US scientists believe in creating a working fusion reactor in 10 years

Currently, controlled thermonuclear fusion is often prophesied as a substitute for classical nuclear power plants and even fossil fuels, however, despite a number of serious successes in this direction, not a single working prototype of a fusion reactor has yet been demonstrated. Construction of the first international thermonuclear reactor ITER in France (the project involves the EU, Russia, China, India and the Republic of Korea) is still at an early stage of project implementation. At the same time, the American corporation Lockheed Martin is working on the development of an effective thermonuclear reactor, as well as a team of researchers representing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It was MIT experts who reported in August 2015 about the development of a new project of a fairly compact tokamak.

Tokamak stands for toroidal camera with magnetic coils. This is a torus-shaped installation designed to confine a plasma in order to achieve the conditions that are necessary for the flow of controlled thermonuclear fusion. The very idea of ​​a tokamak belongs to Soviet physicists. The proposal to use controlled thermonuclear fusion for industrial purposes, as well as a specific scheme using thermal insulation of high-temperature plasma by an electric field, were first formulated by the physicist O. A. Lavrentiev in his work written in the middle of 1950. Unfortunately, this work was “forgotten” before the 1970s. The very term tokamak was coined by I. N. Golovin, a student of academician Kurchatov. It is the tokamak reactor that is currently being created in the framework of the international scientific project ITER.

While work on the creation of the ITER fusion reactor in France is proceeding rather slowly, American engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have proposed a new design of a compact fusion reactor. Such reactors, they said, could be put into commercial operation in just 10 years. At the same time, thermonuclear power engineering, with its enormous generated powers and inexhaustible hydrogen fuel, for decades has remained only a dream and a series of expensive laboratory experiments and experiments. Over the years, physicists even had a joke: "The practical application of thermonuclear fusion will begin in 30 years, and this period will never change." Despite this, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believes that the long-awaited breakthrough in the energy sector will happen in just 10 years.

The confidence of MIT engineers is based on the use of new superconducting materials to create a magnet, which promises to be much smaller and more powerful than the superconducting magnets available. According to Professor Dennis White, director of the MIT Plasma and Thermonuclear Synthesis Center, the use of new commercially available superconducting materials based on rare earth barium and copper oxide (REBCO) will allow scientists to develop compact and very powerful magnets. According to scientists, this will allow to achieve greater power and density of the magnetic field, which is especially important for plasma confinement. Thanks to the new superconducting materials, the reactor, according to American researchers, will be able to perform much more compact than the existing projects at the moment, in particular, the already mentioned ITER. According to preliminary calculations, with the power equal to ITER, the new thermonuclear reactor will have twice the diameter. Due to this, its construction will be cheaper and easier.

Another key feature in the new thermonuclear reactor project is the use of liquid blankets, which should replace the traditional solid-state, which is the main "consumable" in all modern tokamaks, since they take over the main neutron flux, transforming it into thermal energy. It is reported that the liquid is much easier to replace than beryllium cassettes in copper shells, which are quite massive and weigh about 5 tons. It is beryllium cassettes that will be used in the construction of the international experimental thermonuclear reactor ITER. Brandon Sorbom, one of the leading researchers at MIT who is working on the project, speaks of the high efficiency of the new reactor in the 3 area to 1. At the same time, with his own words, the design of the rector in the future can be optimized, which may allow to achieve the ratio of generated energy to the expended energy at the level of 6 to 1.

REBCO-based superconducting materials will provide a more powerful magnetic field that will make plasma management easier: the stronger the field, the smaller the volume of the active zone and plasma can be used. The result will be that a small thermonuclear reactor can produce the same amount of energy as a large modern one. In this case, a compact installation will be easier to build and then operate.

It should be understood that the efficiency of a thermonuclear reactor directly depends on the power of superconducting magnets. New magnets can be used on the existing design of tokamaks, which have an active zone in the form of a “donut”. In addition, a number of other innovations are possible. It is worth noting that the large experimental ITER experimental tokamak costing about 40 billion dollars, which is under construction today in France, did not take into account progress in the field of superconductors, otherwise this reactor could be twice as small, cost the creators much cheaper and would be faster to build. However, the possibility of installing new magnets on ITER exists and this will be able to significantly increase its power in the future.

Magnetic field strength plays a key role in controlled thermonuclear fusion. Doubling this force immediately increases the power of the fusion reaction by a factor of 16. Unfortunately, new superconductors REBCO are not able to double the strength of the magnetic field, but they are still able to increase the power of the fusion reaction 10 times, which also represents an excellent result. According to Professor Dennis White, a thermonuclear reactor, which will be able to supply about 100 thousands of people with electrical energy, can be built for about 5 years. It is difficult to believe in it now, but an epochal breakthrough in the energy sector, which can stop the process of global warming, can occur relatively quickly, almost nowadays. At the same time, MIT is sure that this time 10 is not a joke, but a real date for the appearance of the first workable tokamaks.

Information sources:
http://zoom.cnews.ru/rnd/article/item/termoyadernyj_sintez_vsego_cherez_10_let
http://www.3dnews.ru/918575
http://seo-top-news.com.ua/injenery-mit-obeshchajut-sozdat-kompaktnyj-termojadernyj-reaktor-za-10-let

Comments

[AlNikolaich]

For forty years they have been talking about the use of thermonuclear for peaceful energy, and WHO is still there ... I believe if
in the Soviet Union could not create a working tokamak, no one can!
And, with regards to thermonuclear poisoning, if they can realize it, it will be a completely new installation that has nothing to do with the toroid. Just did not come up yet. The evolutionary path is ...

[Sergey-8848]

More than sixty years already.

[bastard]

Quote: Sergey-8848

More than sixty years already.

