High power pistols
They are designed for army special forces and the same units of law enforcement.
I have repeatedly mentioned the developmental work on the “Rook” theme - the creation of a new military army pistol. The most radical solution to the problem was the development from scratch of the entire pistol complex, which includes fundamentally new cartridge and weapon. The relevant requirements were formulated by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1991, shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union.
New complex
At the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering (TsNIITOCHMASH, near Moscow, Klimovsk) - the leading institute of the national arms industry - work, naturally, began with an 9-mm pistol cartridge of increased power. Ballistic calculations showed that his bullet must have a mass of 6 – 7 grams and an initial velocity of 400 – 450 m / s.
A. B. Yuryev and E. S. Kornilov, who worked under the leadership of I. P. Kasyanov, in the autumn of 1991, presented the РГ052 cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet, under which leading designer P. I. Serdyukov with the help of senior engineer I. V. Belyaev created self-loading pistol, which received the index 6П35. A similar sample was developed and chambered for 7,62х25. After the first stage of testing, it was decided to continue work on the gun chambered for the 9x21 with a heat-strengthened core bullet. In the course of OCD, significantly increased opportunities were established not only for defeating the enemy in the means of individual armor protection, but also doubling the range of aimed fire - from conventional 50 to 100 meters.
Trial operation of pistols began in 1993, in special units of law enforcement agencies. The complex has undergone refinement, there was a version of the gun РГ055 and cartridge РГ054. The export small-scale model WG060 shown at exhibitions became known under the name “Gyurza”.
In the same 1993, the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation (later the Federal Security Service), assessing the advantages of the “cartridge РГ052 - piston РГ055” complex, issued TSNIITOCHMASH to develop on the basis of an improved cartridge of the new pistol (the subject received the cipher “Vector”) and a small-sized pistol machine gun (subject "Heather"). In 1996, the modified P. I. Serdyukov pistol under the designation CP1 with the SP10 cartridge was adopted by the FSB. The abbreviation "SR" means "special development", "SP" - "special cartridge". Weapons production was established by FSUE “TsNIITOCHMASH” and OJSC “Kirovsky Plant“ Mayak ”. SP10 complemented cartridges: SP11 with malorikoshetiruyuschey bullet SP12 with expansive bullet SP13 with armor-piercing tracer bullet (SP11 developed LS Dvoryaninova, SP12 and SP13 - MI Kabaeva, tracer - LI Novozhilova P and T. Vasilyeva).
In 2003, the “Army” 9-mm Serdyukov self-loading pistol (SPS) and new pistol cartridges were adopted:
The bullet of the 7Н29 cartridge reliably hits targets in personal second and third class body armor (according to Russian GOST), in unarmored cars, an 40-mm steel sheet pierces 5 meters at a distance of meters, and an army steel helmet at a distance of 100 meters. Based on the details of 7Н29, the training cartridge was also made. The “Vector” pistol, designated CP1M, was upgraded.
The SP12 cartridge with an expansive bullet is intended for firing from СРХNUMXМ - such ammunition is allowed to be used by law enforcement agencies, but is forbidden to army units. The bullet provides increased stopping power and the absence of a ricochet, primarily used to defeat unprotected manpower in confined spaces. Combining the trajectories of bullets of different types of cartridge 1х9 allows the shooter not to care about making amendments when using other types of ammunition. The production of ATP, as well as 21x9 cartridges, has been established by FSUE TsNIITOCHMASH.
The device pistols CP1, CP1M and ATP equally. Automation operates according to the recoil scheme of the trunk with a short stroke, the barrel is locked with a gate by means of a swing-out contactor. In this case, the return spring is worn on the barrel of the pistol, but unlike the PM or APS, it rests against a special detail — the stop of the return spring, which required a movable barrel. Stop spring and contactor stop - new patented design solutions.
