SAU "Akatsiya": forty years of impeccable service

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SAU "Akatsiya": forty years of impeccable service


The legendary Soviet self-propelled divisional howitzer was born almost a miracle, and now in no hurry to resign
In 1981, the US Department of Defense issued a poster on which were presented seven types of weapons of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army, which presents the greatest danger in the event of a direct armed clash. Five of the seven “Soviet threats” are tracked combat vehicles, among which the legendary models were naturally: the T-72 tank, the BMP-2 tank, the Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft gun and the two “flower” self-propelled guns - “Carnation” (122 mm) and "Acacia" (152 mm).


Anti-aircraft self-propelled unit "Shilka" during exercises. Photo: Anatoly Kuzyarin / TASS

Such recognition by a potential adversary is worth a lot. By that time, the United States had a similar 109 mm caliber M1X155 self-propelled howitzer, but it was inferior to the Soviet self-propelled gun in many respects. In addition, our gunners, in contrast to their American colleagues, had already managed to test the howitzer in battle: it was the main means of artillery support for the motorized riflemen of the 40 Army, which fought in Afghanistan. But after all story "Acacia" was formed in such a way that this legendary machine could not even be born ...

Return from missiles to guns


There was no serious self-propelled artillery that could be used for classical firing from closed positions and counter-battery fighting in the post-war Soviet army. Self-propelled guns of the Su-100, ISU-122, and ISU-152 type remaining from the war were either assault or anti-tank and, in theory, should have been used in battle formations along with tanks. Meanwhile, the troops of the North Atlantic Alliance, and primarily the United States, were actively moving from towed artillery to self-propelled.

Timid movements in this direction were undertaken in the USSR, but they very soon put up a cross. The fault was the reckless fascination of the Soviet leadership with rocket technology and the boundless faith in its omnipotence. When it became clear that the missiles could not replace the entire range of heavy field weapons, and the global nuclear war was clearly postponed, replaced by a series of local conflicts, they returned to the idea of ​​self-propelled field artillery. The supporters of Nikita Khrushchev, who did not want to see any other army, also played into the hands of her supporters. weaponsexcept rocket.

4 July 1967 was a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR to eliminate the backlog of Soviet self-propelled artillery from the artillery of the NATO countries. That it was the starting point in the history of the 152-millimeter self-propelled howitzer 2C3 "Acacia". The design of the Ural Transport Engineering Plant took up designing the novelties.

The work was carried out not from scratch. A few years before, the specialists of the All-Union Research Institute of Transport Engineering (aka VNII-100 - the main research institute dealing with tracked combat vehicles) conducted a large study on the subject of “Acacia”. It turned out that the new self-propelled gun should not be built according to the usual pattern, when the conning tower is located in front, and the engine-transmission compartment is at the back, but vice versa. It was also obvious that the diesel engine at that time was not able to meet all the needs of the self-propelled gun and needed a new one. The easiest was with a gun: all that was needed was to redo the well-proven towed 152-mm howitzer D-20 under tower installation. Its creators from Sverdlovsk OKB-9, whose trunks stood on the legendary predecessors of the future Acacia, took up this task.

The military also had their wishes: they needed a fairly light and mobile self-propelled howitzer of the divisional level, which could be deployed not only under its own power, but also on airplanes and landing ships. In addition, the gunners demanded that the designers abandoned the fixed felling, as on the self-propelled guns of the military period, and equipped the novelty with a mobile tower, which provided circular fire and a large elevation angle of the barrel. To achieve the fulfillment of all these requirements and without over-burdening the new SPG, it was possible in only one way: to abandon counter-armor and dispense with anti-bullet. What was done. However, at that time only main battle tanks were equipped with counter-armor, and the rest of the combat tracked vehicles did not, believing that even the thickest armor would not save the anti-tank missiles of the new generation. Yes, and go on the same battlefield with tanks, new cars are also not going, which means that the armor could save a lot of weight.

Self-propelled veteran


The first two prototypes of the new self-propelled howitzers were ready by the end of 1968, and went to the test. Soon, they were joined by four more samples, but all six were mercilessly criticized by the military for the excessive gas content of the fighting compartment. But the chassis of the new self-propelled gun, the basis for which was the chassis of the Krug air defense system, turned out to be above all praise. Which is not surprising, because by that time it had been running around at various ranges for five years and had got rid of most of the “childhood diseases”.

