What do we need Mistrals for?
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
In principle, this fact alone is enough to understand: Russia needs Mistrals. And both on the Pacific Fleet. However, let me remind you that Russia has at least three potential sea points related to the need to protect its interests and sovereignty. These are the Western Arctic (Bely Island, Victoria Island, Franz Josef Land, etc.), the Eastern Arctic Region (Wrangel Island, Chukotka, and even Kamchatka) and the Far East, more precisely, the Kuril Islands and Fr. Sakhalin.
Leaving out the presence of an aircraft carrier fleet in the USA and Great Britain for operations in the Northern Hemisphere and the Western Arctic (as well as a number of helicopter carriers, warships of docks, floating military platforms, etc.) in other NATO countries and “conditionally neutral” northern countries, it is worth mentioning how the carrier fleet is developing a country that still has territorial claims against Russia. About Japan and the USA. Yes, the USA! If everything is more or less clear with Japan, then the territorial dispute between the United States and Russia is somehow not customary to widely spread either here or in the United States.
Let's start with Japan. And let's talk about the territorial claims of our main “partner” at the end of the article.
Despite the fact that Japan has been forbidden to have ships capable of operating far from Japan in 1947, and it is forbidden to have aircraft carriers (carrier fleet), however, Japan has an impressive arsenal of ships directly related to the carrier fleet - and this on the prohibitions that were circumvented very elegantly: it is not a helicopter carrier, but a destroyer! Or even better - the destroyer! In general, due to the conditions imposed by the Americans and tacit approval during the First Cold War, the classification of the Japanese Navy is very peculiar and worthy of a separate article.
(The Japanese Constitution contains an 9 article that explicitly prohibits the creation of naval armed forces, and Japan’s self-defense forces cannot have the technical means to conduct combat operations far from islands, such as aircraft carriers or strategic bombers.)
So, small Japan, which is part of 10 countries with the longest coastal line (slightly less than 30 thousands of kilometers), has 4 (four) aircraft carrier (helicopter) ships, not counting landing docks (8 ships: 4 type "Osumi" ( + 1 under construction), 1 of type “Atsumi”, 1 of type “Miura”, 2 of type “Yura”) and also 38 of warships capable of carrying from one to two helicopters: 8 destroyers (type “Asagiri”), 9 of destroyers (type Murasme), 5 destroyers (Takan type), 4 destroyers (Akizuki type), well, and 12 frigates (Hatsuyuki type).
Those. total 50 ships having the ability to land assault forces of various capacities from the horizon. Simultaneous use of all ships on, say, the Kuriles is unlikely, but still the most powerful are 4 helicopter-carrying ships: destroyers-helicopter-carrying ships of the “Hyuga” type (2 pieces: the Hyuga itself and its Ieter sistership with a standard displacement over XNXXX tons each) and destroyers of the Sirane type (also 15 pieces: Sirane itself and its Kurama sistership). But in addition to the Navy, there are also patrol boats of the Shikishima class, which are the largest in the world (at the moment, until China completes its “Haijian-000”), also carrying a pair of multipurpose helicopters in the hangar.
Patrol boat class "Shikishima"
And all of them are already being replaced by the most powerful helicopter-carrying flagship of Japan (or in addition, since the official departure of helicopters like Sirane has not been announced, and there is information that Izumo changes Sirane, only in analytical articles, publications completely equidistant from the offices of the Ministry of Defense of Japan) - the new helicopter carrier-destroyer (according to the perverted logic of the Japanese) Izumo, the lead ship of the series (tail number DDH183) already on the water and retrofitted with equipment (commissioned - March 2015 of the year), and the second ship (board howling number 24DDH) already on the stocks (entry into operation - March 2017 years).
So, 6 of August last year in Japan officially presented the largest military ship of those that were produced in this country after the Second World War. This is the Izumo helicopter carrier.