Academician Kurchatov said that already in the 2nd half of the twentieth century fusion would be mastered, sort of like picking up. Alas, I was mistaken, and he was not alone. In the words of prof. I. Ostretsova: 200 million degrees plasma cord, a solid wall through which flows of neutrons with an energy of 14 MeV go. Such a wall cannot be created. A thermonuclear reaction is possible only when held in a gravitational field, as in the Sun. There is a reaction.
Maybe someday scientists will find a way to carry out such a process. Let's hope.

[ism_ek]

1.Tokamak with positive energy efficiency has already been created in China.
2. Let us recall the story of shale gas. Americans have been doing research since the 40s of the twentieth century. Nothing worked, and only 60 years later there was a technological breakthrough. Unfortunately, they already live in a completely different technological reality. While Medvedev is struggling with the question of which "auction" or "tender" is better. Americans are building a new economy.
3. There is another story with cold fusion and nuclear transmutation. So far, everything is classified and borders on charlotanism, but research is ongoing.

[voyaka uh]

"and borders on charlotteism, but research is ongoing." ///

At the beginning of the 20th (or the end of the 19th?) Century in New York, the police (according
signal of vigilant citizens) arrested two
people who tried to sell on the street
first telephone sets.
The fact of fraud seemed very convincing:
how could sound go through wires?

[bastard]

Quote: AlNikolaich

And, with regards to thermonuclear poisoning, if they can realize it, it will be a completely new installation that has nothing to do with the toroid. Just did not come up yet. The evolutionary path is ...

So far, a bummer has fallen with thermonuclear, both ours, and the French, and the Americans and the British have fought. So far, it's empty. He smiled at the title of the article (no offense to the author):

US scientists BELIEVE to create a working fusion reactor in 10 years

As Kant said, faith can be in two cases: if it is confirmed by practical experience and if it can predict the result. And in general: faith is a word that is not related to science, it is on the line of another department, for a scientist can only evaluate events and predict the result.

[gridasov]

Not many people are able to work with information as consistent and reasonable logic. Therefore, faith is for many an abstraction based on emotions. rather than understanding the relationship algorithms as events. In addition, it is time to learn to think without associating concepts with words, but to see them as interconnected phenomena and events. However, do not waste time on these associations.
You absolutely rightly noted that the scientist comes closer to the realities of the processes of world formation. So, emotions are to the side. But not to predict, but to build models of the development of events on the methods of their validity on energy and mathematical principles. Accurate and not ambiguous.
Many, if not all, processes are formed at local fractal energy levels. This means that within this system they can be multivariate, but not go beyond the potential on the external circuit. And only when they reach a certain level by perturbation or attenuation vector, only then interaction with other local spaces is possible interaction. However, it is difficult to explain the levels of fractal spaces. when not even fractal planes are comprehended. So laugh at my bullshit.

[bastard]

Quote: gridasov

So laugh at my bullshit.

And I won’t think about it!

[Bayonet]

Quote: villain

faith is a word that is not related to science, it’s from another department,

This that promises us a lot after 2020?

[bastard]

Quote: Bayonet

This that promises us a lot after 2020?

If you are talking about the church, then I don’t believe the priests, but if about ZAO “Krasny Zabor”, then I am “skeptical” about their statements and promises, and a little too philosophical.

[Amurets]

And there, after 2020, another 80 years to 2100. Remember the 20th century, and the breakthrough in technology, knowledge that occurred over 80 years of the last century. No matter how cynical it sounds, but many breakthroughs in technology occurred due to 2 world wars.

[Bayonet]

Quote: villain

faith is a word that is not related to science, it’s from another department,

This that promises us a lot after 2020?

[potreot]

how would you remind someone who first collected the Kernel bomb? Who made all the calculations? Do you learn the history of patriotic ballots? Not only in Russia can I build reactors ...

[gridasov]

If people focus on each other, then progress will stop. Therefore, in this world, Everything and Everything has its place and meaning. Has its development and its vector. Own algorithms and "goal". Therefore, without a doubt, it is worth honoring and respecting the pioneers. It is not for nothing that it is said that it is the pioneer who does not have guidelines for the correctness of the chosen path, the most difficult of all. But!!! Nothing is worth it. Everything changes and transforms.

[Bayonet]

Quote: AlNikolaich

. I suppose if
in the Soviet Union could not create a working tokamak, no one can!

This is true, if we hadn’t invented the wheel at the time, the whole world would still be dragging drags!

[Shiva83483]

They believe, yeah ... they also believe in their exclusivity ... as for me, the next linden performed by the staff.

[Amurets]

Why is it a linden? Scientists from many countries are fighting together or apart on this problem. Perhaps the solution lies on the surface, but we don’t see it, or maybe somewhere in the depths of the maze it’s hard to get to it. Time will tell. And the Atomic Bomb was created in the USA, but the outstanding scientists of the WORLD worked on it.

[Denis 60 rus]

if this miracle appears, the oil and gas corporations will lose a lot of money. The Russian raw materials budget is understandable, too, and the idea is interesting, and in the end it can and will bring benefits (if they allow)

[Belousov]

That is why "this miracle" will not appear. The Arabs, the states, Russia and other smaller players in the oil market will lose a lot.

[Mera joota]

Quote: Belousov

It hurts a lot of Arabs, states

Write nonsense. Why the Arab do not care:
The need for petroleum products will be all the same. Chemical industry, aviation. Survive those countries where oil production is the cheapest at cost and then the Arabs have no particular competitors.
Why don't the Americans care:
The oil industry in the United States is far from the most important and its share in the budget is small. They can’t even sell oil abroad, only on the domestic market at a price much lower than the world one. Those. no one will listen to the oil workers.
The United States, on the contrary, needs an energy revolution, which is why Andrea Rossi and his generator XTS were lured to themselves. If E-CAT Rossi really works, then Americans become monopolists in the field of cheap energy, which will provide them with a colossal leap into the future.

