Tactical missile system 2K10 "Ladoga"
The first domestic tactical missile systems based on self-propelled chassis received unguided missiles of various types. Like weapon allowed to solve tasks, but did not differ high accuracy characteristics. Experience has shown that the only way to increase the likelihood of hitting targets is to use rocket control systems. Already in the mid-fifties, work began on the creation of new guided weapons, which soon led to the emergence of several projects. One of the first variants of a tactical missile system with a guided missile was the Ladoga 2K10 system.
In 1956-58, the Perm SKB-172 was engaged in developing the appearance of promising ballistic missiles suitable for use as part of tactical missile systems. In the course of these works, various design options for new products were considered, which differed from each other in their overall architecture, the composition of the units, the type of power plant, etc. In addition, completely new ideas were worked out and original designs were created. For example, it was at this time in our country that the design of the engine block was first proposed and developed, which was later developed and widely used. Such a case was a product of high-strength steel 1 mm thick with external winding of composite materials.
By 1958, the work of SKB-172 allowed to proceed with the translation of existing ideas and solutions into a finished project of a promising missile system. 13 February 1958 of the year issued a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers on the beginning of the development of two ground-based jet complexes with guided solid-fuel missiles. One of the projects was named “Ladoga”, the second - “Onega”. In the future, the Ladoga project was assigned an additional index 2K10. In the third quarter of 1960, the complexes were required to submit for valid tests.
Complex 2K10 "Ladoga" on a wheeled chassis. Photo Militaryrussia.ru
In accordance with the initial requirements, the Ladoga complex had to have in its composition a self-propelled launcher based on one of the existing chassis, a set of auxiliary equipment and a guided missile with the specified characteristics. The rocket complex 2K10, which received the designation 3М2, was to be built according to a two-stage scheme and equipped with solid-fuel engines.
Similar project requirements led to the need to involve several different organizations in the work. Thus, the development of the 3М2 rocket and the overall project management were entrusted to SKB-172. It was planned to entrust the assembly of the experimental equipment for testing to the Petropavlovsk Machine-Building Plant, and several other enterprises were to supply the necessary components and products, primarily the necessary chassis, which should be used as the basis of self-propelled launchers.
Initially, two versions of launchers based on different chassis were developed. It was proposed to build and test two variants of such equipment, on a wheeled and caterpillar drive. Perhaps, according to the results of the comparison of the two prototypes, it was planned to make a choice and determine the type of machine that would later be mass-produced. Interestingly, during the development of the project "Ladoga", it was decided to develop a third version of the launcher based on another wheeled chassis.
Since 1959, SKB-1 of the Minsk Automobile Plant has been developing a wheeled self-propelled launcher. Especially for this project, a new modification of the existing special chassis was developed, which received the designation MAZ-535B. In the course of this project, it was proposed to use as widely as possible the components and assemblies of the base machine, which should be supplemented with a set of new special equipment.
The MAZ-535 was a special four-axle chassis, originally designed for use as a tractor. The diesel engine D12А-375 with the power 375 hp was mounted on the chassis. Used mechanical transmission, distributes torque to all eight driving wheels. As part of the suspension of the wheel chassis there were transverse levers and longitudinal torsion bars, as well as hydraulic shock absorbers on the front and rear axles. It was possible to carry loads of weight 7 tons or towing an 15-ton trailer.
Within the framework of the MAZ-535B project, the basic design has undergone some changes. In connection with the new destinations, the construction of individual components and assemblies has undergone modifications. In particular, the shape of the cockpit and the casing of the engine compartment, placed behind it, changed a little. In addition, when reassembling the units, the need to install a long starting guide with a rocket along the machine was taken into account, which resulted in the appearance of a corresponding niche reaching the engine compartment. Outrigger supports appeared to stabilize the chassis during preparation for firing and when launching a rocket on the stern of the machine.
