Mauser

134
Favorite weapon security officers and commissioners faithfully served the White Guards, and criminals, and famous polar explorers

Constructors

The legendary weapon of security officers and "commissars in dusty helmets", an automatic self-loading pistol of the German company "Mauser", was invented a quarter of a century before the revolution, in the 1893, by the designers the Federle brothers. It was supplied with a wooden walnut holster, which could also be used as a stock. The Mauser had a powerful cartridge, a movable sight, and, in the presence of a holster-butt, was even used as a lightweight carbine for shooting at a distance of up to a kilometer. However, at the maximum distance, the dispersion of bullets was 4-5 meters in width and height. But for one hundred meters “Mauser” beat exactly in the 30 centimeter circle.

The magazine was designed for 6, 10 or 20 cartridges. The initial bullet velocity was very high, reaching 430-450 m / s.



Modifications

Patented the gun in the 1896 year (model C-96), and a year later it began mass production. "Mauzers" quickly gained popularity around the world (especially among hunters and travelers) and withstood over two dozen modifications (including a different cartridge, the 1912 model of the year received the most prominence). One of the later modifications made it possible to fire bursts at speeds of 850 per minute. By the beginning of the First World War, several tens of thousands of pistols were fired. And they received their baptism of fire during the Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902.

Paradoxically, the popular pistol was not officially adopted in any of the countries of the world. While its production continued until the 1939 year, and was released about a million copies.

Nevertheless, in Russia, the Mauzers were included in the recommended weapon that officers were allowed to buy instead of the Nagan revolver of the 1895 model of the year. But if “Nagan” could be bought for 26 rubles, then “Mauser” cost from 38 rubles. and above, and did not receive distribution. On the eve of the First World War, they began to arm the pilots, and from 1916-nd - the personnel of automobile and motorcycle parts. It was from them that the legendary weapons went to the commissars and security officers.

Owners

During the Civil War, 7,63-mm 1912 model pistols of the year were mainly used. Prize "Mauzers" with the Order of the Red Banner on the handle, called "Honorary revolutionary weapon" (the highest award of Soviet Russia), received the Soviet commander-in-chief Sergei Kamenev and the commander of the First Mounted Army Simon Budyonny. In 1943, the award-winning Mauser was awarded to Leonid Brezhnev.

"The first red officer" Klim Voroshilov named in honor of his beloved pistol even his horse. The hero of the Soviet Union, the legendary border guard Sergeant Nikita Karatsup, who personally destroyed the saboteurs 129 and detained the border intruders 338, was also armed with a Mauser. Not with anything, but with a reliable "Mauser", the famous polar explorer Ivan Papanin set off for ice-wintering.

The Mauzerians and opponents of the Soviet government, and even criminals, used it extensively. The famous Drozdov commander White General Anton Turkul fought with the "Mauser". Among other things, the Mauser was used by the raider Yakov Koshelkov, who attacked Lenin himself in 1919. In Armenia, opponents of Soviet power in the early 1920s were even called "Mauserists", and in Turkestan, "Mausers" gained popularity among the Basmachis.

And the connoisseur of this gun was Winston Churchill.

Filmography

After the defeat in the First World War under the Versailles Peace Treaty, Germany had no right to produce pistols with barrels longer than 100 mm. I had to redo the legendary "Mauser". Observing the new requirements, Germany supplied a large batch of shortened "Mauser" for the needs of the Red Army, which in the West were called the "Bolo-Mauser" (Bolshevik Mauser). In the USSR, the Mauzers were used during the Winter War by the 1939-1940 by the skiing teams of the scouts, and during the years of the Great Patriotic War they became popular among the partisans. At the Podolsk ammunition plant, they even started producing copies of ammunition for the Mauser.

Because of its unusual appearance, "Mauser" became an indispensable participant in the Soviet films about the revolution and the Civil War. And with a light hand of filmmakers, almost all the characters were armed with a "Mauser". He was present in the "White Sun of the Desert", and in the "Elusive Avengers", and in the film "Officers."

In fact, it was a very rare and prestigious weapon, rather used as a bonus.

POET VIEW
Left march

Turn around in the march!
Verbal is not a place for slander.
Hush, speakers!
Your
word,
Comrade Mauser.


Vladimir Mayakovsky


ONLY NUMBERS
Shop - 6, 10 or 20 cartridges
Caliber - 7,63х25 - 9х25 mm
Firing range - up to 1000 m.
Weight unloaded - 1250 g
Length - 312 mm
Barrel length - 140 mm (in shortened models - 98 mm)

QUESTION FROM 1918 OF THE YEAR
What weapons killed Nicholas II?

One of the regicides, Peter Yermakov, later claimed that in July 1918, it was he who from “Mauser” shot former emperor Nicholas II, his spouse, heir, and one of his daughters. In 1927, Yermakov handed over the Mauser to the museum in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg). However, the right to be considered the liquidator of Nicholas II was challenged by Yakov Yurovsky, who in 1927 also donated his weapons to the Moscow Museum of the Revolution. Yurovsky said he used two pistols at once - the Colt and the shortened Mauser. Modern researchers believe that only one Mauser was used in the shooting (three bullets of this system were found in total), which was in possession of Yurovsky, and Yermakov fired from the usual Nagana.
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134 comments
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  1. +14
    28 May 2016 05: 38
    A brutal pistol! I would like to hold it in my hands. But in my opinion, the device is large and heavy! Fighting with such a difficult game, but for traveling, that's it!
    1. +6
      28 May 2016 05: 48
      Quote: demchuk.ig
      A brutal pistol! I would like to hold it in my hands. But in my opinion, the device is large and heavy! Fighting with such a difficult game, but for traveling, that's it!