[atos_kin]

Quote: Mera Joota

The oil industry in the United States is far from the most important and its share in the budget is small. They can’t even sell oil abroad, only on the domestic market at a price much lower than the world one.

Quote: Mera Joota

Write nonsense.

But what about the "shale revolution"?

[Mera joota]

Quote: atos_kin

But what about the "shale revolution"?

The shale revolution was necessary to eliminate dependence on Arab oil, the energy revolution will complete what has begun.
Can you imagine what opportunities for the economy gives free electricity in unlimited quantities?

[Fibrizio]

This gives us minus 60% of revenues and the collapse of the current government.

[fennekRUS]

are you not writing off Rosatom early? One of the few really competing companies. Yes, we are chewing Kurchatov's legacy with comrades. but nonetheless-Rosatom is the largest generating company in Russia, which provides 33% of electricity generation in the European part of the country. Rosatom occupies a leading position in the global nuclear technology market, occupying first place in the world in the number of NPPs being built abroad simultaneously; 1nd place in the world in uranium reserves and 2rd place in terms of its production; 3nd place in the world in nuclear power generation, providing 2% of the global market for uranium enrichment services and 36% of the nuclear fuel market.
from here-http: //www.rosatom.ru/aboutcorporation/
so here we just can still compete if we don’t click the beak. Fortunately, minds still exist, and the school of nuclear scientists was preserved regardless of dashing years.

[ttv-cfo]

exactly. Unfortunately we also missed our own 80s, when we could lead this direction ...

[Fibrizio]

This gives us minus 60% of revenues and the collapse of the current government.

[adept666]

E-CAT Rossi will really work,

It will not, because it is like a thermonuclear reactor: it will operate and be sold next year, and this period will never change. Pampering with nickel isotopes as well as pampering with palladium (the principle of action is similar) back in the USSR (from the beginning of the 50s) is not able to refute the law of conservation of energy.

[Amurets]

Thank! I didn’t know about it.

[Vadim237]

Well - wait 10 years, and there you look and cheaper materials and magnets will appear.

[adept666]

Well - wait 10 years, and there you look and cheaper materials and magnets will appear.

Suppose that materials and magnets appear that can provide at least 15% efficiency. What will we heat the stove with? They tell us hydrogen in the article, but unfortunately they don’t specify which one ... But hydrogen there is tritium, which practically does not occur in pure form in nature, but it is obtained industrially - it is produced ... in a nuclear reactor To date, about 5 kg is produced per year + the same amount is produced, but not recovered in all nuclear reactors in the world. Total slightly more than 10 kg. A hypothetical 1 GW * year monster (reactor) will require approximately 60 kg of tritium (taking into account the fact that one kg of such fuel costs about 35 million evergreens, it can be calculated how much a penny with dubious advantages such generation will come out ).

[fennekRUS]

in the hole! A pure proton-proton reaction is hardly feasible in the foreseeable future. deuterium-helium is the limit of modern possibilities, but helium-3 is even less than tritium. In general, there is nothing to drown the tokamak so far, all these are just training mockups that are needed, no doubt. And loud statements about 10 years before commercial exploitation, well, are you watching ads? Each next fairy is thicker, but doesn’t turn into a bar of soap)))

[gridasov]

If you think based on binary logic. it’s hard enough to imagine that lithium and tritium and everything else are derivatives of the transformation of those basic substances. which in their natural form can exist or, more precisely, are stable in natural conditions. But if you argue on the basis of multi-valued logic, and even more so based on spatial basic principles, then you should not even give names to these substances, since they will always be an invariable part of those conditions in which they can manifest their derivatives and very individual properties. Therefore, tritium and helium -3 may not be enough in some conditions, but enough in others, which are theoretically and practically not difficult to obtain.

[Chiropractor]

Quote: gridasov

Therefore, tritium and helium -3 may not be enough in some conditions, but enough in others,

or there may not be other conditions ...

it's like a statement - "an American Marine can shoot down a ballistic missile with an M4a1 rifle," or maybe not,
but in newspapers only the first part of the phrase is printed

but seriously, in order to achieve conditions under which the presence of tritium and helium-3 should be enough,
it is necessary to operate with energies an order of magnitude greater than those that this thermonuclear is capable of producing, and therefore the thermonuclear is no longer needed with them ...

[gridasov]

You would be right if this reason is divorced from the essence of the solution of the question. And if we consider it as part of some organized technological process, then helium and tritium can form in each part of it. Because each of them is characterized by very specific conditions of existence as a stable form and essence of the element itself. I’m considering the conditions under which these derivatives are formed, and not an abstraction comparable to your example. And it is precisely about such achievable levels of energy that it is worth talking more than that, about the methodology for its achievement. Only we always forget about the category of the duration of the retention of such a level of energy density.

[adept666]

but enough in others, which are theoretically and practically not difficult to obtain.