The trigger mechanism - trigger with a helical mainspring mounted in the cavity of the trigger itself. It is worth remembering that among the various controversial issues discussed from the very beginning of the use of self-loading pistols in the armed forces were non-automatic fuses and the mode of the pick-up. The first ones ensure high safety of handling of weapons, but when facing the enemy shooter, before pressing the trigger, you need to remember to turn off the fuse - such an oversight is often worth living. The self-pickup mode allows you to safely carry a pistol with a cartridge in the chamber and at the same time quickly make the first shot, but a greater descent force and a greater trigger stroke worsen the accuracy, and the next shot arrows will produce with less effort. This problem has long been resolved with double-trigger firing mechanisms, which allow firing both by self-cocking and pre-cocking. This allows for the ATP firing mechanism. If you put the trigger on the safety platoon, a self-cocked shot is also possible.
From non-automatic fuses in the ATP refused. There are only two automatic fuses. The back - in the form of a key on the pistol grip - locks the sear and turns off when the handle is completely covered by the palm. The front - in the form of a lever on the trigger - is turned off at the beginning of the descent, when the finger of the arrow presses the lever in the trigger. The use of automatic fuses only contributes to the constant readiness of the weapon for a shot; it reduces the number of operations necessary to produce the first shot.
The frame of the pistol is plastic with metal fittings in the upper part. The front-side trigger guard is designed for shooting with a two-handed pistol grip - in modern combat pistols, the front bend of the trigger guard has become common. The sight and front sight are made of non-glare and equipped with white inserts that facilitate aiming in low light conditions.
Food - from a box-shaped detachable store with a double row arrangement of 18 cartridges. The protruding plastic cover makes it easy to replace it, and when firing it serves as a support for the firing hand. Push button latch located behind the trigger guard. After all cartridges are used up, the magazine feeder raises the shutter stop with its tooth and it stops in the rear position. To speed up reloading, the spring of the feeder pushes the magazine when the latch button is pressed, and the shutter stop is automatically turned off when the curb magazine is installed. Thus, in the design of the pistol, measures were taken to combine the quickness of bringing a weapon into readiness and producing the first shot with the convenience of conducting aimed fire.
Accuracy of shooting of the ATP is characterized by the following figures: on tests, a series of ten shots at a distance of 25 meters gave hits within a radius of 6,4 centimeters (with one tear), the radius of the best half of hits - 3 centimeters (for PM at the same distance - no less than 3,2 cm) . With the aforementioned parameters of the striking action of the bullet, the pistol allows you to guaranteedly disable the enemy in the most difficult conditions of close combat.
Various equipment options have been developed for CP1M and ATP, including a camouflage holster for open wearing with camouflage uniforms, a universal holster for concealed carrying on a shoulder suspension or on a waist belt.
Foreign samples
CP1M and SPS are intended primarily for special forces units. Therefore, when choosing foreign analogues for comparison, it is worthwhile to turn to the armament of American special operations forces.
In 1989, the US SOCOM Command announced the implementation of the JSOR program. It provided for the development of offensive personal weapons in order to get a compact, holstered model for the active actions of combat swimmers in skirmishes at distances up to 25 – 30 meters.
The main requirements were presented by the Center for Ground-Based Methods of Warfare of the Navy A complex was considered that included a family of cartridges, a self-loading pistol, a silencer and an aiming block. Accordingly, the weapon could be assembled in two basic versions: “assault” (pistol + aiming block) and “spying” (stalking) - with the addition of a silencer.
Although 1985 year in the US armed forces to replace the "Colt" M911A1 came pistol M9 ( "Beretta» 92SF) chambered 9h19 in accordance with NATO standards, and 1996-m it added 9-mm M11 (R228 "Sig Sauer" ), in the case of JSOR returned to the 11,43-mm cartridge .45 ACP. The reason is that it better meets the requirement of the maximum possible defeat of the enemy in minimum time, besides the subsonic initial speed of the bullet facilitated the implementation of the “scout” variant with a silencer.
In the final of the competition were two eminent firms - the American Colt Industries and the German Heckler und Koch. In 1995, SOCOM preferred the German pistol USP-OHWS Mod. 0. He received the designation Mk 23 Mod 0 - Mark 23 Model 0 US SOCOM Pistol.
