In the Russian Federation, the unmanned tiltrotor made its first flight

Developed by the holding company "Helicopters of Russia" tiltrotor passed the next stage of testing, first rising into the air, reports press office holding.

Tweeter layout

“The unmanned tiltrotor unparalleled successfully passed the next stage of testing, having completed its first flight. The creator of the device was the innovative design bureau "BP-technology" holding "Russian Helicopters". Interest in the unique development is shown by companies in the oil and gas sector and various departments, ”the release says.

The project is implemented in the framework of the program "Speed". The tests were conducted on the basis of the Skolkovo Innovation Center.

“Work on creating a unique machine began in 2015 year. During this time we have achieved significant results and have already begun the first stage of flight tests, ”the press service of the BP-technology general director Alexander Okhonko quotes.

Many potential customers are already ready to sign a contract for the purchase of this unique machine.

“It is worth noting that a number of potential customers are already ready to acquire this unmanned complex for tasks related to monitoring and environmental protection in places where take-off from the runway is impossible. The complex can monitor smoke in forests and dense urban development, carry out aerial photography, monitor oil and gas facilities, and deliver medicines to remote areas, ”the message said.

Help "BP": “Convertible is a special class of rotary-winged technology, which has a number of advantages compared to traditional aircraft, made by plane or helicopter scheme. The convertoplanes make it possible to carry out a vertical take-off and landing on space-limited sites and at the same time transport passengers or cargo at a greater speed and a greater distance than traditional helicopter technology. ”

Comments

[RUSIVAN]

First, civilian appointment, and later the military sphere will be implemented, well done.

[Sweles]

Well, now we won’t have any problems with envelopes ...

[SRC P-15]

In the Russian Federation, the unmanned tiltrotor made its first flight

In Skolkovo, where is there a lot of money? Was it not them that Chubais was going to CONVERT Russian rubles, if there was a konvertoPLAN?

[cniza]

Quote: RUSIVAN

First, civilian appointment, and later the military sphere will be implemented, well done.

Usually the opposite happens.

[Blondy]

Quote: cniza

cniza Today, 16:04 PM ↑ New
Quote: RUSIVAN
First, civilian appointment, and later the military sphere will be implemented, well done.

Quote: cniza

Usually the opposite happens.

In order for him to become a military man, they must first make fun of him on tests for professional suitability. And according to the results we can talk about something. For the civilian version there will be less bullying. Well, here, it seems, the guys decided not to complicate their life too much and got to receive an order from the Moscow Region and then develop it, already have some experience.
With civilian, there is also a problem - price: it should suit the buyer, despite production costs (and they are expected to be considerable). So, the guys have secured a fun life.

[Black Colonel]

There is also a problem with the civilian - the price: it should suit the buyer
Oddly enough, the military is also not the last place price.

[Fat]

Quote: Blondy

With civilian, there is also a problem - price: it should suit the buyer, despite production costs (and they are expected to be considerable). So, the guys have secured a fun life.

Russian Helicopters were developing on an initiative basis and are in a great hurry. They have planned a ladder for the development of PBLA 300 kg (pictured), then 2 tons, then a manned system. "Izhmash" steps on their heels
"Next year, Izhmash will present unmanned convertiplanes. The devices can be adopted by the Russian army." - 26.10.2015
True, the Izhmashevsky UAV weighs only 7 kg and can be launched by hand, a payload of 1 kg.
http://www.innoros.ru/news/regions/15/10/rossiiskie-bespilotniki-konvertoplany-i
spytayut-v-2016-godu

[Inok10]

Quote: СРЦ П-15

In Skolkovo, where is there a lot of money? Was it not them that Chubais was going to CONVERT Russian rubles, if there was a konvertoPLAN?

... but what does Skolkovo have to do with it? ... the article is written in black and white ...

The creator of the device was an innovative design bureau "VR-technologies" of the holding "Russian Helicopters".

...
P.S. ... Helicopters of Russia JSC is a subsidiary of OJSC defense industrial complex Oboronprom, which is part of the Rostec State Corporation ...

[SRC P-15]

Quote: Inok10

... but what does Skolkovo have to do with it? ...

Here at the same time:

The tests were carried out on the basis of the Skolkovo innovation center.