Mr. gridasov, you have already put forth so many different theories on this resource that are still theoretically and practically not difficult to obtain, which is enough for a couple of hundred Nobel Prizes in chemistry and physics. Well, show in practice at least one practically not difficult received device from your fantasies please

[gridasov]

Thank you for not driving! First, I do not put forward theories. Then it would be obvious that I am confused and insecure. All that is said are components of one process of world perception and of the analysis to which it is subject. Secondly, I would not want to be the person who must save humanity or enlighten it. I just talk with smart and educated people and only on topics that interest me. And everyone draws conclusions on his own. You can listen, but you can not listen. You can scold and blaspheme me, but you can praise. But this is all outside of the issues that unite us on this site.
Let me tell you better about the most important task of mathematicians, which they, I think, do not see. At a minimum, this will probably direct the minds to the reasoning in this vector.
So. The most important problem of mathematics as a science is the definition of INFINITY. However, for exact science and in the light of the problems being solved today, it is useless to rely on abstractions, inaccuracies and uncertainties. Therefore, infinity, as a mathematical definition, can be supplemented with a very important property or parameter. "- INFINITY with a precise and always fixed definition of its analyzed level." This is important enough to add that infinite mathematical calculations, as processes, are dynamic, and if these are vector-directed radial calculations, then such infinities are also different-dynamic according to the algorithms of changes in the vectors themselves. Why is it important? Because any of the most important mathematical problems, and especially unsolved ones, can be easily solved, and most importantly with sufficient justification for constructing new milestone problems, with such a tool as a technique that allows this to be done with exhaustive answers. Construct, for example, prime numbers in the structure of a spatial matrix and the patterns of their location will be perceived clearly. Then it will not be necessary to build endless rows of primes. (These are the most primitive solutions and I'm not the first to talk about this)
However, I will continue and say that deuterium-tritium milestones are achieved and exceeded in the possibilities of their achievements and more, which means that new derivatives are obtained only at the level of building a process based on binary logic. Ie done once and done two. Sorry, but there is a measure of candor.

[adept666]

Thank you for not driving!

Why would you? You are an important component of this portal, I no longer think of the topics touched on here like this one without your detailed comments. Your thoughts are pleasant and exciting to read (I say this sincerely)

So. The most important problem of mathematics, as a science, has the definition of INFINITY.

I agree!

the definition can be supplemented with a very important property or parameter. "- INFINITY with a precise and always fixed definition of its analyzed level."

And yet this is already magic, equivalent to "surgery" on the Ricci stream

Why is it important? Because any of the most important mathematical problems, and especially unsolved ones, can be easily, and most importantly, with sufficient justification for constructing new boundary-value problems

Well, if the goal is to solve the unsolvable, then I agree that you can use different magical techniques, because without it just nowhere

However, I will continue and say that deuterium-tritium milestones are achieved and exceeded in capabilities

Yes, God bless them with these boundaries, help to better solve the basic philosophical question: What appeared the egg or chicken earlier?

[gridasov]

It seems to me that maybe in such "philosophical" questions there is some mystery. After all, both the chicken and the egg are a systemic spatial relationship that complements each other in the inevitability of the existence and coexistence of one and the other both as a phenomenon and as a process.
Of course, it is not important to solve "unsolved" mathematical problems. For me personally, it was a question whether it is possible to perceive the world around us in a slightly different alternative, but also more productive way. After all, the current state, especially of the information space, makes it necessary to work with big data and not just sort through information, but analyze it and model events at various levels of perspectives.

[adept666]

deuterium-helium - the limit of modern possibilities,

And then in theory.

[Bayonet]

Quote: denis 60 rus

if this miracle appears, oil and gas corporations will lose a lot of money.

Oil and gas is not only fuel, but also a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Which by the way, is getting smaller.

[Aleksandr72]

The fact that the controlled thermonuclear fusion is about to be ready for practical use has been discussed and written for a long time, for example, in this brochure (pay attention to the year of publication!):
Velikhov E.P., Mirnov S.V. Controlled thermonuclear fusion reaches the finish line. Trinity Institute for Innovative and Thermonuclear Research. Russian Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 2006... There have even been reports in the media that such a reactor is already ready for serial release at the same Lockheed.
And nothing has changed. Who cares about the link to the article on thermonuclear fusion: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1157330.
And finally, a bit of humor (the truth about the large hadron collider):
Report on the test of the hadron caliper in the style of "Our Russia":
"The smoke dissipates, Ravshan and Dzhumshut in white coats and glasses are standing at the gates of paradise. The gates are opening.
Coming Apostle Peter (Svetlakov)
- Uh, what are you doing here?
- Oh, what are we doing? Oh, here ...
- I ask you, what did you get bogged down there?
- Babashnchul, yes strong, babashnchul belemge kalayder slammed, filler ...
- Collider? Yes, you finally fucked up there or what? Yes, you understand what you did there? You fuck really built it?
- Higis shared ...
- What other Higis?
“They did the Boson Higis ... Adin did, Ftaroy did, and together they made two of them ...”
- You th, push them or something?
- No, the commissar, the squash stumbled ... It was easy to disperse fast ... very fast ... they themselves were confronted, the commissar ... and patooom, patooom ezhembe kaselbeh bikhtimile shaitanama!
- Well, you finally! Well why the hell did you need it? Want another big bang?
- A baw of a balsa, a filler, a baw of a balsa, a shaitan - babashnul kalayderma kirdikhalar ..
- Well, to hell with you, come on in, experimenters, damn it.
- And then they will come after us later ...
“Why, besides yourself, have you killed someone else?”
- They killed you with protection ...? They didn’t ditch it, there the kaliderma was ruined ...
- Alright, how many of you are there
- Now there are billions ... Half a half ... "
Someday, scientists will play out with experiments on planet Earth.
I have the honor.