      I agree. They were produced even with even longer trunks - especially for nature explorers, but I heard that demand was not very.
      1. +42
        28 May 2016 05: 51
        Modifications Mauser K-96
        The pistol was produced for several different types of cartridges, in a significant number of modifications (only in the period before 1912, 22 different models were produced by Mauser):
        -1896 of the year. With conical striker, embossed surface, long extractor. On 6,10 and 20 cartridges. 1-5 numbers are digit.
        -1899 years, striker with a large ring, embossed surface, long extractor. 5-digit number.
        -1899 of the year "flat", with a smooth surface and a striker with a large ring. A contract for the Italian Navy (with its numbering) and commercial, 5-digit number is concluded.
        -1904 of the year. An early, transitional pre-war model with the number 34xxx, with a long extractor, a small ring.
        -1905 of the year, the pre-war model with a short extractor, a small ring on the head.
        Sample 1912 of the year. Reduced and lightened trigger, shortened and extended ejector, slightly weakened return spring. A barrel with six grooves (earlier versions have 4). Fuse lever head without hole. On the back of the trigger is marked “NS”. The most massive modification, the 9-mm Mausers and Mausers "Bolo" were made on its basis.
        Sample 1916 of the year - an option for the cartridge 9x19 mm Parabellum for the German army (the red number “9” is applied on the handle).
        After the end of World War I and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forbidden to produce pistols with a barrel length of over 100 mm.
        -Mauser K-96 arr. 1920 g. ("Bolo" - "Bolshevik") - version under the cartridge 7,63x25 mm with a barrel shortened to 99 mm. The pistols had a shortened handle with walnut cheeks with 22 grooves and a Small Ring Hammer trigger with the NS mark. The main difference of the model is the horizontal swivel swivel on the handle. Most were sold to Soviet Russia.
        -Mauser K-96 model 712 "Schnellfeuer" arr. 1932 of the year - an automatic model with a magazine on 20 cartridges. The rate of fire in automatic mode was approximately 850 rounds per minute.
        The production of several variants of the K-96 pistol (under the name "Astra") was launched by the Spanish company "Unceta".
        In China, pistols have spread since the beginning of the twentieth century, in the so-called era of militarists, later in the Chinese factories the production of spare parts and several replica variants of this weapon began.

        1. +24
          28 May 2016 17: 55
          in 1988 in the warehouse of RAV (Kushka, KTurkVO) when receiving and delivering the warehouses I saw a box with such, and even complete with a muffler (moreover, he was not on the thread but dressed almost to the store and the front sight was in place. The question began the warehouse said that they had been delivered to Afghanistan at the time, but for some reason they were not needed there ..
          By the way, in the warehouse some interesting American machine guns and Lewis (ten pieces) —and both of them, like Maxim (who were many in the warehouse) —were impressed only externally. Heavy dogs were too strong and bulky - we gored to carry boxes, and to stack in a stack ....

          Where are they now?! ....... Eh ...
          1. +2
            29 May 2016 05: 14
            see the campaign Lend-Lease Browning m1917. with them Yankee fought in Korea!
        2. +2
          30 May 2016 10: 39
          The attitude to this gun / system changed with my growing up (but always remained positive) from children's admiration:
          - its power, range, appearance (one wooden holster-butt was worth what), which have been shown in abundance in numerous films about the revolution and in some about the Second World War. Moreover, Mauser (disguised) was Han Solo's favorite weapon in Star Wars, and it is noteworthy that the Americans, represented by George Lucas, preferred to "Reanimate" in the "Film of All America" ​​it was Mauser and not their "Icon" Colt 1911 laughing
          -To deep respect for his real characteristics and the trace that he left / leaves in history: It’s really not just Winston Churchill’s favorite weapon, but the weapon with which he survived in Africa escaping from the Boers pursuing him. Excellent trajectory persistence and 7,63x25 mm ammunition breakdown is not only an impressive lethal action, it was not for nothing that prosperous travelers / explorers from Europe and America preferred it in the most dangerous corners of the earth such as the Amazon Jungle, African savannah, Tibetan Mountains or the Nile Delta which they were teeming with predators, and sometimes they were very large-sized, and it was possible to survive only with the reliable, mobile, long-range, multiple-charge weapons at hand, which was Mauser with his wooden butt holster.

          The crown of creation in the Mauser family, I personally consider the model -Mauser K-96 model 712 "Schnellfeuer" arr. 1932 year. A model for a caliber of 7,63x25 with twenty charging stores manufactured in Germany and not in Spain and especially China. I envy people who have this model in my collection with white envy! wink
          1. The comment was deleted.
          2. The comment was deleted.
          3. +2
            30 May 2016 13: 44
            Actually, here he is handsome! wink
            -Mauser K-96 model 712 "Schnellfeuer" arr. 1932 year. A model for a caliber of 7,63x25 with twenty charging stores made in Germany.
      2. Fat
        +12
        28 May 2016 08: 36
        There were ... But who could, he appreciated. And it lasted in the production of half a century. Note, it’s never been in service, and the circulation, as much as a million
        1. +5
          28 May 2016 18: 40
          Yes, the thing is stylish, to be sure. There was a breakthrough for its time. But heavy, uncomfortable, difficult to maintain, again afraid of dirt. Therefore, in no army has officially taken root. Against his background, the Colts and the same Nagant, this is an example of functionality. But let’s pay tribute, the Mauser was practically the first self-loading pistol produced in series, because Mauser offset.
          1. -1
            28 May 2016 19: 21
            Orionvit

            You are absolutely right. Mauser as for a pistol has an overwhelming number of drawbacks than advantages.

            Because Mauser Bolo should be considered a carbine rather than a pistol. But even as a carbine, it has features not characteristic of carbines.

            In general, the name of the Mauser with a gun hides the gap of concepts.
            1. +3
              28 May 2016 19: 48
              Quote: gladcu2
              Because Mauser Bolo should be considered a carbine rather than a pistol.

              With a 98mm barrel? Maybe then a short shotgun?
              1. 0
                28 May 2016 21: 54
                verboo
                I wrote that it’s difficult to call it a carbine.

                The Mauser has neither the characteristics of a pistol nor the characteristics of a carbine. Or it has both.

                Therefore, disputes that this is a bad gun or a bad carbine.
            2. The comment was deleted.
          2. +2
            28 May 2016 22: 30
            But let’s pay tribute, the Mauser was practically the first self-loading pistol produced in series, because Mauser offset.

            Well why is this? Borchardt C-93. And in the same year that Mauser was Bergman 96.
            Mauser is definitely better than both of them - but he wasn’t exactly the first
          3. 0
            29 May 2016 05: 16
            but how did the Austrians with their STEIER seem to be the first.
        2. +1
          28 May 2016 22: 04
          Quote: Thick
          There were ... But who could, he appreciated. And it lasted in the production of half a century. Note, it’s never been in service, and the circulation, as much as a million

          Exactly. He was not in service. Weapons are not for war. For lovers. For 50 years, a million fans have accumulated.
          1. 0
            29 May 2016 05: 22
            A citizen of which Boshi Mauser was actively used in trench hassles. PMV then pulled up PARABELLUM with an elongated barrel and a drum magazine for 30 like cartridges and current afterwards appears MPI-18 full-fledged PP. His Boshi was also actively used but as always late.
      3. +3
        28 May 2016 11: 41
        Quote: lexx2038
        They were produced even with even longer trunks - especially for nature explorers, but I heard that demand was not very.