They tried to solve the problem of gas contamination by changing the howitzers loading scheme and finalizing the bolt, but in the end they decided not to over-complicate and managed to refine the ventilation system, install a more powerful ejector on the barrel and use new sleeves. A year later, in 1970, the refined samples of the new self-propelled howitzer entered state tests, earning the highest marks. As a result, in 1971, the self-propelled divisional howitzer of 152 caliber mm 2C3 “Acacia” was adopted by the Soviet army. In accordance with the concept of tactical nuclear strikes that prevailed in those years (and, to be sure, keep up with the United States, which endowed its own vehicle, the M109 self-propelled howitzer), tactical nuclear projectiles were also introduced into the Acacia ammunition nomenclature. But to shoot them in practice, ACS 2C3, fortunately, was not possible.

But the usual ammunition, among which were the classic high-explosive fragmentation, and cluster, and active-reactive, and armor-piercing, and lighting, "Acacia" over the next forty-odd years, they shot down into their heads. The first combat use of the new howitzers was in Afghanistan, where the 40 Army had at least three self-propelled divisions with self-propelled guns in the 50. “Acacias” were used both to support motorized riflemen who participated in assault operations, and even to support road convoys going through the Salang Pass. Then it became clear that the anti-bullet armor to protect the crews of SAU from the fire of large-caliber machine guns such as DShK or KPVT is not enough. But they did not redo the car, and the gunners came out of the situation, covering the self-propelled guns with used trucks and boxes filled with sand from under the ammunition.

At the same time, Soviet self-propelled howitzers received a baptism of combat even further south - on the fronts of the Iran-Iraq war. The Iraqi forces, armed with Soviet weapons, were using the modernized 2C3, which were put into service in 1975, with might and main. New "Acacia" along with 122-millimeter regimental self-propelled howitzers 2C1 "Gvozdika" formed the basis of Iraqi artillery groups. In the Iraqi army, they were used up to Operation Desert Storm, but significantly less efficiently than in the Soviet one: the difference in crew training and command and control skills affected.


Column of self-propelled artillery mounts (ACS) "Msta-S" during the final rehearsal of the Victory Parade on Red Square. Photo: Alexey Dityakin / TASS

Acacia was noted in all conflicts in the post-Soviet space, starting from Transnistria and Abkhazia, including both anti-terrorist campaigns in Chechnya and the operation to force Georgia to peace and ending with the armed conflict between Ukraine and Novorossia. And the Ukrainian military used the least effective self-propelled howitzers - apparently, due to the lack of combat experience and the desire to fight. Nevertheless, it was the self-propelled howitzers 2C3 that were in service with the Armed Forces of Ukraine that were used to bombard the residential quarters of Donetsk and Lugansk.

Reliability, mobility, power


For more than forty years of history "Acacia" this self-propelled three times modernized. For the first time - in the 1975 year, when the 2C3M modification appeared with a new mechanized stacking of drum-type ammunition, which made it possible to increase the ammunition to 46 shots, and an improved fighting compartment. The next modification, 2C3М1, appeared in 1987 year and was distinguished by a new radio station and gunner's sight, as well as equipment for receiving command information from the machine of a senior battery officer. In addition, this modification was able to fire guided missiles "Krasnopol", which make it possible to hit targets at speeds up to 35 km / h.

The third modification, which received the index 2C3М2, appeared after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The command of the Russian army was not going to abandon the so well-proven self-propelled howitzer, but it did not make sense to use the previous modifications: they were getting old too quickly. As a result, in the Russian version of 2006, an automated guidance and fire control system “Mekhanizator-M”, smoke protection systems and improved habitability of the combat compartment appeared.

But on the whole, the layout and construction of Acacia turned out to be so successful that in all four decades they did not require major alterations. On all modifications - 4000 units were released during this time - a place in front to the left is given under the control department, where the driver is located, and to the right of it is a B-59 diesel engine with 520 horsepower. (which, with the weight of the ACS in 27,5 tons, gives the power density in 19 "horses" per ton). Such load-bearing capacity allows Acacia to move along the highway at a speed of 60 km / h, and over rough terrain - 25 – 30 km / h, to overcome gradients up to 30 degrees and three-meter ditches, as well as fords up to a meter deep.