[gridasov]

Useless attempts! To say simply means to say that in order to obtain a certain process, the so-called thermonuclear reaction, it is necessary to provide this process as a certain sequence, symmetry and balance in terms of the level of input and output of the composite interaction. The essence of a nuclear reaction is to ensure such a level of density of magnetic force interactions of the components of the process that the process is harmonious. What cannot be said looking at all modern nuclear reactors and one does not even need to make an effort not to see all the inefficiency of these high-cost devices in order to understand, because the analysis of all these processes is not logical due to its incompleteness and interconnection. Is it possible to speak at all about efficiency, if there is not even a concept of the radiality of the so-called radiation or its linearity and methods associated with the organization of these specific processes? And in general there is no concept of what radiation is, which is replaced by abstract concepts, in contrast to the real understanding of the "disturbance" of a certain property of the environment, by the way these e-mails are formed and at what level of energy. magnetic processes are taking place. Therefore, there are problems with understanding what spin is and why it is the derivative of a potential difference with respect to a linear vector.
No! at the current level of knowledge, these ambitious tasks cannot be solved!

[fennekRUS]

Quote: gridasov

No! at the current level of knowledge, these ambitious tasks cannot be solved!

well why? traditionally, "by typing". Although looking at what is now being turned in the so-called M-theory. In general, wait, maybe we'll see, but maybe not. (see post Alexander72 above)

[gridasov]

Imagine a point materialized by your imagination. Now let it run as a flow element along the propeller blade. And this contact can be at any point of contact with its plane. Now imagine a group of such points interacting not only with the blade, but also with each other. Now imagine this not as a laminar process, but as a turbulent one, and then these points will manifest elements of motion in all coordinate axes and relative to their own axis. This means that the groups of these points will also form the patterns of motion along linear axial vectors and spins. And now try to justify all this by the "hitting" method. Believe me, the multivariance of "tyka" is not described in quantitative terms. These are dynamic processes. But the logic. All the more ambiguous, everything is much simpler.

[Chiropractor]

poke method - smoke on the propeller - voila time!

simplification method - all points move laminarly, or tkrbulentno, but one, depending on what we expect and what it affects, voila two!

[gridasov]

The problem of achieving hyperspeed also depends, at first, on the solution of scientific problems and the construction of methods in the field of analysis of large, namely, dynamic flows of information. All this is the simplest mathematics, not complicated by far-fetched abstract concepts. It will take a long time before, at first, modern pundits saw the far-fetchedness and recognized the complicated and inaccurate methods of mathematical technologies as ineffective in working with "big data". And only then, having adopted real and useful components, did they switch to new methods of mathematical and then logical analysis of building models over dynamic physical. processes.

[AUL]

So why "useless attempts"? Are you suggesting to close this direction?
Yes, it’s still not working out as we would like. But there is a theoretical justification for the process, there are experimental confirmations, it remains to solve constructive issues. And this is already completely solvable. Not immediately, over time, constructive solutions will be developed, technologies will be polished, and other issues will be resolved.
Mozhaisky’s plane also could not take off in due time. And today airplanes fly!

[gridasov]

I may not have expressed myself clearly enough, but this is not what I am proposing. On the contrary, it is obvious that it is worth considering alternative directions for constructing methodologies for creating a controlled thermonuclear reaction. Firstly, with the modern arrangement of the construction of the toroidal geometric foundations of the installation, it is impossible to achieve the maximum density of magnetic force fluxes. Furthermore . With the modern principled approach, any increase in the attainable energy density in the installation will have a proportional dependence on how much energy will need to be additionally applied from outside. In other words, the process should only be initiated, but its absolute controllability and regulation should be. This means that the phases of the transition from the mechanical part of the process creation to its material-nuclear part of the process should be dependent. And this is not at all difficult to understand. Furthermore . Multi-complex, superdynamic, high-potential physical, and most importantly, information-intensive processes cannot be polished at the level of their principle. You can only polish processes that are orders of magnitude low and do not affect the essence of the main process itself. Therefore, without analyzing and understanding what needs to be done and how to do it, it will be impossible to be a managing regulator of the process. It is impossible to install a sensor or visual control of those phenomena that will be fundamental. They can only be analyzed and subsequently recreated only as an element of a very "passing" moment in the algorithm of all events that we can organize.
And please do not compare low-potential processes as examples with those we are discussing.

[gridasov]

The problem of achieving hyperspeed also depends, at first, on the solution of scientific problems and the construction of methods in the field of analysis of large, namely, dynamic flows of information. All this is the simplest mathematics, not complicated by far-fetched abstract concepts. It will take a long time before, at first, modern pundits saw the far-fetchedness and recognized the complicated and inaccurate methods of mathematical technologies as ineffective in working with "big data". And only then, having adopted real and useful components, they switched to new methods of mathematical and then logical analysis of constructing models of complex over dynamic physical. processes. This is not a brick-on-brick motor skill refinement. Only a complete theoretical foundation can be a prerequisite for "success".

[Free wind]

I remember Tokomakov built more than a dozen, both in the USSR and abroad, and they have been generating electricity for a long time, not on an industrial scale, but more than they need. I do not understand the sarcasm of commentators, there is nothing fantastic about this.

[Mentat]

Quote: ism_ek

1.Tokamak with positive energy efficiency has already been created in China.

This is actually a Russian tokamak. Read more than headlines.

[Mentat]

Quote: ttv-cfo

exactly. Unfortunately we also missed our own 80s, when we could lead this direction ...

We head it. Check out who runs the ITER project.

[Mentat]

Quote: ttv-cfo

exactly. Unfortunately we also missed our own 80s, when we could lead this direction ...

We head it. Check out who runs the ITER project.