        It was believed that long-barrel versions were created for the fleet. Although why - it is not very clear. I do not think that the creators of the weapons believed that boarding skirmishes would occur between the crews of the ships.
        1. +4
          28 May 2016 14: 28
          It's not about boarding skirmishes. It's just that on ships, officers have always thought, "and how to equip a landing platoon recruited from the crew", there is such a task. It was not for nothing that Stechkin got accustomed to the Marine Corps. Besides, the monetary allowance of the officers of the Russian Imperial Navy allowed them to carve out 12 rubles for good weapons.
          1. 0
            28 May 2016 16: 38
            Quote: izGOI
            the monetary allowance of the officers of the Russian Imperial Navy made it possible to carve out 12 rubles for good weapons.

            Cash allowance allowed any officer to do this. Before WWI, the warrant officer’s salary in peacetime is about 300 rubles.
            1. +10
              28 May 2016 16: 55
              Quote: Verdun
              salary of a warrant officer in peacetime

              65 rubles per month. Colonel - 320 rubles per month.
              1. +1
                28 May 2016 17: 40
                Quote: verboo

                65 rubles per month. Colonel - 320 rubles per month.

                Different sources - different data. But even if you rely on yours, allocate the necessary money for the purchase of weapons, on which life ultimately depended, the officers of the Russian army could well.
              2. The comment was deleted.
              3. 0
                30 May 2016 11: 28
                In general, the maintenance of officers with additional money amounted to the following amounts in rubles (per year):

                Basic salary Reinforced salary
                Stings Tables Add Total Tables Stings Add Total
                General from infantry (from cavalry) as commander of the corps 2100 5700 - 7800 2490 5700 - 8190
                Lieutenant General as Head of Division 1800 4200 - 6000 2472 4200 - 6672
                Major General as Brigade Commander 1500 3300 - 4800 2004 3300 - 5304
                Colonel 1200 600 660 2460 1536 600 660 2796
                Lieutenant colonel (military foreman) with a seniority of 5 years and more 1080 600 660 2340 1344 600 660 2604
                Lieutenant colonel (military foreman) with a service rank of 1-4 years 1080 600 480 2160 1344 600 480 2424
                Captain (captain, Yesaul) 5 year command of the company 900 360 480 1740 1080 360 480 1920
                Captain (captain, Yesaul) 1-4 year command of the company 900 360 360 1620 1080 360 360 1800
                Headquarters Captain (captain, captain), 5 years in the rank of junior officer of a company 780 - 420 1200 948 - 420 1368
                Staff captain (captain, captain), 1-4 years in the rank of junior officer of a company 780 - 300 1080 948 - 300 1248
                Lieutenant 720 - 240 960 876 - 240 1116
                Second Lieutenant 660 - 180 840 804 - 180 984
                Reserve warrant officer on active duty in wartime 600 - 120 720 732 - 120 852
                Warrant officer stock in active duty in peacetime 300 - 120 420 - - - -
            2. 0
              24 July 2016 21: 31
              Quote: Verdun
              Cash allowance allowed any officer to do this. Before WWI, the warrant officer’s salary in peacetime is about 300 rubles.

              Do not forget that this is an annual salary, not a monthly salary.
          2. 0
            29 May 2016 10: 19
            Yes Yes. For a long time, I read somewhere that the Marine paratroopers were armed with Mauser. This explains the large number of them later in the Civil War ...
            1. 0
              29 May 2016 11: 43
              I apologize to commentators and readers of comments for the incorrect presentation of information.
              "Mauser" were purchased for the armament of the naval landing groups. And whether they managed to arm them with these information is not present.
        2. +3
          28 May 2016 16: 47
          Quote: Verdun
          It was believed that long-barrel versions were created for the fleet.

          No. For artillery. A long-barrel Mauser was mounted on the armored plate of the gun and was intended for defense against enemy infantry.
      4. +1
        29 May 2016 05: 08
        the demand was excellent, the gun was very popular among travelers and the military. Royal officers preferred the Mauser to a full-time gun. They had to purchase current at their own expense.
    2. The comment was deleted.
    3. +11
      28 May 2016 12: 16
      And he held and shot in his hands. A very comfortable and accurate shot, especially with a holster butt. Weight honestly was not a problem. Rather, I did not pay attention to it. It is clear that I did not go with him every day.
      1. +2
        28 May 2016 14: 13
        A very large overall weapon every day such a torment
      2. 0
        29 May 2016 11: 54
        And what about his return?
    4. 0
      28 May 2016 18: 37
      Quote: demchuk.ig
      A brutal pistol! I would like to hold it in my hands. But in my opinion, the device is large and heavy! Fighting with such a difficult game, but for traveling, that's it!

      We have a Mauser in the shooting range, I wanted to shoot him, but they advised me to Beretta, next time I’ll definitely take it
    5. +3
      28 May 2016 20: 27
      Quote: demchuk.ig
      But in my opinion, the device is dimensional and heavy!

      C96 - weight, kg: 1,25 (without cartridges)
      Nowadays - except for courage smile hi
      1. +1
        3 June 2016 19: 29
        STECHKIN
        Weight, kg: 1,02 (without cartridges and holster-butt)
        1,22 (equipped without a holster-butt)
        0,56 (stock holster)

        and he is for courage ??? the weight ones are the same - only the Mauser is much more accurate ...
        1. 0
          4 June 2016 18: 05
          Quote: your1970
          and he is for courage ???

          And for what else? This is a miracle for the army even worse than PM.
          Quote: your1970
          the weight ones are the same - only the Mauser is much more accurate ...

          Good for hunting hares and other small animals. But none are suitable for the army.
    6. +1
      28 May 2016 21: 46
      Heavy is good. Not so much impact. And you need to swing your hands.
    7. +2
      28 May 2016 21: 56
      Quote: demchuk.ig
      and did not receive distribution. On the eve of World War I, they began to equip pilots, and since 1916, the personnel of automobile and motorcycle parts.


