"Revolutionary racket" in the North Caucasus. How the "volatile detachments" laid a tribute to the Kuban and Terek merchants

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This year marks 110 years of the first Russian revolution. For Russia, the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. were of great importance, being a kind of dress rehearsal of another revolutionary explosion that hit the country after 10-12 years. In the years of the first Russian revolution, the revolutionary upsurge of the Russian Empire, which was universal for the Russian Empire, did not bypass the North Caucasus. As in other regions, on the most radical flank of the revolutionary movement there were anarchists here who did not shun to resort not only to terrorist acts against government officials, but also to robberies and murders. Their groups acted both on the Don and in the Stavropol region, but the Kuban became the real center of North Caucasian anarchism. In 1905-1906 groups of anarchists appeared not only in Yekaterinodar (now Krasnodar), but also in smaller settlements: in Novorossiysk, Maikop, Temryuk, Armavir.

The activity of revolutionary organizations in the North Caucasus was actively supported from abroad by the interested circles of the Russian political emigration. In particular, deliveries were made from abroad weapons Anarchists, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Social Democrats. On September 15, 1905, the Special Department of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs sent a secret letter to the assistant chief of the Kuban district gendarme department (KOZHU) for the city of Novorossiysk. The report said that on September 9, a week earlier, the Sirius steamer set off from Amsterdam to London, carrying a cargo of 10 wagonloads of guns and ammunition. The Kuban district gendarmerie administration was ordered to carry out inspections of the cargoes of ships arriving at the port of Novorossiysk with the utmost care. In October 1905, the Special Department of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia sent the following message - that the supply of weapons to the Russian Empire is carried out on ships loaded in the Netherlands and Belgium, and then unloaded in England, from where on other ships that are already delivering weapons directly to Russia. The Kuban gendarmes were ordered to pay special attention to the ships arriving from England, since the British channels for the supply of weapons at that time became the main ones. In the Black Sea ports, foreign cargo was met by local revolutionaries and distributed among the combat organizations of anarchists, socialist-revolutionaries, social democrats, Armenian and Georgian nationalists.

"Caucasian Geneva"

Anarchists of Armavir for some time became perhaps the most active and militant in the Kuban, and Armavir became the center of anarchist expropriations in the North Caucasus. Anarchist activity in Armavir began in the autumn of 1906, when in this small southern city, then officially called the village, several former Social Revolutionaries and Social Democrats, dissatisfied with the moderation of their parties, moved to the positions of anarchism and created an anarchist group - the International Union of Anarchist Communists, which eventually united around a 40 person. The former waiter Anton Machaidze, nicknamed "Gramiton" and Alexey Alimov, became the ideological leaders of the Armavir anarchists. A resident of Rostov-on-Don, Sergey Anosov, a former employee of the Vladikavkaz Railway, who fled to 1906 in the autumn of Armavir all the same, also played a prominent role in creating an anarchist group.

"Revolutionary racket" in the North Caucasus. How the "volatile detachments" laid a tribute to the Kuban and Terek merchants


It should be noted here that in 1906, Armavir became one of the centers of the revolutionary movement in the Kuban and the North Caucasus as a whole. This was explained by the fact that Armavir, due to the small population, had an insignificant police contingent (total 40 police officers), which unleashed revolutionary hands - not only local, but also "stray". Revolutionaries of various views and parties from other cities in southern Russia began to gather in Armavir in search of refuge. Thus, the whole Novorossiysk Soviet of Workers' Deputies was hiding in Armavir. The village was even nicknamed "Russian Geneva" - by analogy with the Swiss city - the center of European political emigration. The presence of a large number of visiting revolutionaries greatly resented the local prosperous population, who repeatedly complained to the authorities about the increase in crime in Armavir and the impossibility of “going outside” due to the presence of constant risks of being robbed.

In Armavir, mainly focused on trading activities, there were very few industrial enterprises. Therefore, the main mass of anarchists here were not factory workers, as in Yekaterinoslav, and not artisans, as in Bialystok, but workers in the services and trade sectors and people without definite occupation. A significant number of anarchists were visiting from other cities, temporarily delayed in Armavir. Almost all of them were young people younger than 25. Since the group needed money, and almost all its members did not have a steady income, from the very first days of its existence, the International Union began to expropriate and extort large sums from representatives of the local wealthy population.

