The ditch, rampart, and palisade of the Stone Age are not simply the first fortifications, but a ready-made blueprint according to which the fortification would function right up to the bastions of the Modern Age, and at the same time a boundary beyond which...

In preparation for war with Austria, Bismarck managed to ensure the neutrality of Russia and France and formed an alliance with Italy. He also provoked Austria's mobilization by portraying it as the aggressor.

This article analyzes three possible naval base locations before the Russo-Japanese War, and examines their shortcomings. The optimal location for the naval base is selected...

For a century and a half, historians have been repeating that French columns in Spain were simply perishing under fire from the British line—but it's worth opening French reports and maps to discover that we're not witnessing a duel...

The first professional warrior appeared not under the walls of ancient cities or in the ranks of the first armies, but thousands of years earlier—at the end of the Stone Age, when war first became not a common duty, but...

In its modern sense, the combat knife only emerged in the first half of the 20th century, when the functional equipment of military personnel changed in the most serious and significant ways...

On September 20, 1246, Mikhail of Chernigov was martyred at Batu's headquarters. Let's examine the reasons that prompted the ruler of the Golden Horde to commit such a brutal reprisal against the prince.

A quick march and bayonet charge brought the Swedes victory after victory, until the enemy learned to withstand this attack and respond to it with fire....

Gorbachev was in turmoil throughout 1986. "Perestroika" was rapidly turning into "catastroika," as the writer Alexander Zinoviev noted...

Violence has accompanied man since ancient times, but war as a mass and organized phenomenon emerged only towards the end of the Stone Age—and the archaeology of ditches, broken skulls, and the first fortifications...

On June 27 (July 8, New Style), 1709, at Poltava, not only was the victory decided. It was also the nature of the war that would be possible next...

Concluding material on the 1st Archipelago Expedition...

In the 90s, a whole shadow industry emerged—stolen oil, artisanal distillation, fuel sold under someone else's passport—but it developed later than is commonly thought...

The 250th anniversary of American independence. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was published, proclaiming the separation of the colonies from England and the formation of an independent nation – the United States.

On July 7, 1770, a Russian squadron burned almost the entire Turkish fleet in Chesma Bay, losing 11 men that night against ten thousand of the enemy – and it was not done with a flawless plan, in which...

Shortly before the surrender of the Dien Bien Phu "fortress," on April 24, 1954, a conference began in Geneva to resolve the outcome of the Korean and Indochina Wars. The result was the division...

To earn the title of physician, a graduate of a hospital school would amputate a leg and remove a bladder stone in front of a commission—that's how 18th-century Russia trained its own doctors, and it didn't begin in...

On January 2, 1961, the Portuguese passenger liner Santa Maria, en route from the island of Curaçao to Miami (USA) with 586 passengers and 350 crew members on board, was hijacked...

The regulations required the column to be deployed into a line before the decisive battle, but in reality, it often reached the enemy without deploying—and this was not due to stupidity, but to the commander's sober calculation under fire...

Bonaparte would only accept Lazare Hoche as his equal and his only rival. Upon learning of his death, the future emperor said, "There were two of us, but one was needed."

Today we'll talk about a Swiss inventor and gunsmith from the early 19th century....

In 1246, Prince Mikhail of Chernigov was martyred in Sarai. In two articles, we will examine the causes of the tragedy, beginning with an overview of the political situation Batu found himself in after the khan's death.

The Tsar's Pharmacy of 1581, the secular Apothecary's Office with its library and forensic examination, the medical school of 1654, and the hospital with the law "to treat the sick, to teach doctors"—all of this operated in...

The German plan to invade the British Isles, unlike the attacks on Poland, France, and then Soviet Russia, was of a very strange, "uncertain" nature....