      "and did not receive distribution. On the eve of the First World War, they began to equip pilots with it, and from 1916 - the personnel of automobile and motorcycle units."
      It was because of brutality that he did not receive distribution. About the price as a reason, the author bent. You need to carry it on yourself. And motorcyclist pilots ... I can’t carry a weight on myself, therefore they were armed centrally.
    8. -1
      29 May 2016 05: 04
      you are absolutely right respected before the WWII Mauser was positioned as a weapon for travelers, i.e. as a light carbine. that the Bosh and used it in raids for language. I recall sales, I read the memoirs of a Russian painter who traveled to India for kindness and he had a Mauser with him, and so he and the entogue mousuzer filled up the elephant.
    9. +2
      29 May 2016 17: 56
      And were American revolvers, Colt and Smith & Wesson, lighter? With a capacity of 4 to 6 rounds, total.
    10. The comment was deleted.
  2. +19
    28 May 2016 05: 43
    As they say the trunk at all times, with good performance.
    1. +15
      28 May 2016 13: 42
      The protagonist of his favorite childhood film, the same was Mauser. In a tank, it’s even more convenient than PP.
      1. The comment was deleted.
      2. +7
        28 May 2016 16: 04
        and he didn’t trophy him in the movie ????? I honestly don’t remember ........ but the series of our common childhood - everyone threw and ran)))))) maybe that's why I am a tankman ?????))))) parents of the Airborne Forces-103 .... .... and I'm a tankman)))))
        1. +1
          29 May 2016 05: 37
          Mauser is a trophy! I don’t remember the current, the saber and spurs were with him or the Georgian !!!
          1. +1
            29 May 2016 07: 20
            Saber in my opinion, in memory of the first tank commander. The total.
          2. +1
            1 June 2016 19: 05
            Quote: kumaxa
            I don’t remember the current, the saber and spurs were with him or the Georgian !!!

            Gregory! In one of the last episodes - in Berlin - when a miner got into the tank, he saw a saber and spurs and asked:
            - Is the mechanic a cavalryman?
            - No, Georgians.
        2. +8
          29 May 2016 16: 49
          He didn’t tattle. "Mauser" was left to him (Yana) by an old soldier who was with him in the hospital. "Forgot" under Kos's pillow when he was discharged ...
          1. 0
            30 May 2016 10: 10
            And that was the Red Army intelligence officer Sergeant Chernousov. The one with whom Ian was traveling to the front line.
        3. +1
          30 May 2016 19: 20
          Vier Panzersoldaten und ein Hund ...
      3. +4
        29 May 2016 05: 35
        yeah! I remember this series all summer at 12.00:XNUMX Moscow time on TV. four punchers and plays. even without dubbing, much was clear. but I still didn’t understand how stewed chocolate, but even fascist cognac was chopped with kilograms and no one runs away for a jerk. then the correct movies were filmed by the Poles!
      4. +1
        1 June 2016 19: 29
        Favorite weapons of Chekists and commissars faithfully served the White Guards, criminals, and famous polar explorers.
        Here in the version for the basmachi (the film, I think, should not be called wink )
        1. +1
          1 June 2016 19: 34
          Quote: Alex
          (I don’t think the film should be called)

          No, but there is a better shot ...

          Quote: Alex
          Favorite weapons of Chekists and commissars faithfully served the White Guards, criminals, and famous polar explorers.

          There was previously such a concept - "Mauserists", since "these" do not belong to one of the above categories ...


          1. +4
            1 June 2016 19: 39
            Well, and where without the main villain? ..
  3. +8
    28 May 2016 06: 07
    German armourers of the past did not eat their bread for nothing.
    1. +6
      29 May 2016 04: 14
      Starting from the Germanic tribes, German gunsmiths knew how to make weapons and still have not forgotten how.
    2. 0
      29 May 2016 05: 42
      alas in vain! one weapon is of high quality and for a long time and there is a lot of necessary and permanent and of high quality. Examples for comparison can be found here on the website!
  4. +37
    28 May 2016 06: 42
    beautiful machine. I especially like the rifle version for travelers.
    1. Fat
      +4
      28 May 2016 07: 58
      Quote: Volga Cossack
      beautiful machine. I especially like the rifle version for travelers.

      Absolutely agree! This is a weapon for the pioneers ... But so ... As an addition to the "survival" kit, the first item. Another would be a detachable store ... the Spaniards seem to have experimented ...
      Forgive me, Duke, and thanks somehow I missed your absolutely "living" post ...
      1. 0
        28 May 2016 09: 55
        If designers thought more broadly, we would see a PP Mauser, with good such characteristics.
        1. +1
          28 May 2016 10: 29
          From "dashing" people, the toy is certainly not bad, but the problem is that for travelers "dashing" animals are a great danger, but against them the cartridge is rather weak ...
          1. +1
            28 May 2016 11: 44
            Quote: Bosk
            "dashing" animals pose a great danger, but against them the cartridge is rather weak ...

            I think just right. Previously, many hunters-hunters carried TT in their pockets. In the event that ammunition ran out in the carbine, it was the very thing to fill up the bear.
            1. +7
              28 May 2016 13: 44
              To be honest, even now many hunters would not have given up on a pistol, at least in the event that they would finish off the beast or just "in case of fire", but all the same, for such cases it is better to have a basic "quality" caliber ...
            2. +3
              28 May 2016 15: 20
              Previously, many hunters-hunters carried TT in their pockets.
              This is where we have such "fishermen" with TT-shniki ran? on the Lubyanka?
          2. +1
            28 May 2016 14: 08
            Quote: Bosk
            for travelers, "dashing" animals pose a great danger, but against them the cartridge is rather weak ...

            Traveler, not a hunter. Driving away the beast will already be enough. Including and biped.
      2. +3
        29 May 2016 05: 46
        and what do you want dear. about times about morals. don't forget the time of creation, after all, you just took magazine rifles and a maxim machine gun.
    2. -7
      28 May 2016 14: 06
      Quote: Volga Cossack
      I especially like the rifle version for travelers.

      The photo shows nonsense. For a barrel of this length, you need a cartridge with an appropriate weight of gunpowder. And where does she come from? Therefore, it may look beautiful, but in fact is nonsense.
      1. +4
        28 May 2016 20: 22
        A similar cartridge was used in the PCA.
        1. 0
          30 May 2016 11: 40
          Quote: martin-159
          A similar cartridge was used in the PCA.