The rest of the self-propelled gun - the central and aft compartments, as well as the tower - is occupied by the fighting compartment, which houses the D-22 howitzer and three crew members: gunner, loader and commander. The three of them, using a semi-automatic vertical wedge gate and drum piling, provide a firing rate of up to 3,5 shot per minute. However, such a fire will not be possible for a long time due to thermal limitations: without a break, the 2 – 3 ACS can launch 30 shells in 10 minutes, or make 75 shots in an hour, after which the barrel needs to cool. Since “Acacia” can fire at direct fire (at a distance of up to 4 km) and from closed positions (up to 24 km when firing an active projectile), the self-propelled gun is equipped with a self-digging system that allows it to prepare an artillery trench in 20 – 30 minutes .

Today, the 40-year-old Akaciy service is gradually coming to an end. At the beginning of the 1990-s of the Ministry of Defense began their gradual replacement with more modern self-propelled guns 2C19 "Msta-S", and now it’s about equipping self-propelled artillery with the newest type of self-propelled howitzers - Coalition-SV. For the first time they were shown to the public at the Victory Parade this year.
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44 comments
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  1. +10
    26 September 2015 07: 12
    a very reliable machine! I believe that after modernization it will be in demand in the arms market.
  2. +8
    26 September 2015 07: 53
    I hope that "Acacia" will not be stupidly cut into metal, and will be stored in storage bases for a long time. Everyone happens in our troubled world soldier
    1. +13
      26 September 2015 15: 04
      To send to remelting such a number of self-propelled guns, albeit to a large extent already obsolete, but still suitable for their intended use, at least irrationally. Especially now, in the not so simple international environment for Russia and its allies.
      Below are the figures for the number of ACS "Akatsia" and other "flowers" from the artillery "flower bed", adopted by the Soviet Army at about the same time as it.
      Russian Ground Forces:
      In service: 400 - 122 mm 2C1 Gvozdika, 800 - 152,4 mm 2C3 Acacia, 150 - 152,4 mm 2C5 Hyacinth
      Storage: 1800 - 122 mm 2C1 Gvozdika, 1950 - 152,4 mm 2C3 Acacia, 800 - 152,4 mm 2C5 Hyacinth
      Marines:
      95 - 122 mm 2С.1 “Carnation”, 18 - 152,4 mm 2С.3 “Acacia”
      For 100% the reliability of the numbers, especially where there is more than one zero, I will not traditionally warrant my head, but these figures are from the official report of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the state of the Russian army for 2014.
      PS By the way, I would not vouch for the combat readiness and technical condition of self-propelled guns that are in long-term storage (i.e. conservation).
      I have the honor.
      1. +1
        27 September 2015 20: 09
        Quote: Alexander72
        I give figures on the number of ACS "Akatsiya" and other "flowers" from the artillery "flower bed", adopted by the Soviet Army at about the same time as it

        You can also add 2C7 "Peony", a caliber of 203 mm. As far as I know, parts with these self-propelled guns were disbanded in the late 90s. According to Wikipedia, for 2013. storing them 300 pcs.
  3. +22
    26 September 2015 07: 59
    Soviet weapons are a real Quality Mark.
  4. +5
    26 September 2015 08: 05
    Well now they’re unlikely to be cut. More ancient equipment is also stored in warehouses, and the international situation does not lead to excessive optimism.
  5. +3
    26 September 2015 08: 25
    In addition, our gunners, unlike their American counterparts, have already managed to test the howitzer in battle: it was the main means of artillery support for motorized rifles of the 40th Army, who fought in Afghanistan.

    M109 managed to fight long before Afghanistan, namely during the Doomsday War in 1973. M109A1 entered service with the IDF in 1975 and since then has been constantly involved in all conflicts.
    1. +5
      26 September 2015 08: 32
      Did your American colleagues use it or your staff?
      1. 0
        26 September 2015 08: 39
        Quote: Zaurbek
        Did your American colleagues use it or your staff?

        Not a single American soldier has ever fought for Israel.

        The military parade in Jerusalem in 1973.
        1. 0
          27 September 2015 17: 41
          Quote: professor
          No American soldier ever fought for Israel

          And the "vacationers"?
          1. 0
            27 September 2015 20: 09
            Quote: svp67
            And the "vacationers"?