[Nord2015]

Quote: Inok10

. But what does Skolkovo have to do with it?

Skolkovo, just like some kind of mantra. They stick it both to the place, and out of place. More likely out of place.

[Homo]

Quote: СРЦ П-15

In Skolkovo, where is there a lot of money? Was it not them that Chubais was going to CONVERT Russian rubles, if there was a konvertoPLAN?

Not tired? Or nothing to say on the topic? Balabolit in vain is not worth it.

[SRC P-15]

Quote: Homo

Not tired? Or nothing to say on the topic? Balabolit in vain is not worth it.

And on the topic: in our country, recently they’re just not developing in this field, but the result is we buy drones in Israel. Look, after a while they will forget about this convertiplane. Why write about a toy? That's when the real one is built, then please advertise.

[poquello]

Quote: SRC P-15

Quote: Homo

Not tired? Or nothing to say on the topic? Balabolit in vain is not worth it.

And on the topic: in our country, recently they’re just not developing in this field, but the result is we buy drones in Israel. Look, after a while they will forget about this tiltrotor ...

don't be discouraged there are eternal things,
UAZ announces the start of production of updated commercial vehicles
http://www.uaz.ru/company/news/latest/new-commercial-vehicles

[derik1970]

I absolutely agree with you. Such an apparatus could have been created 20 years ago, technology was quite possible. And then they really made a toy, praised themselves, the people picked up and carried in their arms and Skolkovo in the subject with nano plastic. Hurray comrades! Well, vosche the jolly began, probably soon they are hanging medals in the Kremlin. Ugh, it's sickening to listen to. It's a shame for the state !!! If they did something serious, really useful at least for the military. The Americans move the landing party on tiltrotors, although there are problems in operation, but the devices themselves work, and here there is a circle of AVIAMODELISM, Christmas tree sticks. I hope at least that the Armata tank and the new infantry fighting vehicles will not become just ghosts of Red Square and a virtual simulator of tank shooters. There was a lot of noise about these products, and the products themselves are very futuristic, the same armor of the Armata tank is covered with some kind of thin casing incomprehensible and protective attachments are not visible, to be honest, some kind of nonsense, and some niches on the tower, quite a hole for hitting anti-tank shells, it was already like that - a tower with a lure and without it. Interestingly, video cameras for the same Armata in Russia will be produced, or they will all be imported from beyond the hillock. They don't have their own element base and are not foreseen, all were buried by the successful oligarchs, piece goods do not count. I am sure that the element base, the elements of mechanics, the gyro sensors for this tiltrotor are completely foreign, or who thinks that on the K155 mikruhs of the series everyone has been playing !? They do not do this and will not do that. Without its own, nonsense element base, all this is the same T-72 and the like can still be produced, but something more serious is not true. The Elbrus-type processor and the like are in the trash, the last century and the technology of piece production and enough to calm yourself down, you need to move forward and not arrange fireworks from hats. Unfortunately, we do not develop software for the whole world and hardware for computers. Take any consumer electronic device, and I think the military is the same, and there is a microcircuit, a processor from the Americans, or a clone from China. And CHINA is not at all a friend to me or to you !!! Minus the "gentlemen", neighing and dispersed, and in fact, none of us is capable of doing something in order for the state to get up from its knees and develop the economy, the helm is not in our hands.

[Pereira]

I won’t be surprised if the Chubaisiforms have an idea to outbid development and push over the hill.

[FID]

Quote: СРЦ П-15

In Skolkovo, where is there a lot of money?

There, where else ... In BP you won’t get much money .... Just the question is, what are the Skolkovo’s doing there? They should not be allowed to get close to aviation!

[Pravdarm]

Quote: СРЦ П-15

In Skolkovo, where is there a lot of money? Was it not them that Chubais was going to CONVERT Russian rubles, if there was a konvertoPLAN?

nanoPLAN ​​in NANOconvrte-ON!

[fan_]

Aha Tokma even modest cost is not indicated?

[PKK]

For that, the Americans had problems with it. Often it turned over due to instability on hovering and maneuvers at low altitude. Lost a lot of cars. Why such calmness among the authors is surprising. By the way, there is no wing mechanization on it.

[sharp-lad]

There is no reason to be especially nervous, the drone, however, still has several years of work before the manned version!