Launcher system "Ladoga", mounted on a wheeled chassis, was a device with the possibility of vertical and horizontal guidance within certain angles. Provided artillery unit with a swinging rail, equipped with its own drives. On the latter there were attachments for installing the rocket, as well as for putting it on the desired trajectory at launch. An interesting feature of the launcher was the relatively small length of the guide, due to the design of the base chassis. In the transport position, the guide did not rise above the roof of the engine compartment and the cabin, while the head of the rocket was directly above them.
Like other self-propelled launchers, the combat vehicle for the 2K10 "Ladoga" complex was to receive a set of navigation equipment for topographic location, equipment for launch control and programming of onboard missile systems, etc. Going into the firing position, self-propelled launcher could independently perform all the basic operations in preparation for the shooting.
An alternative to the wheel launcher on the basis of the MAZ-535B was to be a tracked vehicle of a similar purpose. The multi-purpose chassis GM-123 was chosen as the basis for it. After some noticeable improvements, such a machine could receive a launcher and other necessary devices. First of all, the authors of the project had to rework the design of the existing hull. In its original form, the GM-123 had an insufficient length, due to which the hull had to be extended and the growth of its length was compensated for by an additional pair of road wheels.
The chassis of the GM-123 was created for use in various projects of armored vehicles, which affected its main features. Thus, the layout of the machine was determined taking into account the need to release the stern of the hull for the installation of special equipment. Because of this, the power plant in the form of a diesel engine B-54 was located in the central part of the hull. With the help of a mechanical transmission, torque was transmitted to the front drive wheels. As part of the chassis there were seven small diameter diameter rollers on each side. Used individual torsion suspension.
Scheme of the rocket 3М2. Figure Militaryrussia.ru
In front of the modified chassis, there was a superstructure covering the habitable and engine compartments. On the stern of the vehicle, a platform was released on which a turntable with a launcher, similar to that used on a wheeled vehicle, was installed. In the stowed position, the unit with the rocket was lowered to a horizontal position and additionally fixed by an emphasis in front of the machine. To launch the rocket, the guide was raised to the desired angle. The transport stop in the front of the hull was connected to a lattice design designed to protect the head of the rocket on the march.
At a certain stage of the development of the Ladoga project, it was decided to develop a third version of the self-propelled launcher, which could go into series. The wheeled combat vehicle received the approval, however, it was proposed to use the ZIL-535L rather than MAZ-135B as the basis for it. The car of the last type had a four-wheel all-wheel drive chassis. Used diesel engine ZIL-375Я power 360 hp and manual transmission. Capacity of the chassis reached 9 t.
It was proposed to mount the entire set of new equipment, including the launcher, on the cargo area of such a chassis. From the point of view of the composition of the additional equipment, the launcher on the ZIL-135L base should not differ from the previously developed machine based on the MAZ-535B chassis. At the same time there were some advantages in the main characteristics.
As an auxiliary equipment for the “Ladoga” complex, ZIL-157В trucks and tractors were originally proposed, as well as the 2У663 semi-trailer for transporting one guided missile. To overload the rocket from the semi-trailer to the launcher, it was planned to use cranes of existing models.
In accordance with the original terms of reference, SKB-172 developed a two-stage rocket 3М2 with the required characteristics. In 1960, this product was released for testing, which, however, ended in failure. Four test launches completed in accidents were carried out. All four times there was a destruction of the rocket before the completion of the second-stage engine. Until the end of 1960, the project authors analyzed the collected data and looked for ways to correct the existing shortcomings.
According to the results of these works, it was concluded that it was impossible to continue the creation of a two-stage rocket. To achieve these goals, the 3М2 product should have been built in a single-step scheme. This decision was approved at the end of 1960 of the year, after which SKB-172 specialists began to create a new version of the project. In some sources, a single-stage rocket for the Ladoga complex is designated as 3М3, however, there is reason to believe that it has retained the index of a two-stage predecessor product.