          The Borchart cartridge, and from it the Mauser and TT cartridges went further, was made under the Borchardt C93 pistol. The length of its trunk is 189 mm. It is at such a maximum barrel volume that the cartridge volume of these cartridges is calculated. The fact that the length of the PPSh barrel on the TT cartridge was 270 mm is not particularly good.
    3. +8
      28 May 2016 16: 49
      Quote: Volga Cossack
      beautiful machine. I especially like the rifle version for travelers.

      And here is his direct competitor. Gun Bergmann No. 5 model of 1897 (Bergmann M1897 No. 5).
      1. -1
        28 May 2016 16: 58
        Quote: zennon
        And here is his direct competitor.

        This is not a competitor, this is his dad. Actually "long Mauser" was not. At first he was all like that. And only then, due to lack of demand, the trunk began to be slowly cut off.
      2. The comment was deleted.
      3. +1
        29 May 2016 05: 52
        and you still remember piperboxes!
    4. +6
      28 May 2016 20: 00
      And such a long barrel. This is a gun.
    5. 0
      5 June 2016 08: 05
      Quote: Volga Cossack
      in the version of a carbine for travelers.

      I haven’t seen this ...
  5. +27
    28 May 2016 06: 49
    Victory salute and officer with Mauser K-96 on the roof of the Reichstag.
    1. 0
      28 May 2016 19: 26
      The picture is staged, but possibly with a Mauser l-nt BEREST.
  6. +2
    28 May 2016 07: 59
    The author writes that:

    In fact, it was a very rare and prestigious weapon, rather used as a bonus.


    but in the same article:


    About a million copies were produced.


    So a rare weapon, or released by many hundreds of thousands?
    1. +5
      28 May 2016 09: 57
      Apparently, the author did not have a total number, but a place where they were quite rare, because the same PM, although it is widespread, but somewhere in Australia it is a curiosity.
    2. 0
      28 May 2016 13: 11
      So a rare weapon, or released by many hundreds of thousands ?,
      just added extra decorative things to the gun, so it became rare.
      but I was surprised by the shutter of this barrel. as far as I remember, only two details — one of complex milling, the other is very small. but the bar per kilometer is certainly superfluous, the bullet will fly, but I think it's impossible to get there.
  7. +5
    28 May 2016 08: 01
    My grandfather went with this. Even the photo was: 1918, he is in leather and with Mauser on the porch of the church, which then housed the Sverdlovsk Museum of Local Lore for a long time. Unfortunately, somewhere was lost ...
    1. The comment was deleted.
    2. +7
      28 May 2016 13: 37
      and I have a photo of my grandfather Vasily - 30 years. he is a tanker, but there he is depicted with a Mauser holster in the apiary - almost to the floor. with a saber and in spurs ......... but a tankman. filmed before he went to SPAIN. Then it turns out that tankers and pilots officers were spurs put on full dress ...... here's an interesting fact
    3. +1
      29 May 2016 05: 54
      Go grandfather Kolchak drove in Siberia ???
  8. +10
    28 May 2016 08: 19
    At the Podolsk Cartridge Plant, they even set up the production of copies of cartridges for the Mauser.
    I wonder how they were distinguished from 7.62x25 for Tokarev and all Soviet submachine guns? Outwardly, there is no difference, and they fit equally into mechanics. But there is a difference, and an important one. The Tokarev cartridge 7.62x25 has a more powerful powder charge than the Mauser 7.63x25. Nothing will happen from one or two shots with Mauser, but if you shoot a lot and regularly, mechanics that are not designed for such loads can suffer. But TT and PPSh took Mauser’s cartridge perfectly, which was what the Germans used - they did not disdain trophies.
    1. The comment was deleted.
      1. +23
        28 May 2016 08: 59
        Cartridges Mauser 7,63x25 and cartridge TT 7,62x25 had exactly the same dimensions. They differed only in the capsule and in the TT cartridge there was a more powerful powder charge.
        The Mauser cartridge appeared in Russia along with a large batch of purchased Mauser K-96 pistols. For the Tokarev pistol (TT), this cartridge was taken as a basis, but modified in accordance with the requirement of maximum unification - the main principle of Soviet industry. Keeping all the originality of the Mauser cartridge, the caliber was reduced from 7,63 to 7,62 mm, the capsule was replaced with a revolver (revolver) and the groove on the sleeve for the ejector hook was increased, which ensured reliable extraction of the sleeve. The appearance of the bullet has also changed - an increase in the radius of the revived made its head longer than the prototype.

        Below is a comparison of two cartridges visually:
    2. +1
      28 May 2016 14: 14
      Quote: Nagan
      The Tokarev cartridge 7.62x25 has a more powerful powder charge than the Mauser 7.63x25.

      The rumor about this is somewhat exaggerated, the cartridges are considered interchangeable.
  9. +10
    28 May 2016 08: 54
    And they made clones of the Mauser to all sundry. Especially the Spaniards! Royal, Star, and a dozen more companies and firms, with names and no, with different long barrel and capacity of the store, and even with an automatic fire mode! In quantity, it can only be compared with Browning. They, too, were sculpted by anyone!
    And according to the design of K96, it’s a rather archaic and non-technological barrel, made according to the revolving scheme, unsuccessfully weighed. However, charisma! The weapon image of a revolutionary and security officer, discoverer and traveler ... And fantastic reliability!
    1. xan
      +7
      28 May 2016 09: 43
      Quote: AlNikolaich
      And according to the design of K96, it’s a rather archaic and non-technological barrel, made according to the revolving scheme, unsuccessfully weighed. However, charisma! The weapon image of a revolutionary and security officer, discoverer and traveler ... And fantastic reliability!