[vodolaz]

This is great news! I was a little bit jarred by the fact that we do not have such a technique. Although the Americans for a very long time developed their own.

[aleks 62 next]

.... I was a little warped by the fact that we do not have such a technique. ...

.... In my opinion - manned is an extremely difficult method of suicide ..... The transverse scheme, like the longitudinal one, does not provide the required safety and combat survivability .... Therefore, such schemes were abandoned all over the world (only Americans with them still messing around) ....

[Giant thought]

We were a little late with the creation of convertiplanes, but there are also advantages here, we will take into account all the shortcomings and mistakes of our predecessors.

[derik1970]

Yeah, we’ll take into account all the shortcomings and in 30 years we’ll do something ourselves the same as that of the Americans, but it’s not clear what will happen in Russia in 30 years.

[vkl-47]

this is the convertiplane hohloskladami unzipped？

[yuriy55]

I kept remembering where and why all the familiar technique in "Avatar"? Avon, where the propellers grow from!

[beck]

Well, it’s said in Russian: the first flight ... well, they didn’t calculate

[Bkmz]

Rather the opposite.

[GSH-18]

“Unmatched unmanned tiltrotor successfully passed the next stage of testing,

"a lot of swearing" which one has no analogues? What are you ?? From parallel reality ???
Amers have long had a PILED convertible plane in the troops! Why write such an ounce? the author, what do you think on the site are some idiots and nonsense?

[sharp-lad]

Does Amers have a drone? Here from here and having no analogues.

[GSH-18]

If there is a manned one, then concocting an unmanned vehicle from it for Americans is a trifling matter. They put a couple of computers instead of the pilot, and you're done. It just hurts the ear when our any wunderwaflu, the varieties of which have long been on alert at Nata, are called "DOES NOT HAVE ANALOGUES!" Ugh! Why write this? Relying on those who do not know how to use and-no?

[MACCABI-TLV]

Quote: sharp-lad

Does Amers have a drone? Here from here and having no analogues.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%91
%D0%9F%D0%9B%D0%90)

[nachtRitter]

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Eagle_Eye

for example

[NEXUS]

Quote: RUSIVAN

First, civilian appointment, and later the military sphere will be implemented, well done.

I observe that our "kulibins" in the construction of UAVs gravitate more towards a helicopter or tiltrotor layout. But I would like to see classic UAVs and wing drones developed with the same frequency, and in the heavy class of strikers.

[tomket]

In the photo, is that what he is ???

[SAM 5]

New - well forgotten old.
Go on and on.

[Vladimirets]

Quote: SAM 5

well forgotten old.

Have we had a convertiplane before?

[SAM 5]

The Indians have. And we have been developing in the prewar years.

[tomket]

There is Osprey from Boeing, there is Agusta. As I understand it, the phrase "unparalleled" is due to the fact that those who are interested build working full-size samples, and not small pieces of 300 kg.

[Vladimirets]

Quote: tomket

those who are interested build active full-size samples, rather than 300kg fineness.

Koreans have long released such a

[tomket]

Quote: Vladimirets

Koreans have long released such a

That is, there are still analogues?)

[Vladimirets]

Quote: tomket

That is, there are still analogues?)

Damn, burned the office. Already since 2011.

[saturn.mmm]

Quote: tomket

That is, there are still analogues?)

Our keel is absent, therefore there are no analogues.

[Throw]

There are no analogues in the amount drank Skolkovo, so the keel was not enough ...

[PKK]

I see this Korean bird and regret that there is no such money to buy it.

[Deniska]

Unmatched unmanned convertiplane ...

[Black Colonel]

"... not 300kg small pieces."
Big begins with small.

[Kite]

BPLA! Pay attention to the first two letters.

[MACCABI-TLV]

Quote: Kite

BPLA! Pay attention to the first two letters.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%91

%D0%9F%D0%9B%D0%90)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIYEb-JrWTI

[Fat]

Quote: tomket

There is Osprey from Boeing, there is Agusta. As I understand it, the phrase "unparalleled" is due to the fact that those who are interested build working full-size samples, and not small pieces of 300 kg.

Mi-12. Do you have any associations? In the USSR there was a lot of groundwork on the "theme". The term "development" of 0,5-1,5 years is "impressive", but at least surprising.

