Anti-missile traps set around the world
According to US official documents, the global missile defense system (ABM) of the United States of America, which includes components for the defense of the country's territory, regions, theaters of operations and individual objects, should be created in stages, evolutionary. The system architecture (both intermediate and final) has not yet been defined and exists only for the initial capabilities missile defense, deployed by 2004. In 2014, Boeing received a five-year anti-missile defense agency (APRO) contract worth 325 million for a cycle of work related to optimizing the global missile defense system architecture (BMDS).
A network of missile defense systems and facilities is being created, which will be adaptive, robust, financially feasible, and able to withstand future threats. All missile defense systems must be adaptive (mobile or transportable, capable of rapid deployment, have the potential for modernization) and allow to compensate for inaccuracies in threat assessments. To increase the adaptability of systems and increase their capabilities to destroy ballistic missiles (BR) of medium, intermediate and intercontinental range in early flight segments, they should be optimized by the end of this decade of the location of observation and destruction facilities.
Through the Missile Defense Agency, 2014 billion were allocated to work on missile defense in the 7,64 fiscal year, and in the 2015 fiscal year 7,871 billion.
On 2016 fiscal year, 8,127 billion was requested, 2017 was 7,801 billion, 2018 was 7,338 billion, 2019 was 7,26 billion, and 2020 was 7,425 billion. In total, 2016 – 2020 financial years it is planned to spend 37,951 billion dollars.
Missile interceptors
Currently, the US missile defense system (Ground-based Midcourse Defense, GMD) includes 30 GBI interceptors (26 - in Fort Greely, Alaska, and 4 - at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California). By the end of 2017, the deployment of additional 14 GBI interceptors to Fort Greely should be completed.
The US Department of Defense intends to create a third position area with GBI antimissiles in the country. Announced the beginning of the environmental impact assessment of four possible areas of deployment. It is expected that the examination will be completed in 2016 year, after which a decision will be made on the construction of mine launchers, command and control and communications centers, as well as auxiliary facilities in one of the specified areas.
The development of missile defense infrastructure continues. In Fort Grills, work has begun on the construction of a recessed control center for launching GBI anti-missile missiles, protected from a shock wave and an electromagnetic impulse of a nuclear explosion. The cost of the work is estimated at 44,3 million dollars, and the readiness period is March 2016.
The main focus in the coming years will be on maintaining and developing missile defense systems in the United States. Testing will continue to assess the reliability and effectiveness of the tools already deployed. The software of the combat command and control system and GMD communications will be improved, as well as the algorithms for recognizing the targets of the interceptor apparatus. The latter will be upgraded: by the 2020, a so-called redesigned Kill Vehicle (RKV) modular-type vehicle has been created with higher reliability, efficiency and lower cost. Existing GBI interceptor missiles will be upgraded and new two-stage will be created. Much attention will be paid to improving the reliability and combat readiness of interceptor missiles, which should allow "to deal with a greater number of threats with a smaller number of GBI antimissiles."
The combat control and missile defense system of the United States is being improved. By 2017, a second Drum station should be established at Fort Drum, New York, and by 2020, a second data communication station with an in-flight interceptor communication system (IFICSTD) has been improved. This will allow communication with GBI missiles at long distances and will increase the effectiveness of the defense of the US East Coast.
In 2014, successful tests were conducted (FTG-06b) of a ground-based missile defense system in the United States, during which the over-atmospheric interceptor intercepted the target under countermeasures. The purpose of the test was to demonstrate the effectiveness of an interceptor missile with enhanced capabilities of GBI CE-II (Capability Enhancement II) against an intermediate-range missile. At the end of 2016, the FTG-15 will be tested with interception of ICBMs for the first time. Planned tests of engine control systems and target recognition algorithms.
At the beginning of 2015, the United States had five forward-position radars AN / TPY-2 and four combined ground tactical stations JTAGS, providing missile attack warning system (EWS) data to consumers.
In 2015, the fifth battery of the THAAD system should be deployed (the first to Fort Bliz, the second to the island of Guam). In total, it is planned to have eight batteries: three batteries - from the fifth to the eighth - are expected to be deployed in 2015 – 2017 years, about two years earlier than planned. In total, the 2016 THAAD antimissiles will be in service with the 203 of the year. Prior to 2015, the XA NUMX tests of the THAAD interceptor missile were conducted; all were found to be successful. A test of FTT-11 with intercept of the intermediate-range missile warhead is scheduled for 2015 year. The THAAD 18 PRO system is being developed, which will have significantly higher performance.