It all started with the fact that a number of Armavir merchants in the autumn of 1906 received letters demanding money. But at the same time, unlike the simple racketeers, the anarchists did not lose a certain humanity - in case of refusal the amount was doubled, in the case of repeated refusal - they caused damage to property, and only then could they commit physical violence. For example, after the merchant V.F. Starodubtsev 9 in January 1907 gave the police anarchist B. Ponomarenko, he received a letter informing him that the group was sentencing him to death, but knowing about his marital status, he offered to pay 1500 rubles . as a fine. Sometimes anarchists managed to break even a very large sum - so, the group of I. Popov knocked out 30 thousand rubles from urban homeowners. And over time, Armavir anarchists extended their expropriatory activities to the neighboring villages, and later to other cities, traveling to Yekaterinodar, Stavropol and Rostov-on-Don. Often, actions were also planned with like-minded accomplices from other cities, for example, together with the anarchists of Ekaterinodar, the Armavirs planned an attack on the Ekaterinodar treasury.

A typical example of a letter of demand by the Armavir anarchists looked like this. A wealthy city dweller was sent a letter with approximately the following content: “We, anarchists-communists, having gathered and examined your financial situation, which, judging by the extensive trade operations, gives great income, decided to offer to give out 5 thousand rubles for the needs of the liberation movement. If you refuse to issue it now, then we will double the amount, and in case of repeated refusal - death. Death awaits even when our comrade is handed over to the police "(Quoted from: Karapetyan LA Political parties in the North Caucasus, late 90s of the 1917th century - February XNUMX: Organization, ideology, tactics. Abstract of the dissertation of the doctor historical sciences. Krasnodar, 2001). In addition to extorting money from wealthy citizens, the Armavir anarchists also used the practice of violent actions against political opponents, first of all, representatives of the Black Hundred movement. Also, the Armavir anarchists strove to spread their activities to the surrounding villages and farms, the wealthy population of which was also subjected to extortion of funds.

In Armavir itself, the fighters from the Don Committee of Communist Anarchists who came from Rostov recovered 20 thousand rubles from the merchant Mesnyankin for the needs of revolutionary propaganda on the Don. In total, only in the spring of 1907, in Armavir, anarchists received income from 500 expropriations of thousands of rubles from the expropriations of merchants - a colossal sum for those times. Quite often, anarchists used weapons. They themselves explained this by the immunity of some individuals to the effects of the "spiritual." But if expropriators often pitied merchants and homeowners, limiting themselves to a fine, gendarmerie and police officials were killed mercilessly. Thus, the anarchists killed the constable Butskago and the ataman of the Labinsky department of Kravchenko. 29 October 1906, anarchists shot dead non-commissioned officer of the Kuban district gendarme department A. Sereda.

In addition to expropriations and terrorist acts, Armavir anarchists were also active in promoting their views among the lower classes and the working class. In particular, one of the prominent representatives of the International Union G.M. Turpov paid special attention to the creation of circles among the workers of local factories and workshops. Anarchists walked in groups of three to five people in the surrounding villages and handed out leaflets to the Cossack population. Faced with a lack of propaganda literature, the anarchists asked for help from their like-minded people from larger cities who had access to literature or printed their own leaflets and newspapers.

Naturally, such an active activity of anarchists in a small Armavir could not be ignored by the police and security department. Practically from the very first days of the existence of the International Union of Anarchist Communists, police began persecuting its activists, who were subjected to searches and arrests. So, on November 9, 24, at the Trubetskov’s apartment, the police searched the building, seizing the seal of the anarchist union, the letters - demanding money for local businessmen and illegal propaganda literature. Ten people were arrested and on December 1906 of 4, a field court sentenced the anarchists M. Vlasov to execution, N. Bolshakov to indefinite penal servitude, D. Klyvedenko to the years of penal servitude.