            And they were not there.
    2. +3
      26 September 2015 08: 32
      Did your American colleagues use it or your staff?
      1. +8
        26 September 2015 17: 14
        Quote: Zaurbek
        Did your American colleagues use it or your staff?

        In the army of the Israeli regime, there were no officially soldiers from other armies, but there were Jewish volunteers who had previously served or had just retired from the armies of other countries. For example, in 1948, during the Jewish aggression against Palestine, they had 3500 "volunteers" from other countries.
        Alexander Shulman
        Foreign Volunteers in the Israeli Army

        About 3500 volunteers from 43 countries then arrived in Israel and took direct part in the hostilities as part of the IDF units and formations. According to the countries of origin, the volunteers were divided as follows: approximately 1 volunteers arrived from the USA, 000 from Canada, 250 from South Africa, 700 from the UK, 600 from North Africa, and 250 from Latin America, France and Belgium. There were also small groups of volunteers from Australia, Rhodesia, Sweden.
        http://shaon.livejournal.com/88623.html
        So officially Israel did everything itself, but in fact was engaged in copying and "stealing technologies", which we see, for example, on the example of "Kfir" copies of "Mirage" with an American engine or "Lavi" of the F-16 fuselage with an American engine and wings from the same " Kfira ".
    3. +6
      26 September 2015 10: 10
      Quote: professor
      M109 managed to fight long before Afghanistan, namely during the Doomsday War in the 1973 year. M109A1 entered the arsenal of IDF in 1975 and has since been constantly involved in all conflicts


      The M109 self-propelled guns did not allow the Tsakhal to adopt the more advanced and better protected self-propelled guns 155-mm "Slammer" TIG 2000 howitzer, two prototypes were presented at the General Staff "Merkava" in 1983 ...

      1. +8
        26 September 2015 10: 33
        Quote: cosmos111
        The M109 self-propelled guns did not allow the Tsakhal to adopt the more advanced and better protected self-propelled guns 155-mm "Slammer" TIG 2000 howitzer, two prototypes were presented at the General Staff "Merkava" in 1983 ...

        The same story as with Lavi's plane. "Free" supplies ruined the project. By the way, the M109 self-propelled guns were not very reliable and required constant repair and maintenance. Techies didn't like them.
      2. +3
        26 September 2015 17: 41
        Figase charaban ....
  6. +2
    26 September 2015 09: 51
    Today any technique that can cause damage to the enemy is important, and "Acacia" "does it to this day well !!!!! The flag is in her hands!
    1. The comment was deleted.
    2. gjv
      +5
      26 September 2015 11: 05
      Quote: holgert
      Today, any technique that can damage the enemy is important, and Acacia does it to this day well!

      Syria, Latakia, Aug 23. 2015 year at 0:37 and 2:21, as well as in the video, T-55 and T-72 are noticeable.
      1. 0
        18 October 2015 11: 45
        It seems like there is still a BTR-82A?
  7. +5
    26 September 2015 10: 39
    Served on "Nona", during shooting practice, saw "Acacia" at work !!!!
    1. +1
      26 September 2015 16: 21
      What NONE did you serve? I'm on 2b16, which is not self-propelled, but clung to the Urals
  8. +2
    26 September 2015 11: 25
    The elder brother of a friend, he served on such a GSVG in ser. 70's. Only positive feedback. He told a lot of things and it caused pride for the Soviet military equipment.
  9. LMaksim
    +1
    26 September 2015 11: 41
    There is no limit to perfection. It’s time already to put automatic loaders on our self-propelled guns. Armor protection can be strengthened to a level that allows at least in the frontal projection to withstand the impact of large-caliber bullets. For self-defense, do not forget about the good old FCT.
    1. +1
      26 September 2015 17: 29
      Quote: LMaksim
      It’s time already to put automatic loaders on our self-propelled guns.

      It is said that as if everyone already had machines, only we were behind.
      Who are the machines, can you list?
      1. 0
        26 September 2015 18: 18
        Of the caterpillars - except for Palladin, Chinese (EMPIP, PZL-45) and Palmaria. The rest are modern all with charging systems.
        1. 0
          26 September 2015 19: 03
          Quote: Forest
          . The rest are modern with charging systems.


