Tsar- "parsley." Mystery of the accession of the Romanovs
370 years ago, 23 July 1635, the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov passed away. Mikhail Romanov was the first Russian ruler of the Romanov dynasty, who ruled Russia for more than three hundred years. Tsar Michael from birth did not differ in good health and was not an outstanding statesman. The young and inexperienced Michael was chosen for the kingdom in 1613, so that behind his back it is easy to carry out his decisions. At first, his mother ruled for him - “the great sovereign,” the great old woman Martha (in the world of Ksenia Ivanovna Romanova, before Shestov's marriage) and her relatives. Then the father of the tsar, Patriarch Filaret (in the world of Fyodor Nikitich Romanov), returned from the Polish captivity to 1619. As the parent of the sovereign, Filaret until the end of his life (1633) was officially his co-ruler. He used the title "Great Sovereign" and in fact led the Moscow policy.
The beginning of the reign of the first Romanov was extremely difficult times for the Russian people. Six years after the liberation of the Kremlin, the people's militia in Russia was a bloody war. The lands of western, southern and southwestern Russia were burned literally right up to Moscow. Detachments of interventionists and various thieves bastards ravaged and eastern cities and lands. So, a detachment of Poles in 1616 year ruined Moore. The lands were ravaged down to Vologda, Ustyug and Kargopol. And this is after the victory of 1612, which was just one of the stages of the continuing Troubles. In fact, the Moscow government controlled only Moscow and several cities, sitting outside the walls. Throughout the rest of the country, Polish and Swedish interventionists, all sorts of adventurers, thieves gangs and bandit groups, were in charge. Separate successful military operations of the Moscow government could not change the overall situation.
Only two shameful worlds saved Russia from the aggression of Sweden and the Commonwealth. Stolbovsky world 1617, led to the fact that Russia ceded Ivangorod Sweden, Yam, Koporye, Oreshek, Korela. Moscow refused claims to Livonia and Karelian land. As a result, Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea, which was returned only under Peter Alekseevich. In addition, Moscow had to pay Sweden a contribution in 20 thousand rubles, a large amount for those times (20 000 silver rubles were equal to 980 kg of silver).
No wonder the Swedish king Gustav Adolf believed that Sweden won historical victory over the Russian state: “One of the greatest blessings granted by the God of Sweden is that the Russians, with whom we have long been in doubtful relations, must now abandon the backwoods from which we were often bothered. Russia is a dangerous neighbor. Her possessions stretch to the seas of the North and Caspian, from the south it borders almost on the Black Sea. In Russia, a strong nobility, many peasants, populated cities and large troops. Now, without our permission, the Russians cannot send a single boat to the Baltic Sea. Large lakes Ladoga Lake and Peypus, Narva Glade, swamps 30 versts wide and solid fortresses separate us from them. Now the Russians have been taken away access to the Baltic Sea, and, I hope, it will not be so easy for them to step over this brook. ” Only the long and bloody Northern War of 1700-1721. changed the military-strategic and economic situation in the Baltic in favor of Russia.
In December 1618, the Deulin Truce was signed. The truce was signed in the village of Deulino near the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, near Moscow. It housed the camp of the Polish prince Vladislav. And during the 1618 campaign of the year, the Poles stormed Moscow, albeit unsuccessfully. According to the truce for 14 years, the Russian state yielded to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the cities of Smolensk, Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Serpeysk, Putivl, Trubchevsk, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernihiv, Monastyrsky with the surrounding lands. This agreement was a great victory for the Commonwealth. The border between the two states moved far to the east, almost returning to the borders of the times of Ivan III. At the same time, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania still retained the formal right to the Russian throne.
It is also worth noting that Moscow was lucky at that time - a fierce Thirty Years War broke out in Europe in 1618, which some researchers consider to be a “world war”, as its significance was enormous. Poland and Sweden started a war among themselves and were distracted from Russian affairs. Russia at once got rid of two formidable enemies who threatened its existence, was able to take a break.