However, these measures could not completely eliminate the anarchist group in the city. In April, 1907 merchants, officials and well-off people who refused to pay compensation to anarchists were killed in Armavir in Armavir. Among them were the owners of the Shakhnazarov and Mesnyankin factories, the manager of the estates of Baron Steingel Hagen, the bailiff Colonel Kravchenko and a number of other rich Armavirs. Naturally, the authorities could not fail to respond to the wave of terror in Armavir. Moreover, the police persecution of anarchists began across the Kuban.

Ekaterinodar: "Avengers" and "black crows"

In addition to Armavir, anarchist organizations were active in a number of other cities of Kuban. Several armed groups of anarchists launched activities in Ekaterinodar. An anarchist terror epopee in the city opened the attack on G. Dagayev’s grocery 25 on June 1907. Five anarchists who came to the store filed a letter requesting the grocery owner to pay 500 rubles for the needs of the anarchist group.



In September 1907, the Ekaterinodar Anarchist Communist Anarchist Group was created. At the root of the group was Sergei Anosov, already mentioned above, one of the most active participants in the Armavir International Union of Anarchist Communists. Anosov, arrested in the case of Armavir anarchists, managed to escape from prison and escape into the territory of Ekaterinodar. Gathering like-minded people, he created the Anarchy group, which not only embarked on armed expropriations, but also created its own print publication of the same name. Yekaterinodar anarchists, like their like-minded people from Armavir, put expropriation activity in the first place. Participation in armed robberies and extortion of money from wealthy citizens was the "calling card" of anarchists in the North Caucasus. If in the western regions of the Russian empire economic terror related to labor disputes took place, in the North Caucasian cities, on the Don and the Kuban, anarchists were primarily focused on replenishing the treasury of their organizations, for which they did not disdain to commit mercenary crimes. The racket of the well-to-do population became the main activity of the Kuban and Terek anarchists.

The bias towards expropriation was associated not only with the socioeconomic features of the development of the Kuban and the Don, mainly commercial and agricultural regions, but also with the specifics of the mentality of the local population. The anarchists were supported here by the declassed strata of the urban youth, who dictated the fashion for expropriation. However, neither the Social Revolutionaries, nor the Social Democrats, nor the nationalist organizations of the Caucasian peoples abhorred the latter. The apogee of robbery and extortion in Ekaterinodar was at the end of 1907 - the beginning of 1908. This was connected with the general decline of the revolutionary movement and, at the same time, with the arrests of many prominent revolutionaries. Some of them managed to escape, but living in an illegal situation ruled out the possibility of legal earnings and demanded large expenses, which were provided with funds received as a result of expropriations. In turn, the obsession of the Kuban anarchists on expropriations attracted people of a specific warehouse into their ranks, prone to criminal activity and personal enrichment. Their presence in the ranks of anarchist organizations contributed to the further "rolling" of anarchists primarily to racketeering and expropriation.

Within two months, several wine shops, a brewery, a tram, and a train were robbed in Ekaterinodar. Anarchist militants 21 July 1907. Shot the assistant police chief of the city G.S. Zhuravel, and a month later, 29 on August 1907, was fatally injured by the assistant police officer of the city police, IG Bonyak. The latter was on duty - he "took" the expropriators who extorted money from the merchant MM. Orlova. By the way, the last 1907 in October received letters of demand for a thousand rubles from socialist maximalist revolutionaries, and then a similar demand from anarchist communists. In addition to the Anarchy group, Yekaterinodar entrepreneurs were also terrorized by other anarchist organizations — Bloody Hand, Black Crow, Ninth Anarchist Group, Flying Squad of Anarchist Communists. In December 1907, Yekaterinodar anarchists sent letters of demand to almost all wealthy citizens, who were demanded to pay thousands of rubles from 3 to 5 for “revolutionary needs”. Obviously, among the anarchists, the gunners acted, who had information about the financial situation of individual Catherine Darians and, accordingly, their potential "solvency". Yekaterinodar was afraid to refuse to pay money to anarchists, remembering the sad fate of the “refusers” - several merchants killed by anarchists during the 1907 year. Merchant Kuptsov, who complained to the police about extorting five thousand rubles from him, was forced to flee the city to Moscow after receiving a new “letter of demand” and the death sentence from a group of anarchists.

