5 - 15 minutes, over-the-horizon radars detect the exhaust of solid rockets a few seconds after the launch, the launch of cruise missiles, and at the same time and take-off of carrier aircraft (but at a distance of no more than 3000 km).

[Vlad.by]

You are not just an Operator, you are an Evidence Operator!

Quote: Operator

And in the Arctic, a continuous field with a range of detection of 3000 km cruise missiles is created only with the help of the Container ZGRLS, which the general “modestly” kept silent about.

So how to understand this your phrase?
“Container”, “Sunflower”, “Murmansk”, “Vega” different from “Sky” create a continuous field of detection over the Arctic or, after all, does the general lie?

[Operator]

The Vega and Sky radars have an 30-60 km radio horizon when operating on low-altitude targets. Calculate at your leisure the number of these stations to create a continuous radar field at least along the line of the state border of the Russian Federation and compare with the actual presence.

PS I know the over-the-horizon radar station "Voronezh", I do not know the super-horizontal station "Murmansk"

[Vlad.by]

I had in mind systems of passive location ... Vega, Valeria, etc., but not a radar.
Passive stations have a detection range, including low-altitude objects, much more than the 50 km you are writing about. And the accuracy of determining the coordinates and noise immunity, often not lower than meter and even decimeter radars, including when removing an object hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from the location of a passive reconnaissance station. And the larger the base between the elements of the station, the higher the accuracy of the removal of coordinates.
The Donetsk Kolchuga, promoted with a hunchback, is far from being the first in the list of candidates for leadership.
As for Murmansk, this was the Murmansk-BN over-horizon system, the short-wave RTR and electronic warfare systems with a range of up to 5000 km.
In principle, up to a dozen names of various airborne reconnaissance systems that could close the Arctic could be cited. Half of these systems still quietly gather information from the air and merge it into our ACS systems of various levels, but, for obvious reasons, this fact and the location of these systems do not advertise too much.

[Operator]

You don’t need to mix location systems (radar) with direction finding systems (Murmansk-BN).
In addition, Murmansk-BN has exactly the same radio horizon for low-altitude targets as, for example, Sky.

[Vlad.by]

Oh how! Please explain!
Those. Is the shortwave system unable to detect a moving target over 200 km from the reflected signal? Or bearing?
The goal is not to determine the exact coordinates, but to determine the fact of finding the target in a certain area.
And here is the radio horizon?

[Operator]

The direction finder detects the target by a direct signal in any range due to orders of magnitude smaller area of ​​its receiving antenna compared to the antenna ZGRLS.

Modern aircraft such as Su-34, Su-35, F-22, F-35, Tomahawk and Caliber use the VHF band for communication and data transmission, in which radiation propagates exclusively within the radio horizon.

[Vlad.by]

But w, but I was listening to stations on the HF band from America itself in the old days. Seva Novgorod for example. And the antenna in the receiver was tiny!
Well it is, by the way ...
Naturally, if there is only one receiver, it will only give an azimuth, and if three? Yes with one powerful emitter.

And the VHF range - you see, in the spectrum of the signal of the radio altimeter there are not only one stick, so it is caught quite well even by strangled sides. I will tell you more, even the radiation of a local oscillator for 100 km can already be caught if desired. The question is the sensitivity of the receiver and the directivity of the antenna.
And the signal or a connected signal reflected from the object is even more so. We’re not talking about fiber. Even the radio-relay channels are tapped - Mama Do not Cry.
Not for nothing that even Wikipedia ascribes to Murmansk a range of 5000 km.

So he also, an infection, and can interfere with obstacles at this distance.

[Operator]

You listened to Seva on a direct signal, while the emitter was not in America, but in Germany, and his mother was not grieving for power.

I don’t understand - what powerful emitter are you talking about: about the Container ZGRLS?

The power of lateral radiation in the HF range of communication / data antennas of modern aircraft operating in the VHF range is insufficient for their horizontal detection "Murmansk-BN".

5000 km is the direct radiation detection range in the HF band itself.

[DED_peer_DED]

"According to General Coban, in Russia over the largest cities deployed continuous duty radar field."
It would be necessary to determine the words and expressions.
So, over the largest cities, or solid?

[Alexander Safonov]

The Field system is deployed over the cities, electronic warfare elements mounted on cell towers to counter guidance systems for cruise missiles, drones and their carriers ... In addition to air defense and missile defense detection systems.

[Viktor Afanasev]

Speaking specifically about the electronic warfare field above the city, then this is another matter ... If this system is effective, then we can only welcome it ... The article did not have such specifics ...

[Vlad.by]

The field is far from over the city. Field - on each repeater of cellular communication. And not just cellular. There is little information about this system, and it would be better if it were even less.

[Operator]

Information above the roof: see bistatic radar, multistatic radar.

[Vlad.by]

In popular publications, I myself am very pleased to embed an article. Do you know the exact performance characteristics? You may know exactly what the Field can do at all, and why not? And is this generally EW or just a commonplace system for detecting objects crossing a signal transmission line between two repeaters?
Well, give me the state. secret to the mountain, listen ...

[Operator]

Why do you need details: a multistatics based on the capabilities of mobile operators is what the doctor ordered.

[Vlad.by]

Well, if only fixing the span of a low-altitude target, without details ... but this is not enough. The field is capable of more. Here the doctor will prescribe, so prescribe

[Operator]

Multistatics catches the radio shadow of an air target, which can be a small UAV with a conventional explosive charge (a very urgent task to prevent terrorist attacks) or with a nuclear charge of 5 ktn in dimensions of an 152 / 155-mm artillery shell (sabotage operation).

[Viktor Afanasev]

In my opinion, the radar field is necessary not ABOVE the city, but AROUND the city.
If we detect something already ABOVE the city, then we only have time to admire the target on the radar screen ...
Above the city is the control of flights of air transport.
But the coverage of the Arctic is a necessary thing.

[vglazunov]

100% mat and noodle :)