The gun itself is based on the USP model (Universal Selbstladen Pistole - the universal self-loading pistol) “Heckler und Koch”. The main differences between the Mk 23 and the USP are the elongated bolt, the muzzle of the barrel protruding from the bolt, the mount for the sighting unit.
Automation works by recoil barrel with a short course. Locking occurs by skewing the barrel. Here, too, has its own subtlety - in contrast to the classic “Browning High Power” scheme, the barrel reduction is made not with a rigid frame pin, but with a hook equipped with a buffer spring at the rear end of the return spring rod. The chamber and its bevel are designed to ensure reliable supply of cartridges from different manufacturers, with different types and different configurations of bullets.
The frame is made of molded plastic, in the upper part it is reinforced with steel inserts that form guides for the movement of the shutter.
The trigger mechanism - a hammer type, with a half-hidden trigger. Two-way manual safety lock blocks the trigger and separates the trigger and sear. Ahead of the manual fuse box, the safety trigger is secured. The presence of the self-dial mode and the constructive separation of the lever for safe descent and the safety catch allow you to carry the gun in two positions - “charged and cocked, on the safety lock” and “charged, with the trigger lowered, ready to fire by self-dial”. There is also an automatic safety device of the striker, blocking it until the trigger is fully pressed. The trigger guard allows shooting in tight gloves.
The sighting device for shooting at dusk can be supplied with white plastic inserts or tritium point ampoules. The front sight and sight are raised relatively high, so that the installed muffler does not overlap the aiming line, as a result the pistol itself has lost its streamline of contours.
Notches to control the shutter are applied not only on the back, but also on the front of it - a notch in the front is more convenient when inspecting and disassembling the weapon.
The aiming unit (LAM) combines the functions of the illuminator and laser target designator.
Did not refuse the .45 ASR cartridge and the US Marine Corps. From the 1985 of the year, the 9-mm M-9 MEU (SOC) remained a modification of the M11,43-45 Colt, in addition to the 1911-mm pistol М1, armed with its expeditionary forces.
In 2005, the JCP (Joint Combat Pistol program, which can be translated as a single combat pistol) was announced in the USA, suggesting that the M9 should be replaced by a new model. Then, however, the program was limited to the needs of the same special operations forces, denoting simply CP (Combat Pistol), and later turned off altogether. It is interesting, however, that all applicants for participation in JCP / CP had a caliber 11,43 millimeter. These were the American pistols MP45 "Smith and Wesson" and Р345 "Ruger", the Canadian Para-Ordnance "LDA 1911, the German NK45" Heckler und Koch, the Swiss-German P-220 "ZIG-Sauer Combat" TV, the Austrian-German "German X-Sauer Combat" TV, Austrian "German-German Combat" TV, Austrian "German-German R-21" ZIG-Sauer Combat "TV, Austrian" German "NGX Sauer Combat" TV, Austrian "German Ordnance" »-24SF, Brazilian Taurus PT 7 / 45 OSS, Belgian FNP-4" Factories Nacional ", Italian PX45 SD" Beretta "and even the Croatian HSXNUMX.
No less interest in pistols for ammunition more powerful than the 9x19 "Parabellum", remains in the special forces of law enforcement agencies. Say, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation has chosen for its employees 10-mm “Glock” -22 and “Glock” -23 pistols chambered for .40 “Smith & Wesson”, slightly exceeding 9X19 power, but for SWAT fighters (“special weapons and tactics "- a kind of" police special forces ") demanded a pistol chambered for .45 ACP. No special innovations followed - a sample submitted by Springfield Armory and accepted by the FBI revealed another modification of the good old M911A1.
I have repeatedly mentioned the developmental work on the “Rook” theme - the creation of a new military army pistol. The most radical solution to the problem was the development from scratch of the entire pistol complex, which includes fundamentally new cartridge and weapon. The relevant requirements were formulated by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1991, shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union.