The rocket of the second version received a cylindrical large extension, divided into several compartments and equipped with a conical head fairing. In the central and tail parts of the hull two sets of X-shaped planes were provided. The central stabilizers had a trapezoidal shape, tail stabilizers with rudders - more complex, consisting of two main parts. The main compartment of the rocket was given under the warhead, behind which was the so-called. honing engine A compartment for control equipment was also envisaged, and all other volumes were allocated for the main engine.
Product 3М2 received two solid fuel engines. In the tail section was placed the main engine, responsible for the acceleration of the rocket on the active leg of the flight. To improve the basic characteristics of the development engine was used. It was placed behind the warhead, and its nozzles were located on a small annular ledge placed behind its tail end. At this point, the rocket body had a recess formed by a nozzle device and a conical fairing. The task of the development engine was to assist the march during the initial acceleration of the rocket. In some sources it is mentioned that after the development of the fuel, the finishing engine had to be dumped, but the possibility of this raises certain doubts.
It was proposed to equip the rocket with an inertial control system operating on the active leg of the flight. While the main engine was in operation, the automatics, using a set of gyroscopes, had to track the movements of the rocket and produce commands for the steering gears. Pitch and yaw control was provided. After the production of solid fuel rocket shut off control systems, continuing unmanaged flight along an established ballistic trajectory.
The 2K10 "Ladoga" project provided for the use of two types of combat units. The 3М2 missile could carry a high-explosive-cumulative warhead or a special low-power warhead. Such combat equipment could be used to attack area targets of various types, including stationary objects of the enemy or troops at the concentration sites.
The rocket had a total length of 9,5 m with a case diameter of 580 mm and a span of stabilizers 1,416 m. The starting weight of the product is 3150 kg. Information about the mass of the warhead is not available.
Tracked launcher complex. Photo Russianarms.ru
In April, 1961, the first throwing tests of the single-stage version of the 3М2 rocket took place. These checks, which took place at the Kapustin Yar test site, showed the correctness of the selected modifications and allowed to continue the tests. Flight tests of rockets with operating control systems began in mid-summer. Three launches of this phase of inspections ended in accidents. On the active part of the trajectory, the nozzle of the main engine was destroyed, followed by loss of stability and product destruction. Tests were suspended due to the need to improve the design of the engine.
A new version of the engine with a reinforced nozzle was developed by the end of 1961 year. Early next year, plant number XXUMX assembled a second experimental batch of missiles equipped with an improved power plant. The appearance of such prototypes made it possible to continue the tests, bringing them to the stage of shelling conditional targets. Such checks allowed to determine the main characteristics of the rocket, as well as draw conclusions. It was found that the existing control system does not provide a high accuracy of hitting the target. The increase in accuracy in comparison with the unguided rockets of the existing types was insignificant.
According to the results of the second stage of testing, which lasted until the beginning of spring 1962, conclusions were made about the future prospects of the project. The tactical missile system 2K10 "Ladoga" was considered unsuitable for use, mass production and operation. Despite the use of control systems, the accuracy of hitting the target left much to be desired. In addition, low accuracy could not be compensated by the relatively low power of combat units. The operation of such a missile system could not give the troops the required firepower.
3 March 1962 was issued by the Council of Ministers decision, according to which the development of the project 2К10 "Ladoga" was terminated due to the lack of prospects. By this time, two launchers were built based on the MAZ-535B and GM-123, and several dozens of missiles of various architecture and various modifications were assembled and used. All these products were used in tests at the Kapustin Yar test site, during which they did not show high performance. After the cessation of work, the existing equipment was written off as unnecessary. Her further fate is unknown. Probably, the chassis lost their special equipment and were later involved in new projects.
The project of the tactical missile complex 2K10 "Ladoga" ended in failure. Due to the insufficient characteristics of the command and control system, the complex did not meet the accuracy requirements and could not be used by the troops. Nevertheless, the development of the project allowed to accumulate theoretical and practical experience in the creation of guided ballistic missiles, which was later used to create new systems of a similar class.