"Izumo" (center) in comparison with the normal aircraft carrier and the previous helicopter carrier
Key Features:
Displacement 19 500 tons (standard), 27 000 tons (full)
Length 248,0 m
Width 38,0 m
Height 23,5 m
Precipitation 7,5 m
Engines Combined GTU, 4 turbines General Electric LM2500
Power 112 000 l. with. (82,4 MW)
2 screw propeller
30 nodes travel speed
Crew 470 man (970 along with the landing force)
Armament:
Radar equipment radar OPS-28 and OPS-50, GUS OQQ-23
Electronic armament BIUS OYQ-12, electronic warfare station NOLQ-3D-1
Anti-aircraft artillery 2 × 6 - 20-mm ZAKMark 15 Phalanx CIWS
2 rocket armament × SeaRAM SAM
Aviation group - up to 14 SH-60K SeaHawk helicopters (on the next ship it is possible to base 2 MV-22 “Osprey” convertiplanes, as well as F-35B Lightning 2 VTOL aircraft)
Izumo laid 27 on January 2012 of the year. Launched 6 August 2013 of the year. Since that time, work was carried out on the installation of equipment. Interestingly, the official submission of the ship was scheduled for August 6, and on that day in 1945 there were completely unnecessary full-scale tests by the Americans weapons (the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively). Representatives of the authorities noted that the coincidence of the date of the presentation of the vessel and the 68 anniversary of the nuclear bombing of the city of Hiroshima is pure coincidence.
It is assumed that the vessel will be used for search and rescue. In addition, it will protect the state borders of Japan. Official China reacted negatively to the message from Japan, saying that the latter is building up its military potential in violation of Article 9 of its own Constitution.
Let me remind you that the Constitution of Japan prohibits the commissioning of military equipment and weapons, which may allow to conduct military operations at a significant distance from the Japanese islands, including strategic bombers and aircraft carriers. In the construction of the ship was invested, according to various sources, 1,2-1,5 billion dollars.
The new ship of the Japanese Navy under the name "Izumo" has a deck and dimensions similar to the aircraft carrier Sekaku and Dzuikaku, which took part in the attack on the Pearl Harbor base of the US Navy in 1941 year, but the government still insists that it is not an aircraft carrier. With a length of about 250 m and a standard displacement of 19500 t "Izumo" is the largest ship in the Japanese Navy. 9 helicopters (or 6 convertiplanes) can simultaneously sit on its deck.
Now (for the first ship), the ship’s air group can be up to 14 helicopters, the standard composition is 7 anti-submarine helicopters and 2 search and rescue. In the foreseeable future, the main purpose of the ship will be precisely the fight against submarines, although the ship also has capabilities for transporting troops - up to 400 paratroopers with 50 trucks by 3,5 tons each. The possibilities for landing are certainly very limited, but it is worth remembering the recent joint exercises with the United States, during which the MV-22 Oprof helicopters landed on the deck of the Izumo helicopter destroyer of the Hyuga type.
Helicopter destroyer Hyuga ("Hyuga") at the joint Japanese-American exercises.
Nevertheless, the Ministry of Defense and the command of the Navy insist that this ship, launched last summer, is “just a destroyer capable of carrying helicopters.” The media in China and South Korea have stated that this “semi-avino carrier” is evidence of a heel to the right of Japan’s foreign policy. Military journalist Shinichi Kiyotani (Shinichi Kiyotani) said that "in accordance with the international standards of this class of ships" Izumo "- aircraft carrier.
"Izumo" - "helicopter carrier"
The government is afraid to admit this fact, as it fears political consequences. ” Meanwhile, the reputable British warship guide Jane's Fighting Ships, which is published annually, classifies this ship as a helicopter carrier. Izumo should replace the Sirane helicopter carrier with a standard displacement of 5200 tons. From which sources this respected British reference book took information about replacing Sirane with Izumo, was not specified.
It is assumed that vertical fighters, such as the F-35B, can be based on Izumo, but a high-ranking defense official said that “such an upgrade is possible, but practically impracticable, since it will require a huge amount of time and money, including for the purchase of fighters and the training of necessary personnel for their operation. " Certainly a senior official of the Ministry of Defense of Japan is cunning. On the first ship of the Izumo series, it is not officially possible to carry an VTOL of the F-35B. But in almost all the notes about the new (second under construction) ship it is said about the possibility of carrying the F-35B Lightning II VTOL in the future.
Resorting to Photoshop, artists turn Izumo into an aircraft carrier, the carrier of the F-35B fighter aircraft.