New complex
At the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering (TsNIITOCHMASH, near Moscow, Klimovsk) - the leading institute of the national arms industry - work, naturally, began with an 9-mm pistol cartridge of increased power. Ballistic calculations showed that his bullet must have a mass of 6 – 7 grams and an initial velocity of 400 – 450 m / s.
A. B. Yuryev and E. S. Kornilov, who worked under the leadership of I. P. Kasyanov, in the autumn of 1991, presented the РГ052 cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet, under which leading designer P. I. Serdyukov with the help of senior engineer I. V. Belyaev created self-loading pistol, which received the index 6П35. A similar sample was developed and chambered for 7,62х25. After the first stage of testing, it was decided to continue work on the gun chambered for the 9x21 with a heat-strengthened core bullet. In the course of OCD, significantly increased opportunities were established not only for defeating the enemy in the means of individual armor protection, but also doubling the range of aimed fire - from conventional 50 to 100 meters.
Trial operation of pistols began in 1993, in special units of law enforcement agencies. The complex has undergone refinement, there was a version of the gun РГ055 and cartridge РГ054. The export small-scale model WG060 shown at exhibitions became known under the name “Gyurza”.
In the same 1993, the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation (later the Federal Security Service), assessing the advantages of the “cartridge РГ052 - piston РГ055” complex, issued TSNIITOCHMASH to develop on the basis of an improved cartridge of the new pistol (the subject received the cipher “Vector”) and a small-sized pistol machine gun (subject "Heather"). In 1996, the modified P. I. Serdyukov pistol under the designation CP1 with the SP10 cartridge was adopted by the FSB. The abbreviation "SR" means "special development", "SP" - "special cartridge". Weapons production was established by FSUE “TsNIITOCHMASH” and OJSC “Kirovsky Plant“ Mayak ”. SP10 complemented cartridges: SP11 with malorikoshetiruyuschey bullet SP12 with expansive bullet SP13 with armor-piercing tracer bullet (SP11 developed LS Dvoryaninova, SP12 and SP13 - MI Kabaeva, tracer - LI Novozhilova P and T. Vasilyeva).
In 2003, the “Army” 9-mm Serdyukov self-loading pistol (SPS) and new pistol cartridges were adopted:
- 7Н28 with a low-skipping bullet 7,5 gram weight (lead core, bimetallic sheath), an analogue of the cartridge SP11 (low-burying bullet is necessary when conducting combat, for example, in a city);
- 7Н29 with an 6,7 gram armor-piercing bullet (with a thermally strengthened core, the head of which protrudes from the shell, a plastic jacket and a bimetallic shell), an analogue of the SP10 cartridge;
- 7BT3 with an 7,3 armor-piercing-tracer bullet with a grammar mass of 13 (with a shortened steel core, a lead jacket, a tracer composition and a bimetallic sheath), an analogue of the SPXNUMX cartridge.
The bullet of the 7Н29 cartridge reliably hits targets in personal second and third class body armor (according to Russian GOST), in unarmored cars, an 40-mm steel sheet pierces 5 meters at a distance of meters, and an army steel helmet at a distance of 100 meters. Based on the details of 7Н29, the training cartridge was also made. The “Vector” pistol, designated CP1M, was upgraded.
The SP12 cartridge with an expansive bullet is intended for firing from СРХNUMXМ - such ammunition is allowed to be used by law enforcement agencies, but is forbidden to army units. The bullet provides increased stopping power and the absence of a ricochet, primarily used to defeat unprotected manpower in confined spaces. Combining the trajectories of bullets of different types of cartridge 1х9 allows the shooter not to care about making amendments when using other types of ammunition. The production of ATP, as well as 21x9 cartridges, has been established by FSUE TsNIITOCHMASH.
The device pistols CP1, CP1M and ATP equally. Automation operates according to the recoil scheme of the trunk with a short stroke, the barrel is locked with a gate by means of a swing-out contactor. In this case, the return spring is worn on the barrel of the pistol, but unlike the PM or APS, it rests against a special detail — the stop of the return spring, which required a movable barrel. Stop spring and contactor stop - new patented design solutions.