      As a melee and civilian weapon, it is redundant and uncomfortable, as hunting and combat are insufficient. But on the other hand, you can hang it on your side, shock the heifer, and look at yourself and go nuts in the mirror - for this, it is just right for you. And it cannot be more reliable than a Nagan with its drum.
      1. +1
        28 May 2016 16: 09
        I support, here the status is the main thing .... I wrote below - they say what kind of thing I have)))))
      2. 0
        28 May 2016 16: 09
        I support, here the status is the main thing .... I wrote below - they say what kind of thing I have)))))
      3. +1
        28 May 2016 19: 29
        It’s just to charge Nagan for a long time (as Gene Fyodorov put it, sackily).
  10. Fat
    +2
    28 May 2016 08: 57
    Quote: Miner
    yami thousand?
    О

    For 60 years?
  11. +1
    28 May 2016 09: 40
    The most famous gun!
    A very massive and reliable "trunk". good
  12. +4
    28 May 2016 09: 51
    The thing is certainly not bad, but the dimensions ... are simply murderous, you don’t drag such a bandura with such weight,
    1. +1
      28 May 2016 11: 33
      Quote: masiya
      you don’t drag such a bandura with such a weight,

      And I have the same opinion. As a short-barrel pistol, it is too bulky, and unnecessarily powerful, besides with extremely inconvenient loading, but as a carbine it’s just ridiculous.
      1. +3
        28 May 2016 13: 45
        I think he was just the same at that time and was loved for his bulkiness, since they wore it openly rather even specifically for the show, because in any war the demonstrative power is important. Well, for the firing range, and the weight allowed to devour the recoil which, when used without a shell bullet, can be very impressive, but I think the trunk was covered with a pig in ten shots.
        Probably cleaning the Mauser at that time was the main part of the owner’s fetish.
        1. +2
          28 May 2016 16: 01
          here it’s rather the status of the owner - the Mauser was not officially adopted by the Russian army and by the way not a single army of the world ... the officers themselves acquired, but in the shops it was full and quite expensive ......... from there and the fetish after the revolution - they say - what a thing I have ...........
        2. 0
          28 May 2016 16: 01
          here it’s rather the status of the owner - the Mauser was not officially adopted by the Russian army and by the way not a single army of the world ... the officers themselves acquired, but in the shops it was full and quite expensive ......... from there and the fetish after the revolution - they say - what a thing I have ...........
    2. +1
      28 May 2016 16: 47
      Quote: masiya
      such a bandura and with such a weight you don’t hurt

      Father-soldier said that before 1943, ZIS-3 gunners were armed with this gun, but they did not like them. Very uncomfortable, heavy and bulky. At the first chance, they were exchanged for TT, Walter or Parabellum. And then the TT became a standard weapon for gunners.
    3. +1
      28 May 2016 22: 15
      Quote: masiya
      The thing is certainly not bad, but the dimensions ... are simply murderous, you don’t drag such a bandura with such weight,

      Dead end branch, civilization has gone the other way.
  13. +1
    28 May 2016 10: 55
    And I like gold-plated Luger Marine more ... Mauser is certainly epic, but no more ...
  14. -7
    28 May 2016 10: 58
    Mauser - this is already for 1910 - byak.
    Its popularity is based on naked Freudianism: "a man with a small ... love big guns."
    That is, as a status thing - fit, but as a weapon - below the baseboard.
    Due to its status and popularity among savages (including here and dusty helmets commissars)

    PS: the mechanics are also bakish.

    ZZY: I recommend that fans of large status tsatski pay attention to Bergan's pistols --- I wonder why they (despite the fact that some types are better than Mauser) did not use such love savages? Bad marketing, apparently?
    1. +13
      29 May 2016 01: 35
      Mosin's 3-line rifle was oooooo long. And popular.
      Freudianism too? lol
      By the same logic, the Browning owners apparently had x ... to the knee. smile
  15. +1
    28 May 2016 11: 21
    Dear, there is accurate data that the "Mauser" was almost the most massive after the "Nagant", but the pistol carbine was only "Mauser number 2", but the "Mauser number 1" was just a Mauser automatic Parabellum, but how since "Luger Prabellum was less popular due to its high cost
    1. 0
      28 May 2016 11: 37
      Dear, there is accurate data that the "Mauser" was almost the most massive after the "Nagant", but the pistol carbine was only "Mauser number 2", but the "Mauser number 1" was just a Mauser automatic Parabellum, but how since "Luger Prabellum was less popular due to its high cost

      It is not difficult to make sure that the luggers have done as much as three times as many as the Mausers (which is not surprising, considering that it was the P-08 that was the regular Reichsweer's pistol).
      Yes, and Colts (even taken separately M1911), and their clones (the same TT) released an insane amount simply (only TT almost 2 million --- and how many of them were made around the world, probably no one knows.)

      So where does the opinion about the "super-mass character of the Mauser" come from?
      Beads for savages - that’s the whole Mauser.
      1. 0
        28 May 2016 13: 43
        Dear, at the beginning of the success of "Luger", there were also problems, this is the same pistol grip, for the shooter who dealt with "classic" weapons, it was necessary to "retrain", get used to the new pistol grip, the second is the price I do not remember exactly, but this (Luger), was quite expensive, although until the market was saturated, then the problem of the "Luger" was in the platoon of the pistol (very inconvenient), this same was eliminated, only over time
        1. +3
          28 May 2016 14: 08
          Dear, at the beginning of the success of "Luger", there were also problems, this is the same pistol grip, for the shooter who dealt with "classic" weapons, it was necessary to "retrain", get used to the new pistol grip, the second is the price I do not remember exactly, but this (Luger), was quite expensive, although until the market was saturated, then the problem of the "Luger" was in the platoon of the pistol (very inconvenient), this same was eliminated, only over time

          Did I call the Luger ideal? He was not at all like that.
          Nevertheless, they produced three times as many Mausers.
          And it was the luger, and not the Mauser, that was the standard weapon of the Reichswehr.
          And the Mauser is for export to the natives.
      2. 0
        29 May 2016 06: 09
        Parabelum was cheaper to manufacture. For this reason, it became a regular Reichsphere pistol, but then the Walter R-38 appeared and was immediately adopted and again a financial issue. So the Mauser and Parabellum remained in service. I note that the machine is epic. in terms of history. especially for us, therefore, a heated debate arose.
    2. 0
      29 May 2016 06: 02
      absolutely agree! parabelum self-loading.
      1. +1
        29 May 2016 17: 49
        Quote: kumaxa
        absolutely agree! parabelum self-loading.
        Reply Quote Report Abuse

        The Luger was never self-loading (I'm talking about the first shot). The parabellum had no self-cocking.
        And the Mauser S-96 was inconvenient to operate. It's not about its weight, but about the butt-holster. For normal field use of the pistol, the holster belt had to be worn over the waist belt (which is not shown in any film). Put on a similar structure and try to run (not to mention crawling, getting out of the hatches). Mauser always has to not only fix with one hand, but also press the holster down so that the belt does not come off the shoulder ...
        1. +1
          30 May 2016 10: 22
          "It's not about its weight, but about the butt-holster" /////