Again, in December 2011 of Japan decided to purchase a land modification of Lightning II with normal takeoff and landing. In addition, in many publications it is noted that despite the fact that the length of the flight deck allows F-35B to take off even without a springboard, the ship will need significant improvement - covering the deck with heat-resistant materials, probably strengthening elevators of aircraft lifters, installing systems for landing automation. And again, all this refers to the first ship of the series. During the construction of the second ship, these problems should not be technically insurmountable, and the question of the return of aircraft carriers to the Japanese navy will be a matter of policy.
"Izumo" on the stocks
The former commander of the Japanese Navy Yoji Koda (Yoji Koda) said: "Izumo" - a ship that is fundamentally different from an aircraft carrier. If appropriate conditions arise in the future and a decision is made to build an aircraft carrier, such a ship can be built only after explaining to the public what it is for. ”
Izumo and the public
How, where and with whom?
Now, after reviewing the profile media (above), we will critically think about Japan’s practical use of its Izumo.
Izumo and its predecessor
The Izumo aircraft carrier smooth upper deck (flat-topped). Theoretically, he can take not only helicopters, but also vertical take-off and landing aircraft. However, the AV-8B Harrier attack aircraft, which, for example, are armed with American universal assault ships of the Wasp type capable of performing the functions of light aircraft carriers, are now considered obsolete, their production has ceased.
They should be replaced by short-takeoff and vertical landing aircraft F-35B Lightning II. But in order for them to be based on the same Wasp UDC, it will be necessary to reinforce the deck and cover it with more heat-resistant material, since the high temperatures of the powerful F-35B engines literally can burn the ship. Therefore, talk about the fact that the Japanese helicopter carriers of the new generation will actually perform the functions of aircraft carriers, most likely - speculation. Yes, and how much they can take F-35B? Two or three, from strength - four. And against whom can these poorly armed "aircraft carriers" use?
In addition, the current constitution prohibits the Land of the Rising Sun from having ships of this class. Although everything is relative and changeable in this world. The same basic law of Japan prohibits Japan from having a naval force. But the ICJA created instead of them is, according to expert estimates, the second largest fleet in Asia after the Chinese in terms of combat capabilities. And if we put the nuclear component of the PLA Navy into the brackets, then undoubtedly, the Japanese fleet can be put in the first place, especially given the highest level of training of seafarers, the excellent quality of ships, and the well-balanced balance of the ISJA.
The aircraft carriers appeared as part of the ISSJ not yesterday. They occupy a special place in the structure of the Maritime Self-Defense Forces. The fact is that during the years of the “cold war” the United States clearly regulated the duties of its junior partners (and now they are trying to do the same, but with less success). One of the main tasks of the NJLI was to protect communications in the Far Eastern waters, including the detection and destruction of Soviet submarines in the event of war. Now this task remains, only the focus has been shifted mainly to the Chinese underwater threat.
As is known, the most reliable anti-submarine defense with simultaneous use of ship and aircraft detection and destruction. Developing this direction, the Japanese began to build helicopter destroyers, who began to play the role of leaders of anti-submarine formations. The first of them, Haruna, was put into operation in 1973. Like the Huey of the same type, it had a displacement of 6900 and represented a completely traditional destroyer of those times. With one exception - almost from the mid-section to the rear of the stern, there was an extensive landing area with a hangar for three HHS-2B Sea King anti-submarine helicopters, which were later replaced by three SH-60J Seahawk helicopters.
Helicopter destroyer "Sirane"
The experience of using Haruna-class destroyers has confirmed their high efficiency. Therefore, a second pair of ships of this subclass was built - of the type “Sirane”. Architecturally, they repeated their prototypes, only had a slightly larger size, and their full displacement grew to 7200 t.
In the late 90's. of the last century - the beginning of the 2000s The naval self-defense forces were replenished with three landing ships-docks (DKD) of the Osumi type with a total displacement of 14 tons and a 000-knot speed. They are designed for the transport by sea of 22 troops, 320 tanks Type 90 or 1400 tons of military cargo. Landing on an unequipped shore is possible with the help of two LCAC air cushion landing boats on board the DCD and two transport helicopters CH-47J, for which, however, the hangar is not even equipped.
On the other hand, for the first time in post-war Japan, these “paratroopers” received a carrier-free, smooth upper deck with an “island” on starboard, which facilitates the placement and maintenance of helicopters under heavy use.