The trigger mechanism - trigger with a helical mainspring mounted in the cavity of the trigger itself. It is worth remembering that among the various controversial issues discussed from the very beginning of the use of self-loading pistols in the armed forces were non-automatic fuses and the mode of the pick-up. The first ones ensure high safety of handling of weapons, but when facing the enemy shooter, before pressing the trigger, you need to remember to turn off the fuse - such an oversight is often worth living. The self-pickup mode allows you to safely carry a pistol with a cartridge in the chamber and at the same time quickly make the first shot, but a greater descent force and a greater trigger stroke worsen the accuracy, and the next shot arrows will produce with less effort. This problem has long been resolved with double-trigger firing mechanisms, which allow firing both by self-cocking and pre-cocking. This allows for the ATP firing mechanism. If you put the trigger on the safety platoon, a self-cocked shot is also possible.
From non-automatic fuses in the ATP refused. There are only two automatic fuses. The back - in the form of a key on the pistol grip - locks the sear and turns off when the handle is completely covered by the palm. The front - in the form of a lever on the trigger - is turned off at the beginning of the descent, when the finger of the arrow presses the lever in the trigger. The use of automatic fuses only contributes to the constant readiness of the weapon for a shot; it reduces the number of operations necessary to produce the first shot.
The frame of the pistol is plastic with metal fittings in the upper part. The front-side trigger guard is designed for shooting with a two-handed pistol grip - in modern combat pistols, the front bend of the trigger guard has become common. The sight and front sight are made of non-glare and equipped with white inserts that facilitate aiming in low light conditions.
Food - from a box-shaped detachable store with a double row arrangement of 18 cartridges. The protruding plastic cover makes it easy to replace it, and when firing it serves as a support for the firing hand. Push button latch located behind the trigger guard. After all cartridges are used up, the magazine feeder raises the shutter stop with its tooth and it stops in the rear position. To speed up reloading, the spring of the feeder pushes the magazine when the latch button is pressed, and the shutter stop is automatically turned off when the curb magazine is installed. Thus, in the design of the pistol, measures were taken to combine the quickness of bringing a weapon into readiness and producing the first shot with the convenience of conducting aimed fire.
Accuracy of shooting of the ATP is characterized by the following figures: on tests, a series of ten shots at a distance of 25 meters gave hits within a radius of 6,4 centimeters (with one tear), the radius of the best half of hits - 3 centimeters (for PM at the same distance - no less than 3,2 cm) . With the aforementioned parameters of the striking action of the bullet, the pistol allows you to guaranteedly disable the enemy in the most difficult conditions of close combat.
Various equipment options have been developed for CP1M and ATP, including a camouflage holster for open wearing with camouflage uniforms, a universal holster for concealed carrying on a shoulder suspension or on a waist belt.
Foreign samples
CP1M and SPS are intended primarily for special forces units. Therefore, when choosing foreign analogues for comparison, it is worthwhile to turn to the armament of American special operations forces.
In 1989, the US SOCOM Command announced the implementation of the JSOR program. It provided for the development of offensive personal weapons in order to get a compact, holstered model for the active actions of combat swimmers in skirmishes at distances up to 25 – 30 meters.
The main requirements were presented by the Center for Ground-Based Methods of Warfare of the Navy A complex was considered that included a family of cartridges, a self-loading pistol, a silencer and an aiming block. Accordingly, the weapon could be assembled in two basic versions: “assault” (pistol + aiming block) and “spying” (stalking) - with the addition of a silencer.
Although 1985 year in the US armed forces to replace the "Colt" M911A1 came pistol M9 ( "Beretta» 92SF) chambered 9h19 in accordance with NATO standards, and 1996-m it added 9-mm M11 (R228 "Sig Sauer" ), in the case of JSOR returned to the 11,43-mm cartridge .45 ACP. The reason is that it better meets the requirement of the maximum possible defeat of the enemy in minimum time, besides the subsonic initial speed of the bullet facilitated the implementation of the “scout” variant with a silencer.