The number of Patriot SAMs (Patriot) is supposed to remain the same: 15 battalions with 60 batteries in their composition. An improved version of the PAC-3 antimissile - PAC-3 MSE, which has a longer range and is able to deal with more sophisticated and complex threats, is being put into service. The Patriot PAC-3 radar systems have been upgraded (before the 3 configuration), now they can even distinguish manned aircraft from unmanned aircraft, detecting the most dangerous among the ballistic targets. In 2017, a new radar modernization program is expected to begin, which will have electronic beam scanning, more extensive tracking capabilities for complex and multiple targets, as well as an increased range, higher survivability, low cost, increased protection from EW, and increased operational readiness.
PRIORITY - COVERING THE US TERRITORY
From October 2012 to June 2014, the United States conducted as part of the work to create 14 missile defense systems and means of testing (four with Israel), which is clearly not enough, congressmen say. The military continues to adopt systems that have not passed a sufficient number of tests and are not able to counteract the use of false targets and other countermeasures by the enemy. The 2015 fiscal year is set to conduct 12 flight tests, including intercepting an ICBM warhead simulator (FTG-06b test). Seven flight tests are scheduled for the 2016 fiscal year.
The combat control and communications system (SBS) of the missile defense system is being actively modernized. Northrop Grumman has received another option worth $ 750 million to the baseline missile defense contract 10-year contract for the global network-centric SBUS. The total cost of the contract is estimated at 3,25 billion dollars. Among the major facilities being upgraded are the central command post of the Pentagon near Washington (DC), the 100-I brigade of the US Army (serving the GBI anti-missile positional areas), the center of the Air Force combat command in Cheyenne (Colorado Springs, Colorado), Navy communications hubs in Dahlgren (Virginia) and the missile defense center data centers in Huntsville (Alabama).
Lockheed Martin, the company continues to commission the US Air Force to debug and improve special software designed for operational analysis of the global aerospace situation. The aim of the efforts is to comprehensively link air strikes with active and passive measures of protection against ballistic and cruise missiles, as well as manned aviation the enemy. So, for example, during the implementation of the DIAMOND Shield project, information coming from different geographical areas, information tools of various bases and having a different format, is processed at several command levels and summarized into an overall information picture. At the same time, missile defense and air defense of the United States enjoy the highest priority, then cover American troops on the theater of war, and then important objects of the allied countries.
The Ministry of Defense and the United States Defense Industry Association assess the progress of the SBIRS-High space-based infrared observation system project as very successful. The SBIRS system should replace the existing DSP space attack warning system. At present, geostationary and high elliptical circumpolar orbits currently have two SBIRS spacecraft in operation (respectively SBIRS GEO-1, -2 and SBIRS HEO-1, -2). The launch of the next two satellites into geostationary orbit is scheduled for 2015 and 2016 years. By the 2019 year, a major upgrade of the ground component of the system is expected, the bandwidth of the data transmission channels should be increased, and the efficiency of grouping control should be increased. It is assumed that by this time the first two devices will have developed their resource and will be replaced by two new ones (SBIRS GEO-5 and -6). The SBIRS HEO-3 and -4 payloads will also be ready for launch, which will be placed on US space reconnaissance vehicles as needed.
Improvement of space surveillance equipment should allow expanding the ability of the missile defense system to detect targets in the United States and in the regions. The ongoing deployment of space-based facilities should give the opportunity to "launch anti-missile systems remotely," and in the future, for example, at the stage of the 3 European Phased Approach (EPAA), "to use remote interceptors".
Two experimental STSS spacecraft monitoring and missile defense tracking systems launched in 2009 continue to function in orbit. Spacecraft use sensors operating in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges, they are actively involved in flight tests of missile defense elements.
NEW RADARS AND SENSORS
In the APRO budget for 2016, much attention was paid to the creation of an X-band large-range radar (LRDR) X-ray XRUMX in Alaska with advanced warhead recognition capabilities; upgrades to the 2020 year of the radar system of the UEWR missile warning system (by 2010, the radar in Clear and the 2017 in Cape Cod would be improved); improving the network-centric architecture of combat control and communications; information security; countering foreign intelligence services and especially cyber threats. The LRDR radar should expand the missile defense capabilities of the United States to recognize targets flying from the Pacific direction.
The US Congress is considering the possibility of upgrading the existing X-band GBR-P large-aperture radar (Ground-Based Radar - Prototype) and its relocation from the Kwajalein atoll to the US East Coast.
