Russian soldiers in France

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France and England, Russia's allies in the Entente, believed that the Russian Empire had “inexhaustible” human resources and tried to exhaust the reserves of Germany at the expense of the Russian “cannon fodder”. When the Russian government in December 1915 tried to argue that Russia's human resources were coming to an end, the western partners of Petrograd quite unequivocally threatened to stop supplying us with military materials. Although Russia paid for everything forward in gold and at a very high, unfair price. Russia had to call for the term 1918 of the year, while in France, in which they constantly complained about the depletion of human resources, they still called for the term 1916.

The Allies did not see and wanted to see that the economic structure of the agrarian-industrial Russian Empire is very different from the industrialized, industrialized Britain and France. In Russia, the separation from the national economy of millions of healthy men was more painful than in Western European countries. Every call in our country caused a terrible wound, violated the stability of the country, its economy.

At the same time, the allies of Russia not only constantly demanded help when the German corps attacked the French front, but also invented a new way to use the "inexhaustible" human resources of the Russian Empire. At the end of 1915, a representative of the French Senate military commission, G. Dumerg, arrived in the Russian Empire. He proposed to the tsarist government to send 300-400 thousand Russian soldiers to the Western front, to France, in exchange for the lack of weapons and ammunition for the Russian army. Moreover, Russian soldiers were offered to be sent without officers and organizational personnel. Like Moroccans, Senegalese, and other soldiers from the colonies, they were to form shock companies of French infantry regiments under French officers.

The project was monstrous. Russia was asked to send hundreds of thousands of warriors (including regular replenishment) for slaughter, as cannon fodder. The Russians were planned to be thrown at attacks on the most difficult sections, saving the lives of representatives of “civilized” Europe.


For all its compliance, the Russian government rejected this terrible project. However, the French still managed to partially succeed. They insisted on sending Russian troops to their front. True, in a much smaller number with Russian commanders. Thus, Russia not only held the front, one fighting the armies of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, but also had to help France, England, Belgium and Serbia, who defended the Western Front. At the same time, England and France had huge colonial empires. Belgium also had large colonies in Central Africa. The United States economically propped up England and France. However, Western countries required Russian soldiers.

General Alekseev, instead of sending already existing and fired units, decided to form “special infantry regiments”, entirely formed, made up of separate mouths, taken from existing parts. In January-February, 1916 was formed and sent to the Western Theater of War 3 "special brigades". In the same year they planned to form more 5 brigades. Each brigade was a two-track squad.

In January, the 1-I special team was formed under the command of General Nikolai Lokhvitsky. She was sent to the Western Front through Siberia, Manchuria, the Indian Ocean, the Suez Canal and landed in Marseilles in early May. 2-I special team of Michael Diterikhs was sent through Arkhangelsk, the Arctic and Atlantic oceans and was landed in Cherbourg. In the summer of 2-th brigade from France transferred to Thessaloniki. In June 1916, the formation of the 3 Special Infantry Brigade under the command of General V.V. Marushevsky was started. In August 1916, she was sent to France through Arkhangelsk. Then the last 4-I Special Infantry Brigade, headed by Major General M. N. Leontiev, was sent to Macedonia. She sailed from Arkhangelsk in mid-September and arrived in Thessaloniki in October 1916. In the spring of 1917, an artillery brigade and engineer battalion arrived in France. That was how the Expeditionary Corps of the Russian Army in France and Greece was formed, with a total strength of 750 officers and 45 thousand non-commissioned officers and soldiers. The Russian corps was subordinate to the Russian representative in France, General Palitsyn, and in operational terms to the French.

Russian soldiers in France

Summer 1916 of the year, Champagne. The head of the 1 Brigade, General N. Lokhvitsky, with several Russian and French officers, bypasses the positions

The Russian brigade of Lokhvitsky who fought in France did not participate in the battles of Verdun and Somme. She was sent to a relatively quiet area in the Champagne-Ardenne region as part of General Gourot’s 4 Army. True, the Russians immediately turned the calm area into an active one. Constantly carried out reconnaissance, attacks, the Germans provoked to respond. Skirmishes began. Guro noted the “unparalleled courage” of the Russians. Newspapers wrote about the Russians as real heroes.