[Svetlana]

The disease of classical tokamaks is a phenomenon of internal plasma disruption that occurs due to the impossibility of long-term maintenance of a toroidal current in a tokamak. This phenomenon is of the same nature as solar flares - reconnection of magnetic lines of force. As a result of reconnection, magnetic lines of force are formed, stretched like rubber in a slingshot, which shoots plasma at the walls of the tokamak and destroys them. It is possible to deal with plasma disruptions by starting to create a self-contained (bootstrap) toroidal current. Or create a toroidal-poloidal electric current in the plasma, which supports itself, as in a dynamo machine. One of the ways to maintain a toroidal current in a plasma for a long time is to use special RF induction coils - injectors of magnetic helicity to generate a toroidal-poloidal magnetic field in a plasma (see the figure below).
Another way to maintain the toroidal-poloidal current is to use a plasma thermocouple heated by microwave beams of gyrotrons directed along the subgroup forming a single-cavity hyperboloid.
YBCO - superconductors are attractive for use in tokamak magnetic windings, but from the point of view of minimizing structural damage to the winding material with 14MEV thermonuclear neutrons in the windings, it is better to use superconducting cables made of substances with a small neutron capture cross section, for example, magnesium diboride. Moreover, the boron used in the superconducting cables of the windings is preferably enriched with the 11B isotope to reduce the capture cross section of thermal neutrons, which can also appear in the tokamak blanket, along with thermonuclear fast neutrons.

[Mountain shooter]

Deuterium - tritium reaction - this is such a thing that produces 5 grams of 1 MeV neutrons per 14 grams of reacting gases. Which quite quickly turn all the materials of the reactor itself into radioactive isotopes (with different, of course, speeds!). The low cost and availability of fuel, in particular tritium, is a myth. The monstrous neutron fluxes generated by such a reactor make the prospects of its long-term operation very doubtful, it will become radioactive after some time. Concrete to fill in whole? After a few years it will not be possible to enter.

[gridasov]

The construction of an algorithmic process of transformation of practically any substance is so important that this substance is introduced into a state of transmutation of its own nuclear level of transformations, and then "instantly", in abstract terms, is depolarized to the level of a natural and safe state. And it is possible! It's just that you need to take as a basis not the creation of materials or substances with the necessary properties, but the creation of conditions for the transformation of any material or substance into a state with the necessary properties. And this approach is more productive, especially in the field of high energy technologies.

[Svetlana]

There are "neutronless" reactions. The deuterium-helium-3 (or proton-boron-11) reaction is also promising due to the lack of a neutron yield.
D + He (3) = P + He (4) + 18MEV
P + B (11) = 3He (4) + 8.7 MEV
Protons (and deuterons) are accelerated well to the required energies of 100..200 KEV by an ordinary accelerator or lasers. When braking in a plasma, proton beams lose energy mainly in collisions with cold electrons. When colliding with sufficiently hot electrons, proton (deuteron) ions do not lose energy on average.
Therefore, in the target (where the beams of neutral hydrogen or deuterium atoms fall) a non-equilibrium plasma is created - in which the electron temperature is much higher than the ion temperature and is equal to the stagnation temperature of the proton beam. In this case, the nuclear reactions in the collision of the beam nuclei with the nuclei of the plasma target from the nonequilibrium plasma effectively.

[Amurets]

Quote: Belousov

That is why "this miracle" will not appear. The Arabs, the states, Russia and other smaller players in the oil market will lose a lot.

They won’t lose. From the hydroelectric power station they will destroy the thermal power station. There were such nonsense in the 50s of the last century. We will live in abundance of energy, and we will close harmful thermal power plants and state district power stations, we will refuse coal and oil. We will not harm nature. And what will be an abundance of energy. And where is an abundance of energy? We also suck oil and gas from the earth and burn it in furnaces. As there were no powerful batteries to create tractor equipment. So, production is not in danger. But in space, on long-distance flights, such energy sources are needed.

[Nikoha.2010]

Quote: Amurets

But in space, with long-distance flights, such energy sources are needed.

Nikolay, what do you smoke?

[Amurets]

I neither drink nor smoke, but sometimes it is necessary to look into the past and the future without science fiction. By the way, Henry Ford Sr. said: "The most terrible punishment for a man is to make him think" And remember the anecdote with the ending of the 15th ruble head, but no brains; He started out with many languages, but don't remember that the most daring inventions came from crazy ideas.

[gridasov]

Ideas cannot be crazy! Sorry for the clarification. Since a person is not able to think in categories other than his abilities allow. Therefore, "progressors" are simply people with an expanded and complex perception and the ability to analyze those processes that are not available to others. I always say that Messing, Wanga, Keisi and other people with abnormal abilities are signs of people's ability to see the world in algorithms of prerequisites and consequences and at different levels of remoteness of perspectives. But! These people possessed abilities and used them. However, who are those who know why and how to form such abilities? What are the principles of their analysis and how to develop it in the right directions?

[Falcon5555]

Lockheed should be advised to consult Gridasov. They can’t do without it.

[gridasov]

Depending on the direction of your patriotism, you do not need to give such advice. Not to anyone. You could be wrong! We just talk and reason. Although Lockheed would have to have his own system of searching and selecting information, like others. My existence, so far, even on the pages of an open portal, says a lot.

[Falcon5555]

And why it is not necessary to give such advice to anyone and how can I make a mistake, I don’t understand. Damage, or something, send? Do you think Lockheed is worse or better if he listens to your words?
And anyway, what kind of Martin is there with this Lockheed? Rename. Lokheed-Gridasov. Like this. But I see that you are not ready for this. Perhaps you will soon leave for a closed portal.

[gridasov]

Excuse me ! You're right! Everyone should do as he sees it reasonable.
By the way, if you notice this, but all the basic technologies are precisely in the PHYSICS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF HYDRO-GAS-DYNAMIC PROCESSES, everyone has the same thing. It is corny obvious that the latest combat aircraft are not such in terms of flight efficiency. But the most important thing is that even the problems themselves are not obvious for analysis, not that we can talk about new technologies for organizing work and engines and the very principles of flight in near-Earth space.
They say that a split personality consists in analyzing one's own actions. I use the method of analyzing not only my own actions, but also that space of interactions of this duality, disorganization, etc. Accordingly, it is not difficult to analyze any numerous and interrelated processes. You see, I wasn't just talking about infinity as a mathematical definition. This infinity can be expressed by the property of the absolute individuality of all its components. In addition, there is such an exercise for the mind, which allows you to create completely "unsolvable" problems. Ie, their unsolvability is a programmable task. And it is precisely this state that expands the imagination in the search for real and well-founded solutions.