If you remove the propaganda of the times of the Romanov rule and the current one about the revival of “spiritual bonds”, it turns out that far from the best people turned out to be at the head of Russia. Mikhail Romanov himself didn’t have any state experience, didn’t have great abilities, was sick (he had difficulty walking in 30 years), so his parents and other relatives managed him. Obviously, the new king of Russia could be chosen better. Someone needed a weak, incapable king.
His father, Patriarch Philaret, has a very dubious biography. Boyarin, one of the first dandies in Moscow, the son of the influential Nikita Zakharyin-Yuriev, nephew of Tsaritsa Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, he was considered a possible rival of Boris Godunov in the struggle for power after the death of Fyodor Ivanovich. Boyar Fedor Nikitich Romanov under Boris Godunov on charges of treason, apparently (especially in his future behavior and life path), not without reason, was exiled and tonsured as a monk. When the first impostor False Dmitriy (Gregory Otrepievo) was released and elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. Fyodor Romanov remained in opposition to the ousted False Dmitry Vasily Shuisky, and from 1608 he played the role of the “appointed patriarch” in the Tushino camp of the new impostor, False Dmitry II. In 1610, the “patriarch” became one of the main participants in the conspiracy against Tsar Vasily Shuisky and an active supporter of the seven-Boyars, the boyars government, which betrayed national interests.
Filaret headed the embassy in Poland with the aim of building on the throne of the Polish prince Vladislav. Unlike Patriarch Hermogenes, in principle he did not object to the election of Vladislav Sigismundovich to the Russian Tsar. However, he did not agree with the Poles in the final version of the treaty and was arrested. Filaret was able to return from Polish captivity only after an armistice, in 1619.
Interestingly, the main figures of the Seven Boyars, who “committed an act of high treason”, when on the night of 21 September 1610 secretly let Polish troops into Moscow, almost fully entered the Romanov government and played leading roles in the Russian state for a long time. In addition, one of the first decisions of the seven-boyars was a decree not to elect the representatives of the Russian clans as the king. The boyar government called on the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Vladislav, to the throne and, fearing the resistance of ordinary Russian people and not trusting Russian troops, let foreign troops enter the capital city.
All the living figures of this gathering of traitors to the Russian people became the leaders of the first rank under Mikhail Romanov and Filaret. The head of the boyar government, Prince Fedor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, was one of the claimants to the throne at the 1613 Council of the year, and remained a prominent nobleman until his death in the 1622 year. Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky also claimed the throne in 1613, served as governor in Kazan, was the first ambassador at a congress with Polish ambassadors in Smolensk; in 1620 and 1621, in the absence of Mikhail Fedorovich, in the rank of the first governor he ruled Moscow. Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolensky, the son-in-law of Patriarch Philaret, under Michael Romanov, rose even more. He headed the Rogue Order, was a voivod in Kazan, headed a number of important orders (Sysknoy, Kazan Palace, Siberian, etc.). Boyar Ivan Nikitich Romanov, Philaret's younger brother and uncle of the first king, at the Council of the Year 1613 (like much of the boyars) supported the candidature of the Swedish Prince Karl Philip. Under Tsar Mikhail Romanov, he was in charge of foreign policy. Boyar Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev, who, together with the Polish troops, withstood the siege and left Moscow only after its release by Dmitry Pozharsky, in the most active way contributed to the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom. Sheremetev participated in all the important events of the reign of Mikhail Fyodorovich, before Filaret arrived in 1619, led the Moscow government, then was the head of the government after Filaret's death - 1633-1646, resigned due to old age. Only two - Prince A. V. Golitsyn and A. V. Trubetskoy, died in 1611.
Thus, tragicomedy turns out. The traitors-boyars betray the Russian people, Russia, admit enemies to the capital, agree to elect the Polish throne to the Russian throne. Honest Russian people are not sparing their stomachs are fighting with enemies, liberate Moscow. And the traitors, instead of becoming “acorns” on the oaks, almost all enter the new government and elect a king who is profitable for himself, a young one, without abilities and ill. And the terrible execution of the “Little Pug” - the five-year-old son of Marina Mnishek and the False Dmitry, became the symbol of the accession of the Romanovs.