The French society greeted the Russians enthusiastically. However, the pettiness, the selfishness of Europeans immediately manifested itself. The French even calculated the power of the Russian soldiers at the expense of Russia. The soldiers were in danger of starvation. Gained General Ignatiev, through whom the money went to pay for the supply of military materials. Palitsyn reported to the emperor about the situation: “Without him, I and the troops subordinate to me in France would have died of hunger long ago.” In addition, the Allies sprayed Russian corps on two fronts. The 1-I and 3-I special infantry brigades were sent to the French front in Champagne, and the 2-I and 4-I - to the Salonika front, in Macedonia. The Russian Stavka was indignant when the Allies begged Russian soldiers; it was understood that they were desperately needed to save France. However, the critical moment passed, and the French command did not want to see the whole Russian corps in the country, and then the army. Russian troops were divided to reduce their importance in the overall victory. Therefore, the Russian command stopped the further dispatch of our soldiers to the Western theater.

In April, 1917, the Russian troops distinguished themselves in the battle on the river. Ena, in the area of ​​Reims. 1-I special brigade took the fort of Brimont, repelled several enemy counterattacks. 3-I brigade pulled ahead of the French, attacked the redoubts of Pork Head, repulsed a powerful German counter-strike. The French were delighted: "the Russians were very bravely chopped." Newspapers extolled the feats of Russian soldiers. True, the achievements of the Russian troops were the only ones. The Germans waited and repelled the Allied offensive. The Allies suffered heavy losses: 137 thousand French, 80 thousand British and 5 thousand Russian. The 1-I and 3-I special infantry brigades were taken to rest in the military camp of La Curtin near Limoges, where they were combined into the 1-nd special division under the command of Major General Lokhvitsky.

In September, 1917, due to the worsening of its position and under the influence of news of the revolution in Russia, soldiers of the 1 Russian Brigade refused to submit to the Russian and French authorities and demanded to return home. The rebellion was suppressed by the forces of the Russian units with the participation of the French gendarmerie using artillery. During the 3 day battles, several hundred soldiers from both sides were killed and wounded. The instigators of the rebellion were shot.

After the October Revolution, the French authorities disbanded the Russian Corps. Soldiers and officers were asked to either fight further, but in the French troops, under French command, or go to work in French enterprises and go to colonies in North Africa. Most chose to go to work in civilian enterprises, some were sent to Africa - mostly activists were soldiers' committees and those who fell out of favor with the French. In total, about 9 thousand people got to Algeria. The soldiers were divided into small labor detachments and teams, spread out far from each other, often in remote and sparsely populated areas.

Of those who were ready to fight, formed the Russian Legion (originally 300 soldiers, then the number grew to 2 thousand people), led by Colonel Georgy Gotua, who was included in the Moroccan division. It consisted of the Foreign Legion, the Algerian arrows, the Zouaves (African light arrows) and the Russians. This division was thrown into the thick of it, and it suffered terrible losses. Therefore, it was replenished with Senegalese, Malgash and Vietnamese. In addition, Polish soldiers from special brigades entered Polish forces in France.

In Algeria, the Russians were driven to the mines in the quarries. They were actually in the position of convicts. Worked in unusual natural conditions, in the heat, there was not enough water, fed disgustingly. Many died of hunger and disease. In fact, the Russians were forced to join the Foreign Legion. There was only one way out, in order not to die, you had to go to the mercenaries. Sign contract. These soldiers fell into the Moroccan division, but not into the Russian Legion, but into other units. As a result, they served together again, but some wore French or uniforms adopted by the colonial units, and the Russian Legion had its own. The Soviet government protested against the use of the Russian form, since Soviet Russia was at peace with Germany. The French have agreed. However, the soldiers almost revolted and refused to change their clothes. Declared - they signed contracts to serve in the Russian Legion.

In the future, the Russian Legion passed Lorraine, Alsace, Saar and entered Germany. He was assigned to occupy the German city of Worms, on the Rhine. Gotua, at the head of the legion, was the first of all the allied armies to break the famous "Hindenburg Line" in the battle of 1 - 14 in September of 1918 of Terni Sorni and joined Mainz. In these battles, the Russian Legion suffered heavy losses. At the end of December 1918, the Russian Legion from Germany was transferred to Marseille, and from there to Novorossiysk. At the beginning of 1919, the Legion was sent to General Denikin's Volunteer Army. A part of the soldiers subsequently went over to the side of the Red Army. The remaining legionaries formed the 1 Caucasian Caucasian Regiment, which until the end of the Civil War fought on the side of the White Army.