The X-band SBX sea-based radar continues to function as a high-precision radar of the middle segment of the flight path of the BR during flight tests, one of the goals of which is the improvement of target recognition algorithms. This radar is also used in the interests of the Pacific Command and the North American Continent.
The Pentagon has announced its intention to deploy a stationary radar station AS-AN / FPS-132 worth 1,1 billion dollars in Qatar. Contractor selected firm "Raytheon." The range of the station is estimated at 3 – 5 thousand km, which is several times greater than the distance to the most distant point in Iran. It is assumed that the station will have three paintings of the HEADLIGHTS and provide an overview in the sector 360 ±.
An important area of work is the incorporation of the forward-based AN / TPY-2 radar into the space monitoring system. The technical characteristics of these radars allow tracking of satellites in orbit (and apparently targeting them), which was confirmed, in particular, during the corresponding experiment sponsored by the Air Force Space Command in January 2012. According to the plans, in 2018, the network of combat control and missile defense will already include data on the movement of objects in orbits.
Much attention is paid to the creation of models of missile defense and modeling, which allows you to save money and evaluate the effectiveness of systems in conditions that can not be reproduced. More advanced target recognition algorithms are being developed.
The United States intends to strengthen its dominance in the field of missile defense, including through a more accurate assessment of threats from potential adversaries. An effective target recognition technology will be developed for any theater of operations, as well as ICBMs flying towards the United States.
APRO intends to begin deploying sensors based on new technologies after 2020. In particular, it is planned to create a new generation of a laser system, deployed on unmanned aerial vehicles, which is much smaller than the existing missile defense systems and is capable of detecting and tracking the BR, and under certain conditions even disabling them. The use of these technologies may be particularly effective in the active part of the flight of the BR. Together with the Air Force and the Department of Advanced Studies of the Ministry of Defense (DARPA), a technology for scaling the power of laser radiation is being developed and tested. In the 2016 fiscal year, a fiber-optic laser with an 34 kW power generated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology will be tested and allows 1 kW of power to be produced on 1 kg of weight. Significant progress has been made at the Livermore National Laboratory, which will test an alkali metal diode-pumped laser based on 2016 kW in 30. As a possible carrier of laser systems at Edwards Air Base, flight tests of a prospective UAV are under way, which have already demonstrated the ability to fly at an altitude of 16 km for about 33 hours.
A new sensor is being created for the tactical multispectral target designation system deployed on the Reaper MQ-9 UAV, “which will provide accurate tracking and target recognition capabilities for thousands of kilometers.”
The second stage of the Common Kill Vehicle (CKV) program is being implemented, which includes many interceptors designed to hit targets outside the atmosphere and is intended to be common for the new two-stage GBI interceptors, SM-3 Block IIB interceptors and next-generation missiles THAAD. In the framework of the first stage, the concept and requirements for the interceptor unit RKV for GBI interceptors were developed. By 2017, it is planned to test the control algorithms for interceptor devices.
The creation of new technologies of the future continues. The missile defense agency plans to fund the development of a next-generation solid-fuel guidance system and an angle stabilization interception stage carrying a number of interception vehicles on a competitive basis. In addition, research will continue on the possibility of using an electromagnetic gun for solving missile defense tasks.
Photos from www.af.mil
REGIONAL DEFENSE
Regional missile defense systems to protect US troops, their allies and coalition partners remain the highest priority. The development and deployment of missile defense systems to protect against short-range, intermediate and intermediate missiles in the interests of geographical commands continues.
As part of the European phased adaptive approach, missile defense continues to be created to protect allies and US troops in Europe. In parallel, the second and third phases of the EPAA are being implemented. Gradual expansion of the protected area and capacity to intercept BR is being carried out - from short- and medium-range missiles at the first stage (completed at the end of 2011) to the intermediate / intercontinental BR at the third (2018 year). The second and third stages envisage the creation in Romania by 2015 of the year and in Poland by 2018 of the US ground-based missile defense bases equipped with SM-3 Block IB and SM-3 Block IIA, respectively.
At the second stage, the multifunctional control system should be modernized. weapons (ISAR) "Aegis" (Aegis) to versions 4.0 and 5.0. Depending on the threats in the regions, the SM-3 Block IB interceptor missiles will be deployed by the Navy on a global scale. By the end of the 2016 fiscal year, the total should be procured from the start of the 209 production of the specified antimissiles.