          On the other hand, a holster-butt is its main advantage.
          There was almost no compact, but long-range weapon in those days.
          Or a rifle almost the size of a man, or a gun.
          Pistol bad shooter from a pistol (like me, for example sad )
          falls from 10 m, medium - from 25 m, very steep - from 50 m.
          A Mauser with a butt gave the middle
          the arrow an opportunity to get on 50 - 100 m. As from Uzi.
          1. 0
            3 June 2016 19: 34
            at 50m WITHOUT the butt, I hit the dash, and without much strain in the chest target .. here 100 was already heavy ..
  16. 0
    28 May 2016 11: 50
    ... Especially touched about the execution of the royal family ...
    Well, what is the story without this gun
    1. 0
      29 May 2016 06: 11
      true to an Indian elephant somewhere. here is the dynasty !!!!
  17. +1
    28 May 2016 12: 29
    In a word: Whoever comes to us with the Mauser will die from the Mauser!
    1. 0
      29 May 2016 06: 13
      yyyyy! the commanders loved the mavuser. prestige his mother so!
  18. +4
    28 May 2016 12: 58
    Members of the forum, I remembered Louis Boussinard, "Captain Rip Head". After all, according to the text, it was said that the "suckers" were armed with Maser carbines.
    1. +7
      28 May 2016 16: 39
      Quote: V.ic
      After all, according to the text, it was said that the "suckers" were armed with Maser carbines.

      Here we mean a carbine based on the Mauser-Gever-98 rifle. Captain Rip Head describes the Boer War (1899-1902). On the part of the Boers (the Orange Republic and the Transvaal Republic), the long-range rifles mentioned above were used, which had a great advantage over the outdated weapons of the British army, which used both outdated tactics (offensive in columns) and outdated uniforms (red uniforms). Because of this, they suffered heavy losses. Subsequently, the British reorganized, began to use loose combat tactics, camouflage uniforms to match the color of the terrain (khaki). It was from there that the term came from.
      1. 0
        29 May 2016 06: 16
        that's right noticed! I remembered entogo captain read a book for a long time truth. ours were also marked there. as with the Ethiopians.
    2. +1
      29 May 2016 06: 27
      By the way, carabiner ent is purely our concept. not a word but a concept. carabiner - safety loop ring. carbine shortened rifle. the Bosch Mauser98k-Kurts-short since 1938 standard weapons for infantry. we have a mosquito - the dragoon version was modified in 1938 as standard infantry weapons. Well then everyone knows. ABC-36 is the first automatic rifle adopted by the Red Army along the way to the Jankke take the M1.Next LIGHT. SVT-38-40 adopted by the Red Army.
  19. 0
    28 May 2016 12: 59
    Modern reincarnation of weapons, a slice of the reality of information wars ...
    http://www.dx.com/ru/p/creative-gun-shaped-protective-plastic-case-for-iphone-4-
    4s-5-5s-black-330865#.V0lncSN95FQ
  20. -1
    28 May 2016 13: 27
    Quote: AK64
    why did they (despite the fact that some types are better than Mauser) did not use such love of savages?

    Well, then you won them how you love.
    So used.
    1. 0
      28 May 2016 14: 14
      Well, then you won them how you love.
      So used.


      I do not like it at all: clumsy (IMHO), but the latest samples are better than Mausers.

      If you are wondering what I "love": Colt and its variations, and Walter PP / PPk.
      At the same time, I will immediately notice that "love" for these particular models is irrational - like any love in general. But they really like it, that's all.
  21. -6
    28 May 2016 13: 59
    "Mauser" quickly gained popularity all over the world (especially among hunters and travelers)

    Very important clarification.
    Paradoxically, the popular pistol was not officially adopted by any country in the world.

    Still would. He categorically did not fit the army (see the very important clarification above).
    Although a small batch of 9 mm cartridge Mauser released (nine on the handle). And the German troops used them.
    But for a hundred meters, "Mauser" beat exactly in a 30-centimeter circle.

    You can record it in sports. But from this he will not become an army.
    the legendary border guard sergeant Nikita Karatsup, who personally destroyed 129 saboteurs and detained 338 border violators

    This is where such enchanting numbers come from? Where did such crowds of saboteurs and trespassers come from? Absolutely unrealistic.
    Germany supplied for the needs of the Red Army a large batch of shortened "Mauser", which in the West was called "Bolo-Mauser" (Bolshevik Mauser)

    That was an enchanting deal. By paying real money, the Bolsheviks got the line that.
    1. +6
      28 May 2016 14: 23
      Quote: verboo
      "Mauser" quickly gained popularity all over the world (especially among hunters and travelers)

      Very important clarification.

      the legendary border guard sergeant Nikita Karatsup, who personally destroyed 129 saboteurs and detained 338 border violators

      This is where such enchanting numbers come from? Where did such crowds of saboteurs and trespassers come from? Absolutely unrealistic.
      Germany supplied for the needs of the Red Army a large batch of shortened "Mauser", which in the West was called "Bolo-Mauser" (Bolshevik Mauser)

      That was an enchanting deal. By paying real money, the Bolsheviks got the line that.

      Karatsupa really detained several hundred violators. This is a historical fact. Most violators did not go side by side with this.
      1. -15
        28 May 2016 15: 18
        Quote: Beefeater
        Karatsupa really detained several hundred violators. This is a historical fact. Most violators did not go side by side with this.

        Yeah. In this case, it becomes more clear. It can be assumed that the people fled as best they could from the "country of the bright future", and this one tripped them. Thus, he transferred from the category of simply slaves to the category of slaves.
        1. +5
          29 May 2016 17: 12
          You are amazingly reminiscent of one forum user, I remember him under the nickname vpp. The manner of communication is the same, "lordly, downright". And you teach your statements as the truth and the last resort. Then for Tsushima (according to a Japanese source) spar in a categorical tone. Are the Japanese gods? Now for the Mauser. Have you read Wikipedia? Are there topics that you don't know?
          1. -8
            29 May 2016 18: 16
            Quote: alexej123
            That for Tsushima ... Now for the Mauser

            You need to pull up the Russian. This is not to say that your surzhik is not understood. Rather, it is not appropriate.
            Yes, and one more thing. Something needs to be done with adequacy, otherwise you are talking nonsense.
          2. The comment was deleted.
        2. The comment was deleted.
        3. 0
          5 June 2016 08: 20
          Quote: verboo
          Thus, he transferred from the category of just slaves to the category of slaves.