At the same time, the French detained many Russians. Those who signed the Foreign Legion contract were to serve 5 years. They were left to serve. The soldiers of the labor battalions, who worked in the French rear, were also detained. The first trains with Russian soldiers from France to Russia went in the spring of 1919, they were trains with people with disabilities who were injured in the war. Some soldiers, to get to the Motherland, were recruited into the white armies, sailors on ships. The rest was rescued by the Soviet government. It arrested the French mission for espionage and agreed to exchange it for Russian soldiers stationed in France. 20 April 1920, the Soviet and French governments in Copenhagen signed an agreement on the exchange of citizens. By the end of 1920, the repatriation was completed.


2 Special Brigade troops arrive in Thessaloniki
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  1. +2
    20 January 2016 06: 54
    They love to drink Russian krovushki "frogs"! There is a good book by the Marshal of the Soviet Union R.Ya. Malinovsky "Soldiers of Russia". He fought in France then.
  2. +3
    20 January 2016 07: 15
    Going through torment, otherwise you can’t call the ordeal of Russian soldiers not voluntarily found in a foreign land.

    Right in one song ...

    Your Honor, Madame Outland.
    You hugged tightly, but just did not love.
    In affectionate networks, wait, do not catch.
    Unlucky in death, unlucky in love.
  3. -5
    20 January 2016 07: 28
    They planned to throw the Russians into attacks in the most difficult sectors, saving the lives of representatives of "civilized" Europe.


    Nevertheless, for every thousand mobilized from Russia there were 115 killed and deceased, while France had 168, i.e. one and a half times more.
    1. -1
      20 January 2016 19: 48
      Three minuses are three Russophobia, who are unhappy that Russia suffered less losses than France. They wanted more ...
      1. +3
        20 January 2016 20: 04
        maybe they didn’t want to lose our people at all for the interests of France

        And at Sixteen, damned,
        And on the way of the cross
        Soldiers were coming from Russia,
        To save France.
        And to Europe to delight,
        Amazing bayonet,
        Russian brigades fought
        To cover Paris (s)
        1. 0
          20 January 2016 21: 30
          Quote: Pissarro
          Soldiers came from Russia, To save France.


          Saving France, Russia saved YOURSELF. If the Western Front collapsed, then ALL the German army (and not its 40%) would be on the Eastern Front. Is this really not obvious? Has the tragedy of 41-42 not proved the correctness of that policy?
  4. +1
    20 January 2016 07: 33
    They planned to throw the Russians into attacks in the most difficult sectors, saving the lives of representatives of "civilized" Europe. ... along with the colonial troops ... Africans, Indians ...
    1. +4
      20 January 2016 09: 20
      parusnik (3) RU Today, 07:33 AM
      The Russians were planned to be thrown into attacks in the most difficult areas, saving the lives of representatives of "civilized" Europe. . "" ""
      1. +1
        20 January 2016 09: 56
        In battle, the mat clearly and briefly makes clear the meaning of the order. smile
  5. +7
    20 January 2016 07: 49
    The article is very necessary, since we know little about that period of our history, thanks to the author.
    I want to add, wherever a Russian soldier fights --- he was distinguished by unprecedented courage, endurance, knew how to adapt to the difficult conditions of the war, but most importantly: in a foreign land, he always remembered his homeland.
  6. +3
    20 January 2016 08: 00
    Bulgakov: "Allies of the bastards."
  7. +9
    20 January 2016 09: 24
    Monument to Russian soldiers of the expeditionary corps in the Ardennes, where they fought. In the hands of a soldier a girl and a teddy bear ....
  8. +3
    20 January 2016 09: 30
    Monument to Russian soldiers of the expeditionary force in Paris, near the Alexandrovsky Bridge (named after Emperor Alexander I). They honor the memory, but, on the other hand, during the reconstruction of our grave crosses in French cemeteries, from them inscriptions disappeared that this is a Russian soldier, they were turned into the French who fell for France in the Great War ....
    1. +1
      20 January 2016 10: 08
      [
      By the way, about the Foreign Legion, the song of the fourth squadron of the first cavalry regiment, now this armored regiment is nothing more than our song "Along the valleys and over the hills."
      1. +2
        20 January 2016 18: 20
        Quote: WUA 518
        [
        By the way, about the Foreign Legion, the song of the fourth squadron of the first cavalry regiment, now this armored regiment is nothing more than our song "Along the valleys and over the hills."