          K9 Thunder / Samsung Thunder Korean SPG
        2. 0
          26 September 2015 19: 27
          Quote: Forest
          Of the caterpillars - except for Palladin, Chinese (EMPIP, PZL-45) and Palmaria. The rest are modern all with charging systems.

          The German PzH 2000 seems to be considered modern, but it is a semiautomatic device. That is, the projectile is automatically charged, and the cap (not even a sleeve) is charged by the loader, after which it manually closes the shutter.
          Our MSTA-s differs from it in that it does not have a cap, but a sleeve, which, again, is charged manually (a shell automatically).
          By the way, similar systems were used on our heavy tanks.
          German DONAR - positioned as an automatic, but I do not know how widespread it is in the army.
          If I am wrong, correct.

          More specifically, what are the most common modern self-propelled guns?
          1. 0
            27 September 2015 11: 22
            As you can see in the video above, the Korean has a machine gun. China puts a copy of the Msta machine gun on a new self-propelled gun. The remaining semiautomatic devices. And DONAR until the division is recruited with testing machines - somewhere from 5 to 10.
            1. 0
              27 September 2015 11: 58
              Quote: Forest
              As we see in the video above - the Korean has an automatic machine ....

              Is not a fact:
              that we saw the shell being fed into the tray by the manipulator, the shell was fed into the cannon with a rammer - we saw, but who put the cartridge into the tray - no.
              It is very possible that this is done by the hands of the loader (like most)
              Quote: Forest
              China puts a copy of the Msta machine gun on a new self-propelled gun.

              At MCT - semi-automatic:
              the shell is fed automatically, and the sleeve is placed in the tray with the hands of the loader.

              Or I'm wrong ?
              1. 0
                27 September 2015 14: 39
                In Msta, yes, the projectile is delivered mechanically, and the charging one lays it on the tray and the rammer sends a shot. The video is good here. The Chinese seem to be (judging by the advertisement) instead of the loader pushing the tower another mechanism, but the ammunition and rammer itself is a copy of ours.
                1. 0
                  27 September 2015 22: 51
                  And here is how the Paladin has (cap loading)
                  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zya6PsljoFY
                  1. The comment was deleted.
                2. 0
                  29 September 2015 22: 02
                  This is an old video that shows the loading rate in case of AZ malfunction. In general, on "Msta" the projectile is charged automatically (fed from the ammunition station and sent), and the charge is semi-automatically (the loader takes from the ammunition station, puts it on the tray and sends it back) ...
      2. 0
        28 September 2015 11: 07
        Quote: Bad_gr
        It is said that as if everyone already had machines, only we were behind.
        Who are the machines, can you list?

        From mass only PZH-2000, and even then conditionally. 99% of the world’s self-propelled guns do not yet have a AZ
  10. +10
    26 September 2015 12: 40
    My grandfather would have liked it, he rolled his horse-drawn cannons two wars good
  11. +4
    26 September 2015 13: 18
    I saw "Acacia" at work. Wow! When the battery is working - unforgettable sensations, especially sound. I decided my tasks, whether it is worth strengthening the armor on it (well, not on it, so on modern counterparts) - it is not very clear. It still cannot withstand a direct hit from a projectile in a counter-battery duel, the armor must protect against fragments of close explosions, increasing the self-propelled gun's stability from enemy artillery fire. Self-propelled guns fell under large-caliber machine guns in Afghanistan, these were special conditions. You don't need to go into tank attacks on self-propelled guns, she has other tasks.
  12. +1
    26 September 2015 13: 32
    Studying at the university, he visited the military department (he visited, because our fathers-commanders didn’t stand up too much, and the demand from us was so-so wassat However, the specialties at the university were also associated with the military commissar, though with the manufacture, not the use))))) So, in the hangar we had this miracle of weapons thought. The first time I saw "Acacia" I arrived in a slight shock. Firstly, a thick trunk, as it was possible to walk along the avenue. Secondly, an incredible size muzzle brake. And looking inside, I was surprised at the amount of free space, especially at the mechanic drive. Even I, with my sickly dimensions, felt very free there. In the fighting compartment, however, it was closer.
  13. +1
    26 September 2015 17: 25
    M109 was tested in Vietnam, so nonsense is written at the beginning of the article
  14. +1
    26 September 2015 17: 38
    "In addition, this modification has the ability to fire guided missiles" Krasnopol ", which make it possible to hit targets at speeds up to 35 km / h." - Shield, excuse me?
    Is it target speed or what?
    Journalists are such journalists ....
    1. +2
      26 September 2015 18: 08
      Quote: Webcelerator
      Is it target speed or what?
      Journalists are such journalists ....