[Cat man null]

Quote: gridasov

They say that a split personality consists in analyzing one's own actions. I use the method of analysis not only of my own actions, but also of the space of interactions of this bifurcation, confusion, etc.

You Klitschko is not a relative, by chance?

You start the sentence, and .. don’t end .. move on to the next ..

Either a lot of thoughts, or just tongue-tied .. minus - mine, if that ..

[gridasov]

Friends from Israel, good evening! No, Klitschko is not my relative, if you like it.
By the way, an unfinished phrase is like a method to see how much the dialogue partner hears my reasoning. Or vice versa.

[Falcon5555]

There is such a term - slipping.

[gridasov]

It was nice to talk with everyone! Thank! See you soon!

[Svetlana]

The third way to maintain the toroidal-poloidal current in the plasma of a thermonuclear reactor with magnetic thermal insulation is the use of a plasma thermocouple heated by beams of neutral deuterium atoms directed along the generatrices of a single-cavity hyperboloid. This method is used in a compact nuclear fusion reactor provided by Lockheed Martin - see the figure below. When generating magnetic fields in a plasma, the main thing is that the temperature gradient vectors of the plasma thermocouple and the plasma density gradient should not be parallel. Then the magnetic field in the plasma is generated automatically. In the case of plasma heating by beams at the beam boundary, the temperature gradient is directed normal to the beam boundary, and the gradient density - directed normal to the wall of the plasma chamber. Those. these vectors are not parallel, which ensures the generation of a magnetic field in the plasma of a fusion reactor.

[gridasov]

Good afternoon!. Is it possible at all to speak about the correctness of expressions associated with the concepts of neutron. proton, electron. Why? At least because any particle, if we consider it as such, already has both the dimension and the distribution of the potential along the radius and the kinetic energy along the linear vector of motion and, accordingly, along the spin, which depends on the intrinsic potential energy caused by the potential difference along the radius. This means that the structure of interactions should already be considered as fractal definitions of each particle and each dimensional group of their interactions and any space of their interactions. And this space cannot be infinite. It can always be determined both by geometry and by its potential on the outer contour and on the inner structures. From what has been said it follows that the processes of generation or absorption of energy is always a consequence of the transformation of one fractal energy structure into another. Depends on completely obvious and quantifiable factors. The conclusion is that in order to get closer to the truth, if such a desire exists, it is necessary to change and seek methodologies for analyzing all these processes, and not to chop everything off with the "ax" of one methodology. By the way, I have already written many times that plasma, as such, is always an indicator of a ruptured email. magnetic fractal contour. Therefore, to obtain energy, a process of reciprocal rupture and synthesis of local fractal space is needed. And then only under obvious conditions. And the reactor that is in the picture no longer fits into the ability to maintain the conditions for a stable energy transformation process. That is, the algorithm for creating the maximum energy density is not maintained and vice versa. You just need to read the magnetic flux to see what and how to do in the hardware. In addition, in this reactor there is also a whole complex of elementary indicators that are not thought out, but contradict the creation of a harmonious process

[gridasov]

I will not talk about spaces outside our environment, but on EARTH all processes occur according to the same methodology for organizing processes. Everything differs and obeys how, in what dimension and parameters the algorithms for organizing these processes are built. But the methodology is the same everywhere. Therefore, the "correct" one will be, according to the organized procedurality, the reactor that can be applied at different levels of application in terms of the required energy parameters of energy and in essence of its practical extended application. And in this regard, we are talking about a reactor that can be used both as a propulsion device and as a source of heat and a source of transformation of a hydro-gas dynamic flow, and as both a reactor and an electric generator. magnetic energy and more. Once again, I note that modern scientists are building reactors, but it would be worth organizing processes that are calculated at the level of transformations of each stage.

[Svetlana]

Quote: Mountain Shooter

Concrete to fill in whole?

It is poured not with concrete, but with a melt of flyba - heat carrier Li2BeF4.
There are projects for the protection of structural materials of plasma chambers
pulsed thermonuclear reactors from neutron radiation by a curtain of many jets of liquid lithium or melt flyba - jet liquid blanket.
In the HYLIFE-II project, the dynamic inkjet structure serves as a blanket,
forming a volume of fluid with an internal cavity.
The walls of the liquid volume have a thickness sufficient to absorb neutrons.
In the dynamic inkjet blanket, a lot of jets are quite thin,
so that the impact of shock waves on the wall of the plasma chamber is minimal.
A cavity (for the passage of pulsed heavy-ion beams focused on a DT target) is formed by connecting and disconnecting flows from a plurality of jets (as in the shower) flowing out of rotating nozzles.
A positive aspect of this scheme is the minimal neutron irradiation of structural elements of the reactor chamber.
The figure below shows a lattice of stationary jets (left) and a protective package formed by an array of oscillating (swaying) jets (right), proposed to protect the first wall of a HYLIFE-II pulsed thermonuclear reactor. About flyba see also http://geektimes.ru/post/260338/

[gridasov]