As a result of the Great Troubles, power was seized by those who started this unrest, kindled and supported! According to many researchers of the Time of Troubles, the Romanovs and Cherkassky were behind the False Dmitriy (I. B. Cherkassky was married to his sister Filaret). The Romanovs, Cherkasskys, Shuiskys and other boyars staged a Troubles, in which many thousands of people died, and most of the Russian state was neglected. In many counties of the historical center of the state, the size of arable land decreased by 20 times, and the number of peasants by 4 times. The military-strategic, demographic and economic consequences of the Distemper, which staged the boyars clans in the struggle for power, affected for decades. In a number of areas and by the 20 — 40 years of the XVII century, the population was still below the level of the XVI century. And in the middle of the 17th century, “living arable land” in Zamoskovsky Krai constituted no more than half of all the lands counted by scribes. The lost lands in the west and north-west and north were recovered after decades and at the cost of great blood, the mobilization efforts of the entire Russian civilization.
So it turns out that the People’s Militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky in 1612 failed to put an end to the Troubles, but only created the prerequisites for the restoration of effective statehood, which only a few years later managed to put an end to anarchy and permissiveness (according to the principle “who have more sabers he is right "). Smoot continued for several more years, and power was seized by those who arranged it, and the national heroes were pushed into the shadows.
A few years later, the new government was able to crush the thieves' rampant, destroy the gangs. But the territorial integrity of the Russian state of the Romanovs (father, son and uncle) was restored only partially, they gave away a number of important territories of Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
However, apart from the suppression of the thieves' rampant, the statehood restored in 1613 was not resolved by any single internal national problem. So, the most important problem of the Russian state was a social problem - a sharp deterioration in life and enslavement (enslavement) of the majority of the people. The uprising of the Cotton in 1603 and the Bolotnikov uprising (the Peasant War of 1606-1607) did not start from a good life. It is clear that the boyars and their servants used these unrest for their own purposes, fueled them, but the causes of the uprisings were real.
However, under the Romanovs this problem was not only not solved, but people were enslaved even more. No wonder the people responded to social injustice by mass uprisings and the 17th century went down in history as the "rebel age." In 1648, there was an uprising in Moscow - “Salt Riot”, in 1650, there were uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod. Unrest was recorded in other cities. In 1662, the Copper Riot took place in Moscow. The peasant war of 1670 − 1671 became the most famous uprising. (the uprising of Stepan Razin).
The main reason for the uprisings and the peasant wars of the Time of Troubles and after it was that since the time of the Godunov regime, and then during the time of Tsar Shuysky and during the rule of the Romanovs, the authorities equally pursued a policy of shaping and strengthening the order that was later called “serfdom” . That is, a small stratum of the population of the Russian state turned the common people into “serfs”. This system reached its apogee under Empress Catherine II, when the people responded with a large-scale peasant war led by Yemelyan Pugachev.
Began "offensive" on the people of the regime of Boris Godunov. Back in the 1592 year, being a sovereign ruler in the reign of Blessed Fyodor Ivanovich, Godunov legislatively abolished the so-called. St. George's Day (November 26) - a two-week period before and after St. George's Day, when the peasant could leave the landowner, having settled with him. Godunov canceled this day “temporarily”, but then this “temporaryness” was “forgotten” and it became permanent. Subsequently, the attack on the freedom of the peasants continued, and in the Council Code of 1649, the ban on transferring the population from one landowner to another was approved. As a result, social injustice, the separation of the elite from the common people and became one of the main prerequisites for the fall of the Romanov Empire in 1917.
The second significant phenomenon in the Romanov rule was the westernization (westernization) of Russian civilization. The Romanovs launched an offensive against "Russianness", preferring to be oriented toward the West in politics, culture and life. They split the Russian church when the best representatives of the Russian people became Old Believers, created their own separate world in Russia, and the Nikonians emasculated the faith, making it only part of the oppression and control apparatus. Westernization of Russia reached its highest point under Peter Alekseevich and was consolidated under his heirs.
As a result, an elite class, speaking German, French and English, was spoken in Russia and spoke poorly Russian, which parasitized ordinary people (except for a part like Suvorov and Ushakov who honestly served the Motherland and the people). This masters' class and led Russia to a new big distemper - the 1917 disaster of the year.
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