Osumi Landing Ship Dock
Designers of helicopter destroyers adopted this design when creating the next pair of anti-submarine ships, which were intended to replace outdated destroyers of the Harun type. Thus, the destroyers-helicopter carriers “Hyuga” (DDH-181) and “Ise” (DDH-182) appeared in the Japanese fleet. Their full displacement is 19 000 t, length is 197 m, width is 33 m. They are able to carry up to 11 helicopters SH-60K and MHC-101.
In addition to helicopters, they have a fairly extensive arsenal of naval means of defense and striking submarines: the Evolved Sea Sparrow SAM and ASROC anti-submarine missiles in vertical Mk-41 launchers, two six-barrel 20-mm Phalanx artillery, two three-tube 324-guns torpedo tubes for firing anti-submarine torpedoes.
"Izumo" park to the extension wall
And now it was the turn of even larger ships, which will be replaced by destroyers of the Sirane type in the United States. They differ from the type of ships "Hyuga". And not only a large displacement, but also the nature of the tasks and weapons, which is limited only by means of self-defense. Two short-range SAM radar missile systems and two Phalanx artillery systems are all means of protection intended only to repel attacks of enemy cruise missiles in the near frontier. But the helicopter fleet increased to 14 units. In peacetime, it will consist of 9-11 vehicles: X-NUMX anti-submarine engines SH-7K, two rescue vehicles and two more minesweeper helicopters MHC-60. But these “destroyers” will also be able to receive transport helicopters to transfer army units to the shore, as mentioned above - 101 military personnel and up to 400 vehicles with a payload of 50 tons each.
In other words, universal helicopter carriers have been created in Japan capable of participating in anti-submarine, anti-mine and amphibious operations. They have high speed (maximum speed - 30 nodes, which is provided by the gas turbine installation under the scheme COGAG) and maneuverability. At the same time, Japanese officials say that these ships are designed to "protect borders, ensure humanitarian operations and eliminate the consequences of natural disasters." Yes, these "destroyers" can be used for such missions, but they are not priorities. We must pay tribute to: built "Izumo"in record time, which can only envy. From the bookmark to the presentation, that is, the official launch, passed less than three years.
But once again: these ships do not pull on the role of aircraft carriers, although they demonstrate the ability of the industry of the Land of the Rising Sun to build floating airfields. But do aircraft carriers need Japan? It seems that the time of these ocean giants passes.
New means of warfare at sea appear: anti-ship ballistic missiles, long-range hypersonic missiles, directional energy weapons and others. That is why, and not only because of the need to cut budget spending, the United States plans to reduce its carrier fleet. In the future, aircraft carriers, of course, will remain in the fleets. But what will be their appearance, while it is difficult to predict. One thing is clear: they must become universal, capable of fulfilling the tasks of controlling the sea, of staff, anti-submarine, and amphibious assault ships. And the appearance of the destroyer helicopter carrier "Izumo" - the movement in this direction.
And further. The Japanese are prone to all sorts of characters and hints. This fully applies to Izumo. Both the project of the ship, its name, and the time of the ceremony were not chosen by chance, but are a kind of encrypted messages "hail and peace." The 22 DDH project means that the helicopter carrier was laid in 2010, the 22 year of the reign of Japanese Emperor Akihito. Like, we remember the samurai traditions and honor the leaders. Nothing is forgotten.
The presentation took place on 6 August - the day of the 68 anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. And although any intent in this coincidence is categorically denied, this, of course, is not accidental. Vice Prime Minister Taro Aso and Secretary General of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, Sigheru Ishiba, that is, people from the first political line, took part in the magnificent presentation ceremony. Tokyo makes it clear to its senior partner that the Land of the Rising Sun has revived.
Of course, today in the face of the Chinese military threat and the challenges of North Korea, as well as the sanctions confrontation with Russia, Japan and the United States are doomed to be allies, but who knows what is happening in the minds and souls of the samurai heirs? Especially in light of recent statements by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (at the beginning of the article). All the more unpleasant for Russia is the name of the entire project of these helicopter carriers, and the fact that this name was first removed from dusty archives since the Second World War.
Izumo Project
The name of the ship "Izumo", at first glance, is neutral, since it only means historical the name of one of the provinces is Izumo, which as an administrative entity has not existed for a long time. However, it is no coincidence that not one ship of the Naval Self-Defense Forces after the Second World War was given this name. It is too memorable, and not a good word. This was the name of the Imperial Navy armored cruiser, built by the British company Armstrong Whitworth in 1900.