The completion of the fourth stage was originally planned for 2020 year, but the administration postponed its implementation at a later date. The main reason for the postponement (it was never mentioned in official statements) is apparently serious technical difficulties in developing a fundamentally new SM-3 Block IIB interceptor missile (even the concept of a future anti-missile missile) and the interceptor (work on it has just begun). In addition, several serious technical problems emerged: the difficulty of recognizing false targets, the difficulty of controlling the interception apparatus in the final section, etc.
October 3 2013 successfully passed flight tests of FTM-22 with interception of medium-range missiles, which made it possible to conclude about the effectiveness of ISED "Aegis" 4.0 version and SM-3 Block-IB missiles, and decide on the launch of the latter. January 15 The 2014 of the year was successfully simulated to intercept the indicated interceptors of three medium-range BRs.
APRO continues to jointly develop the SM-3 Block IIA anti-missile missile system with Japan and modernize the ISIS Aegis. In June, 2015, the first and successful flight tests of an interceptor missile. The latest version of ISAR (5.1) will be certified in the first quarter of 2018 and installed on ships and ground complexes.
The number of missile defense ships is increasing; by the end of 2016, they will be 35. The number of ships stationed in the waters of different regions is growing. In particular, in 2015, the transfer of four cruisers with a missile defense system to the Spanish port of Rota, which began in 2014, will be completed.
THREATS ARE NAMED
At the NATO summit in Wales in September 2014, it was once again emphasized that missile defense along with nuclear and conventional weapons is a component of deterrence. The main sources of threats are the DPRK and Iran.
The North Atlantic Alliance is actively conducting research into possible options for creating a missile defense system in Europe and ways to integrate it with the US missile defense system. NATO’s anti-missile defense activities are carried out in two directions: first, the creation of an active, layered TMD system to protect the block’s forces from small and medium-range missiles by the ALTBMD program (countries provide the means of detection and destruction, NATO’s combat management and communication, integrates everything into the system system); secondly, the construction of a missile defense system (the so-called NATO missile defense), which protects the territory, population and forces of the European countries of NATO. According to the decisions taken, NATO’s missile defense must be the result of the ALTBMD extended program.
At the same time with these programs, the alliance is also developing the concept of forming an integrated NATO air defense system, which should include NATO missile defense as an integral part.
In accordance with the step-by-step adaptive approach adopted by the US administration to creating missile defense in the regions, the deployment of antimissile defense in the Asia-Pacific region should be similar to creating missile defense in Europe: developing national systems, integrating them and integrating them into the global US missile defense system. The United States cooperates most closely on missile defense in the APR with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Australia.
At the end of the 2014, the United States had several Patriot batteries with PAC-3 anti-missiles in Japan and the Republic of Korea, X-NUMX AN / TPY-2 X-ray radars in Japan, Ajis anti-2 ships in the Asia-Pacific region, a THAAD battery on Guam. The AN / TPY-16 radar is designed to strengthen regional defense, "the security of Japan, US forward forces and US territory against the threat of North Korean ballistic missiles."
The United States intends to deploy THAAD anti-missile systems in South Korea, and possible locations have been inspected. China has already expressed its concern.
The US Department of Defense actively uses for its own purposes the data of the Australian over-the-horizon radar network JORN, which makes it possible to detect and monitor sea and air objects at ranges up to 3 thousand km and altitudes up to 1 thousand km.
The United States intends to create a "cooperative" missile defense system in the Gulf. Former Pentagon chief Chuck Hagel proposed to Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Saudi Arabia to jointly finance the deployment of US missile defense systems in the Persian Gulf. In his opinion, NATO’s missile defense can serve as an example of such cooperation. As you know, each of these states has bought or continues to acquire missile defense systems and the radars necessary for them from the United States. And on the largest scale - the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.
In the Middle East zone, the United States can already use AN / TPY-2 radars in Israel and Turkey, ships with the Aegis missile defense system in the adjacent seas, and also in the future anti-missile systems THAAD with AN / TPY-2 radar, delivered to the Gulf countries.
The United States is trying to use technology developed by Israel through programs such as David's Sling, Iron Dome, Upper Tier Interceptor, and Arrow Interceptor ( Arrow), in their own interests. Anti-missile weapons are being procured, in particular, radar and other components of the Iron Dome system.
Thus, the United States, attracting the countries of NATO, its partners and friends in various regions of the world, uniting in a common network means of detection, tracking, destruction, command and control, in fact, build a unified aerospace defense capable of solving global perspectives as tasks Air defense, missile defense, and anti-space defense.
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