Based on:
http://russianarms.ru/
http://русская-сила.рф/
http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-179.html
Shirokorad A.B. Atomic ram of the twentieth century. - M., Veche, 2005.
In 1956-58, the Perm SKB-172 was engaged in developing the appearance of promising ballistic missiles suitable for use as part of tactical missile systems. In the course of these works, various design options for new products were considered, which differed from each other in their overall architecture, the composition of the units, the type of power plant, etc. In addition, completely new ideas were worked out and original designs were created. For example, it was at this time in our country that the design of the engine block was first proposed and developed, which was later developed and widely used. Such a case was a product of high-strength steel 1 mm thick with external winding of composite materials.
By 1958, the work of SKB-172 allowed to proceed with the translation of existing ideas and solutions into a finished project of a promising missile system. 13 February 1958 of the year issued a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers on the beginning of the development of two ground-based jet complexes with guided solid-fuel missiles. One of the projects was named “Ladoga”, the second - “Onega”. In the future, the Ladoga project was assigned an additional index 2K10. In the third quarter of 1960, the complexes were required to submit for valid tests.
Complex 2K10 "Ladoga" on a wheeled chassis. Photo Militaryrussia.ru
In accordance with the initial requirements, the Ladoga complex had to have in its composition a self-propelled launcher based on one of the existing chassis, a set of auxiliary equipment and a guided missile with the specified characteristics. The rocket complex 2K10, which received the designation 3М2, was to be built according to a two-stage scheme and equipped with solid-fuel engines.
Similar project requirements led to the need to involve several different organizations in the work. Thus, the development of the 3М2 rocket and the overall project management were entrusted to SKB-172. It was planned to entrust the assembly of the experimental equipment for testing to the Petropavlovsk Machine-Building Plant, and several other enterprises were to supply the necessary components and products, primarily the necessary chassis, which should be used as the basis of self-propelled launchers.
Initially, two versions of launchers based on different chassis were developed. It was proposed to build and test two variants of such equipment, on a wheeled and caterpillar drive. Perhaps, according to the results of the comparison of the two prototypes, it was planned to make a choice and determine the type of machine that would later be mass-produced. Interestingly, during the development of the project "Ladoga", it was decided to develop a third version of the launcher based on another wheeled chassis.
Since 1959, SKB-1 of the Minsk Automobile Plant has been developing a wheeled self-propelled launcher. Especially for this project, a new modification of the existing special chassis was developed, which received the designation MAZ-535B. In the course of this project, it was proposed to use as widely as possible the components and assemblies of the base machine, which should be supplemented with a set of new special equipment.
The MAZ-535 was a special four-axle chassis, originally designed for use as a tractor. The diesel engine D12А-375 with the power 375 hp was mounted on the chassis. Used mechanical transmission, distributes torque to all eight driving wheels. As part of the suspension of the wheel chassis there were transverse levers and longitudinal torsion bars, as well as hydraulic shock absorbers on the front and rear axles. It was possible to carry loads of weight 7 tons or towing an 15-ton trailer.
Within the framework of the MAZ-535B project, the basic design has undergone some changes. In connection with the new destinations, the construction of individual components and assemblies has undergone modifications. In particular, the shape of the cockpit and the casing of the engine compartment, placed behind it, changed a little. In addition, when reassembling the units, the need to install a long starting guide with a rocket along the machine was taken into account, which resulted in the appearance of a corresponding niche reaching the engine compartment. Outrigger supports appeared to stabilize the chassis during preparation for firing and when launching a rocket on the stern of the machine.
Launcher system "Ladoga", mounted on a wheeled chassis, was a device with the possibility of vertical and horizontal guidance within certain angles. Provided artillery unit with a swinging rail, equipped with its own drives. On the latter there were attachments for installing the rocket, as well as for putting it on the desired trajectory at launch. An interesting feature of the launcher was the relatively small length of the guide, due to the design of the base chassis. In the transport position, the guide did not rise above the roof of the engine compartment and the cabin, while the head of the rocket was directly above them.