He was one of the first and best ships of this subclass, which occupied an intermediate position between the squadron battleships widespread at that time and the armored cruisers. He had a fairly strong booking and powerful artillery, consisting of four 203-mm cannons, fourteen 152-mm and twenty small caliber guns.
As you might guess, Izumo was the first to take an active part in the Russian-Japanese war of the 1904-1905. He was the flagship of Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonodze, who commanded the 2 fleet of the Land of the Rising Sun. The Izumo cruiser in August 1904 led the battle with the Vladivostok squad of Russian fleet cruisers, during which the cruiser Rurik was sunk and after which the Russia and Thundercruisers were forced to stop the raids on Japanese maritime communications. Here it is in the photo:
"Izumo" first
In that battle, Izumo received 20 hits of Russian shells, but Krupp armor securely protected the ship. Damage and loss were minor (two killed and 17 injured). The cruiser also participated in the famous Tsushima battle in May 1905. In it he received 12 hits (3 was killed and 27 people were injured). But then the Russian fleet paid a much higher price for its defeat.
The military fate of the first "Izumo" was surprisingly long. During the First World War, he chased German cruisers, but without success, reached the Mediterranean, where he escorted Entente transports. He recalled himself again in 1937, when Japan launched aggression against China. Izumo became the flagship of the 3 fleet operating against this country. And 8 December 1941, when Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor, Izumo in the port of Shanghai treacherously opened fire on a small British gunboat Peterel and a similarly small American Wake. The forces were unequal. Peterel went to the bottom, and Wake was forced to surrender. But the Americans avenged their shame. 24 July 1946. The aircraft from the US Navy aircraft carriers finally sank Izumo near Kure.
In other words, the name "Izumo" encoded the message to Russia, China and the United States. There is an unequivocal hint at the former power of imperial Japan and at the same time its possible revival. After all, from the possession of nuclear missiles Tokyo is just a step away. It is enough to revise several articles of the constitution of this country so that this step is taken.
As we see from the beginning of the article, this step has been taken. Most of the information about Izumo is taken from articles almost two years ago. Considering the current situation, it becomes clear that Japan has taken a long course towards strengthening the Navy.
In addition to the Kuril Islands, there is also the Arctic and Fr. Wrangel. By the way, there is no mention in the Russian version of Wikipedia that, according to some people in the US Department of State, Wrangel Island is the territory of the United States. It got to the point that there were demands for the US government to investigate the creation of the USSR by the GULAG camp in the US (here: http://www.statedepartmentwatch.org/GulagWrangell.htm).
Well, besides, the agreement on the sea border between the USSR and the USA (USA / USSR Maritime Boundary) has not yet been approved by the State Duma of the Russian Federation. And there are many controversial issues (created, by the way, by 1990 in the year by Foreign Minister E. Shevardnadze) - and the section of the Bering Strait, and the issues of the passage of ships and fishing, etc. Especially since the question is about the depths.
Here is a map, where the questions of concessions to the United States and Russia by the very same persons in the Senate to the US government are highlighted in color. The following is an English summary of the utility of. Wrangel as part of Alaska (!) For the United States. In addition, there is a whole movement to draw attention to the problem of. Wrangel, the Arctic territories of Alaska and the maritime boundary in the Arctic in the United States.
The essence of the claims of the American public is highlighted in red
"This is a new line-up of the X-Menum Seabeds." The amount of squares of the squares. (See shaded area of map.) There is no quid pro quo for the American public or the State of Alaska. These seabeds are rich in oil, gas, fisheries, and other resources worth billions of dollars. The oil and gas potential is measured in the billions of barrels. The fisheries are in the country. The military strategic locations of the Arctic and Bering areas is obvious. It’s not a problem.
As you understand, in the case of claims from Japan to Russia and from the United States to Russia, the likelihood of a joint performance of the fleets of the two countries is more than high. Therefore, we (Russia) all the more need Mistrals, and it is on the Pacific Fleet. In the Pacific region, Russia is one of the largest players with a rapidly aging obsolete fleet (not yet weak, but already approaching this line).
Sources:
http://ajw.asahi.com
http://flot.com
http://www.statedepartmentwatch.org/AlaskaGiveaway.htm
http://www.nationaldefense.ru/)
http://www.statedepartmentwatch.org/FactSheet.htm
Information