Any hydro-gas-dynamic flow consists of jets. The totality of the interaction of these jets constitutes the potential energy of the fluid flow through its composite local spaces. It is not necessary to have "seven spans in the forehead" in order not to see and understand that in the near-wall zone the flow velocity is the sum of the velocities in two perpendicular planes. Therefore, in one plane, the flow rate tends to zero. and in the other it increases from zero. Therefore, any hydro-gas dynamic flow has an ionizing ability to create a potential on the outflow surface. But at the point symmetric in "relative symmetry" the flow rate is maximum. Therefore, the flow itself has a potential difference across the jets. Therefore !!! In order not to destroy the potential energy of the liquid flow, the function of which is to absorb the negative radiation energy in the reactor, DO NOT destruct the total flow. It needs to be formatted on the surface of the outflow of the contact planes so that this surface must have the appropriate configuration. If the flow is not forcibly divided into jets, then its absorbing capacity is orders of magnitude higher. By creating in this way the internal potential energy of the flow, but which is essentially the kinetic energy of the jets, it is possible to control the potential energy of the flow, at its nuclear level, so to speak. That is why we are talking about a reactor using "simple" substances. By the way, when flying in space, it would be worthwhile to "wrap" the capsule in which the cosmonauts live in a dynamic flow of water along appropriate trajectories in order to ensure its quality or energy potential.

[Svetlana]

Quote: gridasov

DON'T NEED to destruct aggregate flow

The upper estimate for the mass of radioactive waste in the steel structures of a fusion reactor is as follows.
The deuterium-tritium thermonuclear reactor of thermal power 100MW for 1 year forms 1750 grams of fast 14-MeV neutrons. These neutrons, which can spoil the maximum, are 56 * 1,750 = 98 kilograms of iron contained in the metal of the reactor structure.
Over 30 years of the reactor’s life, no more than 30 * 0,098 = 2,9 tons of radioactive waste from the beta-radioactive isotope of manganese with atomic mass 56 is formed. It is technically possible to bury these three tons of radioactive waste passages. But in the blanket of the thermonuclear reactors uranium-238 lithium-7, hoping that the bulk of fast neutrons will be absorbed in this blanket, and not in the materials of the power structure of the reactor. Neutron blanket irradiation products are not radioactive waste,
and fuel for nuclear reactors used after reprocessing in the next fuel cycle.
Regarding the claim that it is NOT NECESSARY to destruct the aggregate flow. Destruction on the jet is carried out to reduce the destructive effect of the shock wave from micro explosions of thermonuclear targets on the first wall of the plasma chamber of a pulsed thermonuclear reactor. The shock wave is quenched much faster not in a continuous material, but in a porous, foamy, liquid droplet, or in this case, a liquid blanket that is decomposed into small streams.

[gridasov]

The reason for our discussion is that everything achieved by this technology has not led to anything that can be called a "window to the future." Obtaining an "excess" of energy, then to heat water and generate electricity. energy in devices that create an alternating magnetic field. This is objectively ineffective. And the very state of space, which is obtained in this way, is also not applicable anywhere and for anything. Science for the sake of science? Therefore, all the intricate terminology and stories that there are lithium, tritium and the rest is an indicator only of the fact that scientists are not able to carry out analysis at the level of all derivatives of the process, in which names are useless. We are talking about processes whose combined properties are manifested ultimately as a resultant - either the reactive force of the outgoing flow, or heat energy, or electrical energy. And all this in one device - reactor-generator-propulsion device. It all depends only on the purpose and task of the application. Moreover, the highest degree of ionization of the outflow surfaces and the "correct" distribution of magnetic force fluxes on them is a prerequisite for the creation of an aircraft based on new physical principles.
In general, as always - "in good desires, they completely lost their minds."

[RiverVV]

Rare earth barium oxide? Thanks, neighing ... :)
Afftor articles - lanthanoid monument in life.

[erseer]

announce to the whole world that in 10 years all hydrocarbons will end, then problems with thermonuclear fusion can be solved in a year and a half.
at the moment nobody tries it.
for another 50-150 years, everything will remain at the level of laboratory research - something useful for the military for the military will do.
Unfortunately, fusion will only be promoted when hydrocarbon reserves are multiplied by zero. in the meantime, the monsters will mine, process, sell. it is a huge industry, with a huge involvement of human resources.
the revolution will not suit anyone: neither the owners / monopolists / oligarchs nor a bunch of people in this industry.

[Phoenix]

))) Good luck. It would be better to develop solar energy + wind + hydro and so on, where there is no need for any fuel and where in an accident there are no harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

[2nd 12th]

And Zhores Alferov doubts that fusion will be mastered in the "near" future.
But I am confused by the fact that so far (over the past 60 years) no additional options have been invented (except for a tokamak and a laser gun) to obtain a controlled reaction.

[Svetlana]

Recently, they have come up with a new version of a thermonuclear reactor based on neutron-free thermonuclear reactions of boron with hydrogen:
Private company Tri Alpha Energy has announced a significant breakthrough in the field of thermonuclear fusion. Previously, two plasma bagels simply collided in the opposite direction in a magnetic bottle; now, at the C-2U facility, using neutral beams crossed at an angle to additionally heat the plasma and generate retaining reversible magnetic fields in it, we obtained a quasistationary plasma configuration with a reversed axial magnetic field. To build the reactor on which the results were obtained, Tri Alpha Energy collaborated with the Russian Institute of Nuclear Physics named after G.I. Budker. In this reactor, the plasma would be held longer, but there was not enough energy for a longer maintenance of neutral hydrogen beams ...
see http://www.popmech.ru/physics/200651-termoyadernyy-reaktor-na-shag-blizhe/

[duchy]

Actually: "And you guys do not like to sit down, all musicians are not suitable."
The idea of ​​a controlled thermonuclear reaction at the present stage of the development of science is simply Utopia.
We need a new look and theory of energy production.

[Beavis]

They plan to refuse to buy RD-180 from Russia in 10 years too. As they say, don’t say gop ...