[sharp-lad]

Correction! This is a heavy helicopter.

[Fat]

IMHO: There was a complete set of developments in the USSR. Whether "metal" was known to anyone. R&D in 0.5-1.5 years? from stage 0 - a rhetorical question. The USSR had projects unambiguously, and there were paper converters. Documentation, judging by the Skolkovo speeds, is not lost.

[Scoun]

Quote: SAM 5

New - well forgotten old

Yes, I don’t think this is an old expression)))

Unparalleled unmanned convertiplane

I already thought like

Quote: Vladimirets

Have we had a convertiplane before?

but read your comment below)))
And even more than anything, I am pleased with the optimistic joyful comments of commentators)))
who a year ago and two years ago minus mercilessly only for saying / saying that in Russia with its vastness and distances we need our own tiltrotor))) and the people stupidly sculpted cons with the words "V-22 Osprey" ovno! it is difficult to manage)))
PS.
Hey ex "V-22 Osprey" is it difficult to fly "is the V-22 Osprey difficult to fly or tiltrotor difficult to fly that we and others have never had except the USA? face!

[Voha_krim]

Quote: SAM 5

New - well forgotten old.

Mi-30 - a project of the Soviet multi-purpose tiltrotor, developed by the cost center. M.L. Mila under the direction of M.N. Tishchenko in 1972.

[bionik]

There is such an article about the Mi-30 on topwar.ru in 2012 http://topwar.ru/20847-ko%20nvertoplan-mi-30-proekt.html

[PKK]

The project, this is good, but did not go, like a longitudinal helicopter.

[SSeT]

Namely, the project! We have these projects, that in the union, that now - like a fool wrappers, everyone has an entire album. What's the point? Osprey in a large series and flies and not bad, for example. The Koreans’s UAV envelope has been flying for 5 years now, and not a layout, and more than once every 10 years. These **** people, together with the redhead, are in the firebox, under the life-giving napalm

[slavik_gross]

And where are at least pictures of this event ... Ali is secret ?!

[AdekvatNICK]

judging by the photo, this prototype only knows how to fly, it is not visible where the load is there and there is no camera.

[Koh]

Take-offs to equal the number of landings.

[dchegrinec]

Once in the world there is a need for such monsters, then we have to make it! Russia has long-standing achievements in this area. We are also very good at getting long-made projects out from under the floor.

[Foxmara]

[img] http://karopka.ru/bitrix/components/bitrix/forum.interface/show_file.php?fi
d = 619417 [/ img]

In 1972, specialists of the MVZ them. M.L. Mila, under the leadership of M.N. Tishchenko, developed, as an initiative, a project proposal for the Mi-30 transport and passenger tiltrotor.
...
In 1991, OKB specialists designed three types of propeller planes: Mi-30S, Mi-30D and Mi-30L, with a carrying capacity of 3.2, 2.5 and 0.95t and a passenger capacity of 21, 11 and 7 people, respectively.

[tomket]

In general, at the first stage, a convertiplane weighing 300kg is being developed, apparently the one in the photo. then it will be a mass of 2t. well, and so will be manned. I did not expect another from Skolkovo.

[Foxmara]

Skolkovo, as I understand it, only provided a site for testing - the area is probably large, but this was limited to participation.

[cap]

Quote: tomket

In general, at the first stage, a convertiplane weighing 300kg is being developed, apparently the one in the photo. then it will be a mass of 2t. well, and so will be manned. I did not expect another from Skolkovo.

Dust away from the old drawings. Started with a small copy.
A copy was made by modelers from the former Moscow Palace of Pioneers.
For me, this is another attempt to splurge, and nothing more.
The mention of Skolkovo is another confirmation that the next cut of funds for R&D is coming.
Similar radio-controlled toys without a special pump were shown by clubs of Young technicians, during the period 1965-1985, if anyone remembers.

[Mercenary]

Yes, these are the drones that the Zaporozhye military depots tried to burn!

[Aroma77]

the word "Skolkovo" is already suspicious ..)

[tomket]

Quote: Aroma77

the word "Skolkovo" is already suspicious ..)

First you work for a reputation, then the reputation works for you))))

[Nord2015]

Yes, a reputation has already been earned. When will it be corrected?