      Goals, of course goals, Dear.

      So. Yes
  15. +4
    26 September 2015 18: 01
    A little time will pass, and as has already happened more than once, the opinion of the use of artillery in battle will change again.
    Replacing all the artillery with the "Coalition" reminds of the recent reforms in the Armed Forces with the transition to a brigade base .... In artillery, by the way, these "pirouettes" survived more easily than other types and types of the Armed Forces, tk. the basis of army and front-line kits after the 90s were brigades. By that time, the rocket and anti-tank regiments were already comparable in number to the divisions of the special period ...
    There is no point in equipping artillery units and units of regiments and divisions with such systems as "Coalition".
    With all the advantages of the uniformity of the use of artillery systems in all armed forces, no one canceled the economic feasibility of using a model of weapons. Even with the current widespread use of aircraft, regiments and divisions do not have (and in the near future) will not be able to conduct reconnaissance to a depth of more than 20 km. Yes, the higher headquarters use artillery (PAGs and DAGs) to carry out priority tasks. But as practice shows, large-level artillery itself is constantly experiencing "information hunger" for the enemy's reliably reconnoitered targets.
    Therefore, even the transition to a single caliber of 152 mm, it may well be premature. The use of explosives of increased power brings the effectiveness of the use of 122 mm of ammunition to 152 mm ....
    It is possible to enumerate for a long time the advantages of dividing artillery into "sets", but they are very significant!
    He himself served on both towed and self-propelled weapons (including the "Akatsia" and "Carnations"). Today, being a supporter of the transfer of the native kind of troops to self-propelled artillery, I perfectly understand those leaders who were supporters of towed artillery. It is simpler and cheaper. Then the artillery battery could be 12 guns! And then, as in a song: "... And hundreds of thousands of batteries, for the tears of our mothers, for our Motherland, fire! Fire! ...".
    1. 0
      28 September 2015 11: 13
      For local conflicts, most often towed artillery is better, but a rammer with a caliber of 120+ mm should stand on it
  16. +1
    26 September 2015 19: 43
    Perhaps it is wrong to compare. Acacia is a typical divisional or even regimental howitzer. It is twice lighter, smaller and cheaper than "big sisters".
    Msta and Coalition - howitzer guns - are huge and expensive. And Hyacinth - the gun - really has some features of monstroidity.
  17. INF
    0
    26 September 2015 22: 14
    This thing needs to be upgraded to the transition to a standard (universal) chassis, this will be a plus. Savings and versatility.
    1. 0
      28 September 2015 11: 14
      The chassis was made just universal, and it drove well, up to 65 km / h. On this basis it was necessary to create an armored personnel carrier, such as MTLB.
  18. 0
    27 September 2015 14: 56
    Quote: Alexander72
    PS .............. By the way, I would not vouch for the combat readiness and technical condition of self-propelled guns that are in long-term storage (i.e. conservation) ......... ......

    This is true, such cars are potential scrap metal, I dealt with cars that were in storage: cracked wiring, dry and burst oil seals and rubber seals, crumbled plastic, and of course the help of local ensigns in "lightening" the structure ... In general, lead in order such a car is very, very difficult.
  19. 0
    27 September 2015 15: 45
    He served as a mechanic on this machine - he also visited the role of a loader (both from a tower and from the ground).
    Someone wrote that they do not have a loader - does she have it, what are you talking about? Not always a worker - but there is.
    And in the service she will stay for another 15-20 years - in our team, instead of acacias, there should have been 2C19,
    however, they got 2S3M2 instead. And the old 2C3 / 2C3M1 were sent for "conservation" - but that was just firewood.
  20. 0
    27 September 2015 19: 40
    The self-propelled guns with automatic loading in the early 80s were adopted by the Swedes. I forgot, however, the index. Ours made similar to this Swede Mstu.

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