Like other self-propelled launchers, the combat vehicle for the 2K10 "Ladoga" complex was to receive a set of navigation equipment for topographic location, equipment for launch control and programming of onboard missile systems, etc. Going into the firing position, self-propelled launcher could independently perform all the basic operations in preparation for the shooting.
An alternative to the wheel launcher on the basis of the MAZ-535B was to be a tracked vehicle of a similar purpose. The multi-purpose chassis GM-123 was chosen as the basis for it. After some noticeable improvements, such a machine could receive a launcher and other necessary devices. First of all, the authors of the project had to rework the design of the existing hull. In its original form, the GM-123 had an insufficient length, due to which the hull had to be extended and the growth of its length was compensated for by an additional pair of road wheels.
The chassis of the GM-123 was created for use in various projects of armored vehicles, which affected its main features. Thus, the layout of the machine was determined taking into account the need to release the stern of the hull for the installation of special equipment. Because of this, the power plant in the form of a diesel engine B-54 was located in the central part of the hull. With the help of a mechanical transmission, torque was transmitted to the front drive wheels. As part of the chassis there were seven small diameter diameter rollers on each side. Used individual torsion suspension.
Scheme of the rocket 3М2. Figure Militaryrussia.ru
In front of the modified chassis, there was a superstructure covering the habitable and engine compartments. On the stern of the vehicle, a platform was released on which a turntable with a launcher, similar to that used on a wheeled vehicle, was installed. In the stowed position, the unit with the rocket was lowered to a horizontal position and additionally fixed by an emphasis in front of the machine. To launch the rocket, the guide was raised to the desired angle. The transport stop in the front of the hull was connected to a lattice design designed to protect the head of the rocket on the march.
At a certain stage of the development of the Ladoga project, it was decided to develop a third version of the self-propelled launcher, which could go into series. The wheeled combat vehicle received the approval, however, it was proposed to use the ZIL-535L rather than MAZ-135B as the basis for it. The car of the last type had a four-wheel all-wheel drive chassis. Used diesel engine ZIL-375Я power 360 hp and manual transmission. Capacity of the chassis reached 9 t.
It was proposed to mount the entire set of new equipment, including the launcher, on the cargo area of such a chassis. From the point of view of the composition of the additional equipment, the launcher on the ZIL-135L base should not differ from the previously developed machine based on the MAZ-535B chassis. At the same time there were some advantages in the main characteristics.
As an auxiliary equipment for the “Ladoga” complex, ZIL-157В trucks and tractors were originally proposed, as well as the 2У663 semi-trailer for transporting one guided missile. To overload the rocket from the semi-trailer to the launcher, it was planned to use cranes of existing models.
In accordance with the original terms of reference, SKB-172 developed a two-stage rocket 3М2 with the required characteristics. In 1960, this product was released for testing, which, however, ended in failure. Four test launches completed in accidents were carried out. All four times there was a destruction of the rocket before the completion of the second-stage engine. Until the end of 1960, the project authors analyzed the collected data and looked for ways to correct the existing shortcomings.
According to the results of these works, it was concluded that it was impossible to continue the creation of a two-stage rocket. To achieve these goals, the 3М2 product should have been built in a single-step scheme. This decision was approved at the end of 1960 of the year, after which SKB-172 specialists began to create a new version of the project. In some sources, a single-stage rocket for the Ladoga complex is designated as 3М3, however, there is reason to believe that it has retained the index of a two-stage predecessor product.
The rocket of the second version received a cylindrical large extension, divided into several compartments and equipped with a conical head fairing. In the central and tail parts of the hull two sets of X-shaped planes were provided. The central stabilizers had a trapezoidal shape, tail stabilizers with rudders - more complex, consisting of two main parts. The main compartment of the rocket was given under the warhead, behind which was the so-called. honing engine A compartment for control equipment was also envisaged, and all other volumes were allocated for the main engine.