        In 16, a march of Siberian shooters was written to the words of Gilyarovsky: From the taiga, the dense taiga
        from cupid from the river,
        silent formidable cloud -
        Siberians go into battle.
        In the White Army, the Drozdovites had a march on this tune.
        In the valleys, a later Soviet version.
  9. 0
    20 January 2016 10: 56

    Eh ... everyone told the songs. The Russian brigades fought for the French fields.
  10. +5
    20 January 2016 12: 26
    In August 1916, the Third Special Brigade departed for France. On the way, officers of the 5th regiment made a squad to buy the future regimental mascot. His name was Mishka. MISHKA became a universal favorite and carried out the whole campaign with the regiment on the French front, which had already become an adult and a big bear at the end of the war. In one of the fights, MISHKA was slightly poisoned by enemy gases, but thanks to the care of the ranks, the regiment quickly recovered and was credited for a special ration. After the war, Mishka got to the zoo, where he ended his long, adventurous life.
    1. +1
      20 January 2016 12: 34
      Bear "Bear".
  11. -6
    20 January 2016 16: 10
    The project was monstrous

    In historiography we have a habit of hanging all dogs on allies. But if you think about it, Russia did not produce (did not produce enough) a lot of the high-tech equipment required for the war - machine guns, aircraft engines, shells, cars, even rifles.
    All these allies, themselves experiencing a shortage, shared with the Russian Army (sold). Sorry, you have to pay for what they are rich in - and not only in gold. Naturally, on the part of the Allies, it was demanding that our soldiers repay the debt.
    It may seem terrible, but then everyone was not up to sentiment.
    Peter the First, if I’m not mistaken, also handed over the soldiers to the Germans for service. As they say - if there is no head, then work with your hands.
    1. +2
      20 January 2016 16: 28
      These small German princes handed over their serfs to foreigners as soldiers. Peter himself didn’t have enough soldiers, he himself ordered officers from abroad and paid them more than Russian

      And on the account of sentiments, Russia ONLY climbed into WWI for the sake of these lousy allies, only put the lives of Russian soldiers for their sake. For me, all France and England are not worth a drop of Russian blood, you won’t get any gratitude from these freaks, what kind of role is it to save Europe from itself. Soon they will be asked from the Islamists to save them, which they have bred laughing
      1. +1
        20 January 2016 17: 09
        Of course, the scale is not the same as in the WWI but still -
        Tsar Peter, repeatedly gave his Prussian godfather giants to replenish his Guard. Documents preserved in the archives show that in this way Friedrich-Wilhelm got 248 Russian soldiers.

        This tradition was continued by Anna Ioanovna. After the King of Prussia Frederick - Wilhelm-1 gave her "five amber" boards ", on which five senses were depicted in mosaic work," the empress gave him back "80" large recruits ".

        Only Elizaveta Petrovna, heeding the numerous complaints and petitions of the relatives of the giants sent to a foreign land, wrote a letter to the Prussian king and demanded that they be returned to Russia.

        , Russia ONLY for the sake of these lousy allies climbed into WWII,

        Russia climbed into the war primarily for the sake of fraternal Serbia, which was presented by the ultimatum of Austria-Hungary. If the allies climbed into the war, and Russia followed them, then it would be your words. But it was quite the opposite.
        .For me, the whole of France and England are not worth a drop of Russian blood

        I agree here.
        1. -1
          20 January 2016 19: 19
          Russia climbed into the war primarily for the sake of fraternal Serbia, which was presented by the ultimatum of Austria-Hungary. If the allies climbed into the war, and Russia followed them, then it would be your words. But it was quite the opposite.


          Then it would be logical to fight against Austria-Hungary. We started the war with an offensive in East Prussia, with the aim of pulling part of the German troops from France. And we lost two armies there. It does not fit.
          1. +1
            20 January 2016 20: 26
            As you know, Russia was not preparing for war in the year 14, the war turned out to be a surprise, but nevertheless, in a matter of days to mobilize two combined arms armies and immediately throw them into battle was unexpected for the Germans. It was not right to say that the armies were sent for slaughter : the Russians threshed so much nonsense that panic broke out in the German General Staff, the pace of attack was very high, and the rear, supply, communications between the units, etc., lagged behind, and this was mainly the death of our armies in the future.
          2. 0
            20 January 2016 20: 43
            Then it would be logical to fight against Austria-Hungary