In other cities of Kuban, anarchist groups in 1906-1909. also acted, although less actively than in Ekaterinodar and Armavir. So, the anarchist group existed in Novorossiysk. Like Yekaterinodar like-minded people, the Novorossiysk anarchists were united into the Novorossiysk anarchist-communist group Anarchy, which appeared in 1907 year. It consisted of M.Ya. Krasnyuchenko and E. Krasnyuchenko, G. Grigoriev, P. Gryanik and other militants and propagandists. The group had its own printing house and a device for making bombs, and maintained contacts with organizations of anarchist communists from the Transcaucasus and the North Caucasus. A group of thirteen anarchists acted in a small Temryuk - under the name Temryuk group of anarchist communists. In the village of Kubanka, Labinsk district, the anarchist organization — the International Union of Communist Anarchists — was even smaller and united only six people. Also, anarchist groups operated in Maikop and on the Khutorok estate in the vicinity of Armavir. These groups also engaged in expropriations and extortion of money from local wealthy citizens.

Terek and Stavropol

As for the Terek region and the Stavropol province, which included the territory of the modern Stavropol region and a number of North Caucasian republics, here the anarchist movement received much less development than in the Kuban. This was due to the general remoteness of the region from Russia compared to the Kuban. However, here in a number of settlements in 1907-1909. anarchist organizations acted. In the Stavropol province, in particular, anarchist groups emerged due to the agitational activities of the Kuban anarchists — after 1907 arrived in August of the anarchist emissary I. Vitohina from the city of Novorossiysk, who delivered agitational literature and leaflets to the village of Donskoye of the Stavropol province. In March, 1908 appeared the first mention of the Stavropol group of the International Union of Communist Anarchists, which included retired lieutenant N. Krzhevetsky, a nobleman D. Shevchenko, bourgeois M.V. Ivanov, I.F. Terentyev, V.P. Slepushkin.

Like Kuban like-minded people, the Anarchists of the Terek focused primarily on committing extortion and expropriation. It is known that the Vladikavkaz group of anarchist-communists operated in the current capital of North Ossetia. In 1908, the Vladikavkaz anarchists made seven attempts to extort money from the local wealthy population. In the Caucasian Mineral Waters, anarchists made 12 attempts to extort money, in the Stavropol province there were four cases of extortion.

It is known that anarchist students who arrived from Rostov-on-Don, in 1911, contacted the well-known Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Kharachoevsky. Anarchists gave Zelimkhan a red-black flag, four bombs and a seal with the impression “A group of Caucasian mountain terrorists - anarchists. Ataman Zelimkhan ". The famous abrek subsequently put this seal on all his letters of demand. Although, of course, it is hardly possible to say that Zelimkhan seriously understood the ideology of anarchism - most likely he saw fellow travelers in anarchists to fight against the tsarist government he hated and the Russian presence in the Caucasus. It is also known that in 1914 a group of anarchist communists operated in the city of Grozny.

In addition to purely anarchist groups, in the Kuban, in the Terek region, the Black Sea gubernia and the Stavropol gubernia, there were also mixed organizations that did not have a single and clear ideology. As a rule, these organizations were created for practical actions and existed for a short time. Historians are aware of the following similar groups in the region: the revolutionary circle of A.M. Semenova in Pyatigorsk (Terek region), the circle of "Comrade Leonid" and "Fani" in Novorossiysk (Black Sea Governorate), the Circle "People's Party" in the village of Peschanokopsky (Stavropol Province), a group of N. Pirozhenko in the Gelendzhik District of the Black Sea Gubernia, which prepared the attack on Gelendzhik Bank. All of the groups listed included representatives of various political trends and ideologically approached the socialist revolutionaries, although they had a significant anarchist component.

Defeat of the Anarchist Movement

In contrast to the western provinces of the country, where the anarchist movement was most active in 1905-1907, in the Kuban and in general in southern Russia, the peak of anarchist organizations fell on 1907-1908. In the 1908 year, as in the whole of Russia, the anarchist organizations began to be crushed by the police in the Kuban. This was due to the fact that thanks to the activities of anarchists, Kuban cities, trading and prosperous, began to experience serious problems. Entrepreneurs were afraid to do business and sought to move from the region, as the anarchists imposed a “revolutionary tax” on almost all representatives of the affluent population of Yekaterinodar, Armavir and some other localities. Ultimately, the Kuban authorities decided to put an end to the lawlessness in the district and attended to intensifying the political persecution of the anarchists.