Product 3М2 received two solid fuel engines. In the tail section was placed the main engine, responsible for the acceleration of the rocket on the active leg of the flight. To improve the basic characteristics of the development engine was used. It was placed behind the warhead, and its nozzles were located on a small annular ledge placed behind its tail end. At this point, the rocket body had a recess formed by a nozzle device and a conical fairing. The task of the development engine was to assist the march during the initial acceleration of the rocket. In some sources it is mentioned that after the development of the fuel, the finishing engine had to be dumped, but the possibility of this raises certain doubts.
It was proposed to equip the rocket with an inertial control system operating on the active leg of the flight. While the main engine was in operation, the automatics, using a set of gyroscopes, had to track the movements of the rocket and produce commands for the steering gears. Pitch and yaw control was provided. After the production of solid fuel rocket shut off control systems, continuing unmanaged flight along an established ballistic trajectory.
The 2K10 "Ladoga" project provided for the use of two types of combat units. The 3М2 missile could carry a high-explosive-cumulative warhead or a special low-power warhead. Such combat equipment could be used to attack area targets of various types, including stationary objects of the enemy or troops at the concentration sites.
The rocket had a total length of 9,5 m with a case diameter of 580 mm and a span of stabilizers 1,416 m. The starting weight of the product is 3150 kg. Information about the mass of the warhead is not available.
Tracked launcher complex. Photo Russianarms.ru
In April, 1961, the first throwing tests of the single-stage version of the 3М2 rocket took place. These checks, which took place at the Kapustin Yar test site, showed the correctness of the selected modifications and allowed to continue the tests. Flight tests of rockets with operating control systems began in mid-summer. Three launches of this phase of inspections ended in accidents. On the active part of the trajectory, the nozzle of the main engine was destroyed, followed by loss of stability and product destruction. Tests were suspended due to the need to improve the design of the engine.
A new version of the engine with a reinforced nozzle was developed by the end of 1961 year. Early next year, plant number XXUMX assembled a second experimental batch of missiles equipped with an improved power plant. The appearance of such prototypes made it possible to continue the tests, bringing them to the stage of shelling conditional targets. Such checks allowed to determine the main characteristics of the rocket, as well as draw conclusions. It was found that the existing control system does not provide a high accuracy of hitting the target. The increase in accuracy in comparison with the unguided rockets of the existing types was insignificant.
According to the results of the second stage of testing, which lasted until the beginning of spring 1962, conclusions were made about the future prospects of the project. The tactical missile system 2K10 "Ladoga" was considered unsuitable for use, mass production and operation. Despite the use of control systems, the accuracy of hitting the target left much to be desired. In addition, low accuracy could not be compensated by the relatively low power of combat units. The operation of such a missile system could not give the troops the required firepower.
3 March 1962 was issued by the Council of Ministers decision, according to which the development of the project 2К10 "Ladoga" was terminated due to the lack of prospects. By this time, two launchers were built based on the MAZ-535B and GM-123, and several dozens of missiles of various architecture and various modifications were assembled and used. All these products were used in tests at the Kapustin Yar test site, during which they did not show high performance. After the cessation of work, the existing equipment was written off as unnecessary. Her further fate is unknown. Probably, the chassis lost their special equipment and were later involved in new projects.
The project of the tactical missile complex 2K10 "Ladoga" ended in failure. Due to the insufficient characteristics of the command and control system, the complex did not meet the accuracy requirements and could not be used by the troops. Nevertheless, the development of the project allowed to accumulate theoretical and practical experience in the creation of guided ballistic missiles, which was later used to create new systems of a similar class.
Based on:
http://russianarms.ru/
http://русская-сила.рф/
http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-179.html
Shirokorad A.B. Atomic ram of the twentieth century. - M., Veche, 2005.
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