          Strange some kind of slaves - they fled from the country the first legislatively approved 8-hour work week, to countries without labor standards and with racial and social segregation ...
      2. The comment was deleted.
      3. -1
        31 May 2016 23: 46
        And where do you think they went? You are our liberal sage! ;)
    2. +3
      28 May 2016 19: 33
      These are accurate data; they are contained in all materials about Karatsup and in his biography. All the same, he served for more than 30 years at the border!
  22. +2
    28 May 2016 15: 55
    V. Mayakovsky "Left March" - Turn around in the march!
    Verbal is not a place for slander.
    Hush, speakers!
    Your
    word,
    Comrade Mauser ...... (C)
  23. +1
    28 May 2016 17: 54
    Quote: verboo
    This is where such enchanting numbers come from? Where did such crowds of saboteurs and trespassers come from? Absolutely unrealistic.

    Nevertheless, this is a historical fact. Over 20 years of service on the border, Karatsupa detained 338 border violators and destroyed 129 spies and saboteurs who did not lay down their arms
    in 120 clashes with the enemy. During the first three years of service, he detained about 130 violators (in the Far East). Although the words "do not indicate which side" are his own words.
  24. 0
    28 May 2016 19: 54
    As for the long barrels, but how do you like that. The Tula Museum of weapons is available.
  25. 0
    28 May 2016 19: 57
    Thanks to the author - an interesting review with a historical and poetic inclination (I respect Mayakovsky)!
  26. +1
    28 May 2016 19: 57
    And there are such instances. And I like the Mauser, I had it in the 60s, when my father served in Chukotka. Found in an abandoned warehouse.
  27. The comment was deleted.
  28. +3
    28 May 2016 21: 50
    Carabiner Mauser K-96
  29. 0
    28 May 2016 21: 50
    Carabiner Mauser K-96
  30. +2
    28 May 2016 22: 33
    Somewhere I met that Papanin on the expedition was very fond of disassembling and assembling his Mauser. His comrades somehow joked about him, stealing one detail. Then, during assembly, he fell into a light stupor.
    1. 0
      28 May 2016 22: 43
      Mikhail Weller's story "Mauser Papanin".
      I think the Chekists "loved" the Mauser because of its frightening appearance. For "trembling knees" "enemies of the working people." After all, range is not particularly needed for arrests and executions. Well, and "self-esteem" increased. Bikers - "surgeons" of the Revolution. Leather and Mauser. God is their judge.
    2. +2
      29 May 2016 23: 24
      Quote: Denimax
      Somewhere I met that Papanin on the expedition was very fond of disassembling and assembling his Mauser. His comrades somehow joked about him, stealing one detail. Then, during assembly, he fell into a light stupor.

      Not steal, but added. A screw.
    3. +2
      31 May 2016 23: 49
      This bike was composed by the famous anti-adviser Weller M.I. from still in the Soviet priestesses of love was a great specialist.
    4. -1
      31 May 2016 23: 49
      This bike was composed by the famous anti-adviser Weller M.I. from still in the Soviet priestesses of love was a great specialist.
  31. +1
    28 May 2016 23: 25
    Hmm. Nagan, Mauser and the edge of Mosinki. Three war whales of historical reality of the twentieth century.
  32. +1
    29 May 2016 06: 37
    Quote: Denimax
    Somewhere I met that Papanin on the expedition was very fond of disassembling and assembling his Mauser. His comrades somehow joked about him, stealing one detail. Then, during assembly, he fell into a light stupor.

    Our on-duty officer (aviation regiment) decided to pass the time by completely disassembling the PM pistol. I spread the newspaper, brought the tool, disassembled and carefully laid out all the details. At this time, the phone rang and he distracted from this fascinating affair. MAP, while the PM spoke on the phone, put a small screw on the newspaper. DC then twice collected his PM and, at the sight of an extra screw, as you say, fell into a light stupor.
  33. +1
    29 May 2016 11: 48
    Mauser is beautiful good things! In my opinion at that time the best of all pistols! Yes
  34. +1
    29 May 2016 18: 41
    Quote: V.ic
    Members of the forum, I remembered Louis Boussinard, "Captain Rip Head". After all, according to the text, it was said that the "suckers" were armed with Maser carbines.

    Yes, such an innovative war. All the groundbreaking widespread use of machine guns. The widespread use of guerrilla wars, the Boers did not have an army. Widespread use of armored trains. Widespread use of mine - explosive war. The heyday of khaki.
    The use of assault bombing.
  35. +1
    29 May 2016 19: 08
    And here in Ukraine, Defense Minister Poltorak awarded this "Mauser" to ... Turchinov! I wonder, for what "chekonaduvatelnye" merits? !!!
    1. 0
      30 May 2016 11: 55
      After all, Turchinov began the war in the Donbass as I.O.President. Apparently therefore.
  36. +2
    29 May 2016 19: 33
    In 1911, Nagan cost 37rub, and Mauser 45 (the price list of the Chizhov arms store in St. Petersburg.
  37. 0
    29 May 2016 19: 39
    Cool typewriter.
  38. +1
    29 May 2016 22: 26
    About, "on the other hand" about Karatsup. My cousin is a border guard officer, retired of course. So he told me a lot of funny things about the activities, when receiving information, about the exfiltration of an enemy agent.
    1. +1
      31 May 2016 23: 56
      About The Other Side. it's generally "five" ... it was in the Far East when crossing the border in the direction of the USSR ... where is this? Only in the clutches of the Japanese or the good Chinese, and by the end of the 30s, immediately on a visit to "Papasha Ishii" (c) ... they specially caught Russian emigrants or simply lost Soviet citizens and tested the action of their combat strains. If anyone is interested, you can read the book by Morimura Seeti "Devil's Kitchen." publishing house "Akahata" of the Communist Party of Japan.
  39. 0
    30 May 2016 14: 01
    A good gun has no words. Only with improper grip could he bite the skin from his hand during a recharge cycle. And so, there is no worthy child of his time.
  40. 0
    30 May 2016 17: 24
    The topic is not disclosed. There were so many modifications, I think many would be interested in reading for each.
    1. +1
      31 May 2016 23: 59
      This is exactly in one "Beetle" / handbook of small arms / a lot of variations, both German and Spanish. I'm not talking about thematic Chinese homemade products.

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