In the final of the competition were two eminent firms - the American Colt Industries and the German Heckler und Koch. In 1995, SOCOM preferred the German pistol USP-OHWS Mod. 0. He received the designation Mk 23 Mod 0 - Mark 23 Model 0 US SOCOM Pistol.
The gun itself is based on the USP model (Universal Selbstladen Pistole - the universal self-loading pistol) “Heckler und Koch”. The main differences between the Mk 23 and the USP are the elongated bolt, the muzzle of the barrel protruding from the bolt, the mount for the sighting unit.
Automation works by recoil barrel with a short course. Locking occurs by skewing the barrel. Here, too, has its own subtlety - in contrast to the classic “Browning High Power” scheme, the barrel reduction is made not with a rigid frame pin, but with a hook equipped with a buffer spring at the rear end of the return spring rod. The chamber and its bevel are designed to ensure reliable supply of cartridges from different manufacturers, with different types and different configurations of bullets.
The frame is made of molded plastic, in the upper part it is reinforced with steel inserts that form guides for the movement of the shutter.
The trigger mechanism - a hammer type, with a half-hidden trigger. Two-way manual safety lock blocks the trigger and separates the trigger and sear. Ahead of the manual fuse box, the safety trigger is secured. The presence of the self-dial mode and the constructive separation of the lever for safe descent and the safety catch allow you to carry the gun in two positions - “charged and cocked, on the safety lock” and “charged, with the trigger lowered, ready to fire by self-dial”. There is also an automatic safety device of the striker, blocking it until the trigger is fully pressed. The trigger guard allows shooting in tight gloves.
The sighting device for shooting at dusk can be supplied with white plastic inserts or tritium point ampoules. The front sight and sight are raised relatively high, so that the installed muffler does not overlap the aiming line, as a result the pistol itself has lost its streamline of contours.
Notches to control the shutter are applied not only on the back, but also on the front of it - a notch in the front is more convenient when inspecting and disassembling the weapon.
The aiming unit (LAM) combines the functions of the illuminator and laser target designator.
Did not refuse the .45 ASR cartridge and the US Marine Corps. From the 1985 of the year, the 9-mm M-9 MEU (SOC) remained a modification of the M11,43-45 Colt, in addition to the 1911-mm pistol М1, armed with its expeditionary forces.
In 2005, the JCP (Joint Combat Pistol program, which can be translated as a single combat pistol) was announced in the USA, suggesting that the M9 should be replaced by a new model. Then, however, the program was limited to the needs of the same special operations forces, denoting simply CP (Combat Pistol), and later turned off altogether. It is interesting, however, that all applicants for participation in JCP / CP had a caliber 11,43 millimeter. These were the American pistols MP45 "Smith and Wesson" and Р345 "Ruger", the Canadian Para-Ordnance "LDA 1911, the German NK45" Heckler und Koch, the Swiss-German P-220 "ZIG-Sauer Combat" TV, the Austrian-German "German X-Sauer Combat" TV, Austrian "German-German Combat" TV, Austrian "German-German R-21" ZIG-Sauer Combat "TV, Austrian" German "NGX Sauer Combat" TV, Austrian "German Ordnance" »-24SF, Brazilian Taurus PT 7 / 45 OSS, Belgian FNP-4" Factories Nacional ", Italian PX45 SD" Beretta "and even the Croatian HSXNUMX.
No less interest in pistols for ammunition more powerful than the 9x19 "Parabellum", remains in the special forces of law enforcement agencies. Say, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation has chosen for its employees 10-mm “Glock” -22 and “Glock” -23 pistols chambered for .40 “Smith & Wesson”, slightly exceeding 9X19 power, but for SWAT fighters (“special weapons and tactics "- a kind of" police special forces ") demanded a pistol chambered for .45 ACP. No special innovations followed - a sample submitted by Springfield Armory and accepted by the FBI revealed another modification of the good old M911A1.
Information