In Ekaterinodar, ataman General MP Babych even imposed a curfew, forbidding to walk around the city from eight in the evening until four in the morning and gather in groups of more than two people. For this, however, he received the following letter: "If you do not remove this stupid state of siege, keep in mind that you will not wait for a bright holiday ... Let a few of us die, but you, sir, will not escape So, choose one of two things: either resign and cancel the decree, or wait for a passionate week - it will be remembered for you ... Hurray! We will get rid of the tyrant "(Quote from: Terror of anarchists, Social Revolutionaries and Social Democrats on Kuban in the early twentieth century (http://politzkovoi.livejournal.com/1417.html). 21 September 1907 was sent to Armavir by a consolidated Cossack and gendarme detachment from Rostov-on-Don, Novorossiysk and Ekaterinodar, commanded by Colonel Karpov. All entrances and exits from the city were taken under the control of the Cossacks, after which the process of “cleansing” Armavir from the revolutionary elements began.

22 September 1907, the police arrested 12 Armavir anarchists. Of these, ten people did not have a permanent occupation and lived in the Europe and New York hotels, and two worked in the buffet as a cook and waiter. Later, another anarchist was arrested, who, to the surprise of the police, turned out to be their colleague — police constable A. Jagorayev. The composition of the anarchist group was international - it fully justified its name: the group included Russians S. Popov and Y. Bobrovsky, Georgians A. Machaidze, D. Mokhnalidze, M. Metreveli, A. Gobejishvili. The arrests carried out a severe blow to the anarchist organization in Armavir, from which it was unable to recover, having withdrawn its activities to the previous level. Almost all Armavir anarchists were behind bars. On the night of October 4, 1907 was arrested around 200 people, 50 of whom were transferred to the Ekaterinodar prison. Among those arrested were revolutionaries of a wide variety of political views — anarchists, Social Revolutionaries, Maximalists, Social Democrats.

The anarchists of Armavir were tried together with like-minded people from several other southern Russian cities at the general trial of the case of anarcho-communists in the Kuban. Sentences The Caucasian Military District Court ruled harshly. For participation in terrorist acts, seven people were sentenced to death, including the leader of the International Union of Anarchist Communists, Anton Machaidze. This was the end of the two-year history of the Armavir anarchist group, which terrified the local prosperous population and forced the Kuban police to work hard before the law enforcement officers managed to identify and arrest the organizers and executors of the attacks and expropriations.

In December 1907 - March 1908 The Catherine police are taking decisive steps to end the anarchist terror in the city. 18 January 1908, after many months of searching, the police followed a well-known anarchist, the expropriator, Alexander Morozov, nicknamed “Moroz”. It was believed that it was “Moroz” who killed the head of the regional office S.V. Rudenko and some other officials, and was also guilty of numerous expropriations. There were real legends about this man among Yekaterinodar marginal youth - for a long time he was considered an elusive anarchist. It is noteworthy that "Frost" moved along the street, dressed in a woman's dress, powdered. "Lady" did not cause suspicion among the police. In this form, the anarchist could freely roam the Ekaterinodar, looking for new objects for attacks and expropriations. When the police went on the trail of "Frost", he shot a detective and rushed off in a clubman to Baton - the working outskirts of Ekaterinodar, where he hid in the first house he came across. "Took" Morozov a whole detachment of police and Cossacks. During the shootout, two law enforcement officers died. However, the “Frost”, not wanting to give up and knowing full well that the death penalty awaited him, chose to shoot himself.