[AdekvatNICK]

“On February 17, during the mass landing of airborne assault units of the Airborne Forces from Il-76 aircraft to the landing site in the Pskov Region, an emergency occurred - two paratroopers converged in the air at an altitude of about 400 meters. Thanks to courageous and competent actions to help each other in the air, the contract soldiers who found themselves in a difficult situation managed to overcome it successfully, ”the Ministry of Defense said.
The department emphasized that for the skillful and courageous actions in a situation involving a risk to life, the military personnel were awarded medals by the decision of the Airborne Forces Commander Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov “Army General V.F. Margelov. "

[voyaka uh]

ABOUT! This is an important development. Convertibles - Prospective
direction of aviation.
And who is the first to make a jet car
engine for horizontal flight and with helicopter / and propellers
for vertical takeoff / landing / hovering - will be "in front
the whole planet " .
(The F-35B was not very economical due to the specific requirements of the stealth.)

[Izotovp]

Vertical thrust is still quite complicated in terms of controllability and stability and very gluttonous.

[Black Colonel]

Vertical jet thrust will also "warm" the glider during takeoff and will be during landing. So a tiltrotor on jet engines is unlikely.

[APASUS]

Quote: voyaka uh

ABOUT! This is an important development. Convertibles - Prospective
direction of aviation.
And who is the first to make a jet car
engine for horizontal flight and with helicopter / and propellers
for vertical takeoff / landing / hovering - will be "in front
the whole planet " .

C'mon to tell you. You in Israel have enough information about what non-forest epithets the V-22 OSPREY earned in the U.S. Congress in considering cases of financing and finalizing this machine. The machine has not been completed since 1989, so it only has one export contract.
With all the advantages of this platform, it remained one of the most problematic

[Svetlana]

There are three options for creating the rotation of the blade crown of a flying saucer with horizontal and vertical thrust from a turbojet engine:
1) As in the German flying saucer of 1944. Probably there was a gearbox lowering the speed of the gas turbine turbojet engine to drive the disk-shaped body into rotation with rotary blades located around the perimeter of the body.
2) The exhaust jet of the dual-circuit turbojet engine, which is deflected by the rotary dampers (with cooling of the exhaust jet by mixed external air from the secondary circuit). The cooled exhaust is directed into the wing-shaped wing body, followed by the exhaust from the disk-shaped rotating body into the atmosphere through the tangential nozzles on the surface of the disk-shaped body.
3) Rotary nozzle as in F-35B. The exhaust from the 90 ° nozzle rotated downward passes through the blade ring. The blades of this crown are ground in a horizontal plane. The ends of the horizontal crown blades are rigidly connected to a rotating disk-shaped body, equipped with rotary blades of a helicopter type around the perimeter. The payload cabin is mounted on a thrust ring bearing on the axis of the rotating casing. At high flight speeds, the casing blades are deployed in the horizontal equatorial plane of the casing.
In all cases, it is possible to use a hybrid gas turbine power plant with a synchronous multipolar electric generator with a permanent rare-earth magnet rotor to recover rotation energy (like an electric motor-wheel in Elon Mask hybrid electric vehicles) of the body blades for autorotation at high horizontal flight speeds.

[Great-grandfather of Zeus]

It is necessary to give this helicopter a task to get Chubais as far away as possible, and to forget exactly where he is this red-headed muck of affairs. ..

[Uncle VasyaSayapin]

Raise it higher, and then: the device was too difficult to operate and fell.

[chunga-changa]

After "having no analogues" and "Skolkovo" you can not read and forget. Nothing will happen.

[Ispitatel]

This is for no-fuss bribes. News: "The investigation established that a tiltrotor with money flew into the window to the official Ivanov."
(The surname is fictitious, any coincidence is an accident).

[Great-grandfather of Zeus]

Now in Skolkovo a company "vouchers of Russia" is being created for the production of convertoplanes ...

[TVM - 75]

The note is not very serious. No parameters, no photos, no videos are given. Special Economic Zones - Skolkovo, Zhiguli Valley, as well as Rusnano, so far more resemble soap bubbles. Well, Rosoboronexport is also not bad at squeezing money. When he took a VAZ under his wing, this management did not slightly milk the auto giant. The guys cheated from the heart.