            It was logical to do a common thing in a consistent manner. It was necessary to save France, which at that moment was crushed with maximum force by a German bulldozer. They did it, and if they hesitated, it was very likely that France would quickly collapse directly according to Schlieffen’s plan and we would be left face to face with nothing.
            If you honor Denikin or one of the white generals, you will see that they actually have no negativity against the allies in the WWII. These are all songs of the Soviet school that they say are enemies around and nobody loves us.
            1. 0
              20 January 2016 21: 22
              Was the case general? Russia paid with Russian blood for this matter, when Russia needed help, except for purely verbal moral support, there was nothing. The French and the English stupidly used to save us.
              And the fact that around us enemies and nobody loves us is not far from the truth. It’s ridiculous to say that we have friends around smile
              1. 0
                20 January 2016 21: 56
                Was the case general?

                What is it like? I recall the chronology of events - Austria, with the support of Germany, announces an ultimatum to Serbia, after which Russia begins partial mobilization, then Germany declares war on Russia, then Russia Germany.
                And only here allies are included in this chain. But they could have done like the USSR in 39-40 - to sit, wiggle their legs and watch as Germany rolls France and England along the log.
                In fact, of course, France could not do this, but England really could. But they didn’t, because they understood that RI was relatively weak militarily and that after it their turn would come. So the matter was really general.
                when Russia needed help, except for purely verbal moral support there was nothing

                This is an allegation, the allies delivered to Russia. And they poured their blood no less.
                It’s funny to say that we have friends around

                Around are pragmatic subjects who think only of themselves.
                1. 0
                  20 January 2016 22: 45
                  Quote: Heimdall47
                  What is it like? I recall the chronology of events - Austria, with the support of Germany, announces an ultimatum to Serbia, after which Russia begins partial mobilization, then Germany declares war on Russia, then Russia Germany.

                  Agreeing with you as a whole, I want to correct you a little: after the ultimatum of Serbia, Austria FIRST announced a partial mobilization and concentrated troops on the border of Serbia and Russia. THEN, Russia announced mobilization, and warned Germany that it was directed only against Austria. But in Germany, the war against Russia was a foregone conclusion:
                  " After two or three years, Russia will arm itself, declared in May 1914 of the year the head of the General Staff Helmut von Moltke. And then Germany will no longer be able to confront the triple alliance within France, the United Kingdom and Russia. Therefore, nothing else remains, "how to start a preventive war and defeat the enemywhile we are still able to withstand this struggle to a certain extent. ”
                  Included Schlieffen’s plan ....
                  1. 0
                    21 January 2016 08: 13
                    I want to correct you a little: after the ultimatum of Serbia, Austria is FIRST

                    I agree, I just omitted some events. I wanted to emphasize that the war began because of a showdown in the Slavic-German camp, and not at all because the allies deceived and dragged "poor" Russia somewhere.
                2. -1
                  20 January 2016 23: 52
                  But they could have done like the USSR ...


                  For example win the war laughing
                  1. +1
                    21 January 2016 08: 52
                    So they won in 1918. And since Russia actually betrayed the Allies, having concluded the Brest Peace, they won without our participation.
                    The fact that Russia betrayed it was understood by all the normal Russian officers who fought in that Great War.
                    1. -1
                      21 January 2016 09: 37
                      Quote: Heimdall47
                      So they won in 1918. And since Russia actually betrayed the Allies, having concluded the Brest Peace, they won without our participation.

                      By March 1918 (Brest Peace) the war was already WINNING, it remains to finish the details. The Bolsheviks are NOT Russia, it is anti-Russia. The real Russia with a legitimate government (COMUCH) and others denied the Brest Peace.
                      Without us, the war was not won, but the betrayal of the Bolsheviks gave the Entente a formal reason not to invite Russia. Although it was the Entente that annulled the Brest Treaty and forced the German occupiers to leave Russia .....
                      1. 0
                        21 January 2016 11: 37
                        By March 1918 (Brest Peace) the war was already WINNING, it remains to finish the details

                        Well, the details are details, and Germany did not at that time consider the war lost. There was euphoria on Russia's withdrawal from the war.
                        In March - July, the German army launched a powerful offensive in Picardy, Flanders

                        In July-August, there was a second battle on the Marne

                        These details cost the allies hundreds of thousands of dead that could have been avoided. If Russia did not start a mess at 17, then the war could have ended a year earlier. Plus, the Entente lucky with the entry into the US war.
                        The Bolsheviks are NOT Russia, it is anti-Russia. The real Russia with a legitimate government (COMUCH) and others denied the Brest Peace.