Simultaneously with Morozov, on the same day, the police got on the trail of another dangerous militant, Alexander Mironov. This man was guilty of the murder of the mayor and bailiff of Sukhumi. During the persecution, Mironov was shot dead by police lieutenant Zhukovsky. The latter immediately after the murder of Mironov began receiving letters with threats from the Communist anarchist group Avengers, but on January 26 the police went to the trail of the author of the letters - they turned out to be a friend of the murdered Mironov, one Severinov, who was arrested and placed in Yekaterinodar prison. The anarchist arrests continued in February 1908. For example, February 1 arrested members of the Anarchist Group Matvey Gukin, Fyodor Ashurkov and Dmitry Shurkovetsky. They were engaged in sending letters-requirements for Ekaterinodar entrepreneurs from the "Group of Anarchists." February 5 police arrested George Vidineev, who was sending letters of demand on behalf of the “Flying Combat Troop of anarchist terrorist groups”, as well as Nikita Karabut and Yakov Kovalenko. Nikita Karabut was connected to the Ekaterinodar Anarchist Communist Anarchist Group. Samson Samsoniants was arrested at the hotel “Russia” 6 February, at which there were two revolvers, 47 cartridges and the seal of the “Caucasian flying group of anarchist-terrorists”.

The next day, February 7, the police arrested Joseph Mirimanov and Alexei Nanikashvili, who also sent letters of demand on behalf of the Anarchist Group. February 9 for such activities arrested Mikhail Podolsky, and February 12 - the subject of the Ottoman Empire Mironidi. 12 February 1908. Yekaterinodar police arrested Armavir Solodkov who escaped from prison, thanks to which the Ekaterinodar group of anarchist communists got on the trail. All 13 group members were arrested. During a search of the house where the group's headquarters was located, its program documents were found, which emphasized the “working” character of the Ekaterinodar group of anarchist communists and its focus on advocacy in the working environment and the commission of terrorist acts and expropriations against the classes in possession and public authorities. 13 February as a result of a police operation to catch extortionists, Aleksey Denisenko and Ivan Koltsov were killed, who came for the money to businessman Kuptsov. The letters of demand on behalf of the Flying Party of Communist Anarchists — the Avengers and the Voluntary Flying Combat Detachments — were found in those killed during the detention of anarchists. Colonel

F. Zasypkin, who led the law enforcement agencies against anarchists, reported in 1908 to the head of the Kuban region that "the measures taken ... in connection with the rise of energy ... almost completely terminated the activities of a number of criminal organizations with an outstanding number of participants, the terror, the robberies and extortion, a number of murders were warned, the possibility of carrying out attempts on the life of the head of the region was prevented, a number of important criminals were discovered, of which many have already been hanged ” terrorism in the Kuban region in the course of the revolution 1905-1907 years. // Society and Law, 2008, № 1).

In November, 1909, in the Ekaterinodar District Court, the investigation was completed on the case “On the activities of communist anarchists in the Kuban region”. In this case, 91 was accused of 13 with facts of economic and political terror. 17 December 1909, the case was transferred to the Caucasus Military District Court. In May 1910, members of the Avengers group were sentenced to hard labor for 4 to 6 years and a link to the settlement. In September, 1910 was brought to court by 68 anarchists from Yekaterinodar, of whom 7 was sentenced to death by hanging, 37 to hard labor, 19 was acquitted by a court sentence. A year later, the anarchists of Novorossiysk were convicted.

Thus, the anarchist movement in the Kuban to 1909-1910. due to effective measures by the law enforcement agencies, it virtually ceased to exist. Members of anarchist groups who remained at liberty either retired or slipped into “pure criminality”, ceasing to put forward political slogans. It is known that in the aftermath of 1909, on the territory of the Kuban district, there were only visiting anarchists, first of all people from the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, who were focused mainly on making raids for the purpose of expropriating money and were no longer campaigning among the local population.

In writing the article, photographic materials were used http://www.myekaterinodar.ru/ekaterinodar/articles/ekaterinodar-borba-s-terrorizmom-v-ekaterinodare-i-na-kubani-v-nachale-khkh-veka-1/
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  1. 0
    21 January 2015 16: 32
    Joseph Vissarionovich the same noted in this field. His hand was shot in one of the raids. People fought for the idea, left nothing to themselves. Interestingly, what happened in other regions of Russia?
  2. 0
    21 January 2015 21: 54
    Yes, it was. There were revolutionaries, and there were banyugany who were friends with the revolutionaries, because the latter had their own people in the gendarmerie and could warn about ambush ambush. After the revolution, they were all written down as ideological.

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