[31rus]

Dear, I read this news yesterday, on a different site, it’s a little different there, it’s the MO that is interested in the project, it was also indicated that it is possible to create a whole line of convertiplanes from small unmanned to large landing, there are already foreign customers

[thinker]

Quote: Vladimirets

Quote: SAM 5

well forgotten old.

Have we had a convertiplane before?

Project the Mi-30 tiltrotor was considered as a replacement for the Mi-8 multi-purpose helicopter. However, the restructuring ...

[Zaurbek]

The phrase "unparalleled" should be banned.

[Pereira]

Perhaps it was meant unparalleled in miniature and utility.

[starper]

And the futility :-)

[starper]

I completely agree with you, already sick of idle talk. I remember in the 80s in Science and Life there was an article that the USSR built a unique Kirovets crane with a lifting capacity of as much as 15 tons, and the German Sokols and Condors GP 20-40 tons had been working in the port for many years. Either they write fools or for fools.

[Gunther]

I like the very idea of ​​the tiltrotor, especially the unmanned one, but there are no performance characteristics, which is a bit surprising, and the mention of the Skolkovo (red-haired Pasyuk) and Rostec (Serdyukov) bundles is alarming.

"Work on the creation of a unique car began in 2015 .. !!", - the press service of the Director General quotes
"BP-technology" by Alexander Okhonko.

VR-Technologies, LLC "VR-TECHNOLOGIES":
Production of filling and packaging
weighing equipment
https://sbis.ru/contragents/5027172359/502701001
But the news itself is a plus.

[starper]

I don’t understand something, but why the heck is he needed at all? Does he need a special airdrome for landing, with its size and weight? What the hell is the city to make? And if as a model of something serious, so in the 70s such pioneers in circles did! In general, another zilch.

[Bacha]

Did he accidentally make his flight over Zaporozhye? And then there is some kind of drone invulnerable warehouses "bombed")))

[Indifferent]

I can’t understand why a small convertoplane "unparalleled" is better than an ordinary plane. A small airplane also does not need a concrete GDP for 3 km. An elastic band is launched and flies reliably and far, and sits on a parachute.
Once the suspicious phrase "unparalleled" and "started development in 2015" and have already done so, it suggests that Chubais in Rusnano again sawed money.

[Dikson]

Skolkovo + Serdyukov .. - unprecedented terrible power in the world.

[TOR2]

In its current form, a tiltrotor is a dangerous thing. There were so many accidents with mattresses, and we also had similar machines. It is possible to build a tiltrotor in a slightly different way. When switching to airplane mode, witns add up like 2 fans and retract into a niche in the wing. Further, such an apparatus can fly and land like a regular plane. Designing such a thing will be extremely difficult, but the prospects will open up enormous. Yes, and in the event of an accident in a helicopter mode, such a device could drop its blades and plan on an airplane.

[Avia]

Question 1. Where is the video?
Question 2. Electrotyrootoplan? Then we were long ago (in 2009) aircraft models ahead:

Our learned to stabilize an unmanned tiltrotor on ICE? Hardly. This did not work either for Koreans (see photo in other comments) or Bell. Both programs are closed. So what flew to Skolkovo? And did it fly?

[Platonich]

They didn’t even learn to lie: there are no analogues ... here are id .. you !!!!

[MACCABI-TLV]

The year 2010 was presented by Panther UAV

[Mentat]

Quote: SSeT

Namely, the project! We have these projects, that in the union, that now - like a fool wrappers, everyone has an entire album. What's the point? Osprey in a large series and flies and not bad, for example. The Koreans’s UAV envelope has been flying for 5 years now, and not a layout, and more than once every 10 years. These **** people, together with the redhead, are in the firebox, under the life-giving napalm

The point is that a tiltrotor is economically disadvantageous. Therefore, nowhere in the world, except the United States, which prints bucks, is not widely used.

Even Koreans who do not have any particularly outstanding aircraft manufacturing school can design and build a tiltrotor, he just didn’t give up to anyone. Helicopters are much cheaper, planes are much faster and more load-bearing.
Convertiplanes have their own very, very narrow niche of the necessary compromise.

The topic of the article is a small aircraft with specific tasks, the operating cost of which is measured by completely different figures.

PS But the screech of all-shiver is traditionally present. Where without a squeal.