                        I agree.
                        Without us, the war was not won, but the betrayal of the Bolsheviks gave the Entente a formal reason not to invite Russia.

                        I believe that the reason is quite fair. As an analogy we can draw - America in 1944, instead of opening a second front, makes peace with Hitler. Can you imagine our attitude to such a theoretical event? And then what to demand from the Entente in a similar case.
                      2. 0
                        21 January 2016 21: 10
                        Quote: Heimdall47
                        Well the details are the details, but Germany by no means considered the war lost at that time. There was euphoria on Russia's exit from the war.

                        Which Germany? The one that went out in 4 million hungry demonstrations back in January 1917 against the war after the "turnip" winter? In the 18th in Germany and Austria there were armed battles for food echelons from the Ruins, and died of hunger 778 thousand people. What euphoria ?! The offensive is a gesture of despair, especially after the entry into the war of the MILLIONOUS, well-armed US Army in April 17. It was all over, just then.
  12. +5
    20 January 2016 16: 57
    The trouble with Russia, the USSR, and the Russian Federation is that they too literally understood their allied obligations. The foreign policy of European states, especially Great Britain, was, so to speak, more sophisticated. And Russia in most coalition wars solved, first of all, the tasks of the allies. Even to the detriment of their vital tasks. The most striking example is, of course, PMA: "Your Majesty, save France!" And the allies didn't give a damn about Russia.
    Well, as for the Heimdall47 comment, it’s non-Russian. Dear, the allies did not share anything with Russia. Everything was bought for Russian gold! And it's not just about commerce. Russia held a huge eastern front, practically brought Austria-Hungary out of the war, and saved Romania from defeat.
    1. +1
      20 January 2016 19: 28
      He’s non-Russian. Dear, the allies did not share anything with Russia. Everything was bought for Russian gold! And it's not just about commerce

      Russian Russian, lying is simply a sin. You are sculpting from the Russian forever offended. All of us are fooled, they lead somewhere poor where we ourselves do not want. There are some kind of sheep. Be a sheep if you want, but I do not want.
      Dear, I don’t care about France, but what do you want from her? She burst at the seams and barely held, suffering terrible losses. What did she have to completely break?
      Gold is gold, but at a time when industry is overloaded with its own military orders and its own army has a deficit in everything - there is not enough gold.
    2. 0
      20 January 2016 19: 39
      Dear, the allies did not share anything with Russia. Everything was bought for Russian gold! And it's not just about commerce. Russia held a huge eastern front, practically brought Austria-Hungary out of the war, and saved Romania from defeat.

      Dear, it’s not necessary to do something out of Russian that is always offended. To listen to you, so they all drag us somewhere we don’t want, they deceive us. There are some kind of sheep. You want to be a sheep - I don’t want to.
      I don’t care about France, but it really burst at the seams and barely held on, suffering terrible losses - what else do you want from it? She had to tear for Russia?
      Gold is gold, but at a time when industry is heavily loaded with its military orders and its own army is in short supply - gold is not enough to fulfill other people's let even allied orders.
  13. 0
    20 January 2016 22: 14
    Russia at that time was sick with another disease called Pan-Slavism - a kind of unification of all Slavs under the hand of Russia. In Europe at the time of 14, Serbia and Bulgaria were free Slavic countries (though they managed to fight each other), the rest of the Slavs were, as it were, under oppression Austrians and Germans, I mean Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, and Russia supposedly should free them from "slavery".
  14. 0
    20 January 2016 22: 49
    Quote: Heimdall47
    I recall the chronology of events - Austria, with the support of Germany, announces an ultimatum to Serbia, after which Russia begins partial mobilization, then Germany declares war on Russia, then Russia Germany.
    And only here allies are included in this chain. But they could have done like the USSR in 39-40 - to sit, wiggle their legs and watch as Germany rolls France and England along the log.
    In fact, of course, France could not do this, but England really could.

    I wonder how England "managed"? If its fleet was indeed the strongest in the world, then the army was traditionally small and weak. In the meantime, England mobilized the colonial troops, Germany, could defeat France and cross the English Channel.

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