Soviet leader Peter K. Koshevoy

14
Soviet leader Peter K. Koshevoy

110 years ago, 8 (21) December 1904 was born a Soviet military leader, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Peter Kirillovich Koshevoy. The commander has passed a long and difficult life journey from a simple peasant boy to Marshal of the Soviet Union, marked by many orders, medals and foreign awards. All his life Koshova devoted to the construction and strengthening of the Soviet army.

Petr Koshevoi was born 8 (21) December 1904, in the city of Alexandria, Kherson province of the Russian Empire (now Kirovograd region) in an ordinary peasant family. Judging by the names, there were Cossacks in his family. Like many other young men, Koshevoi joined the Red Army in 15 years. In the 1920 year, Peter graduated from the military primary school, then served in the 2 cavalry regiment of the 8 th cavalry division of the 1 th Corp. of the Red Cossacks (the so-called Red Cossacks). He fought with the White Poles and the Petliurists on the South-Western Front during the Soviet-Polish war. Fought gangs of Ukrainian nationalists.

In 1923, he successfully graduated from the Crimean cavalry courses, after which he served as a foreman of a cavalry squadron of the 3 cavalry regiment of the 1 Zaporizhia Red Cossacks of the cavalry division. In 1927, he graduated from the Ukrainian Cavalry School, served as a platoon commander in the Moscow Cavalry Division in the Moscow Military District. From 1931, he served in the United Military School named after the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in Moscow, then held headquarters positions. Koshevoy consistently passed the path of the platoon commander, squadron, regimental school chief and regimental chief of staff.

In 1939, he graduated from the Military Academy. Frunze was appointed Chief of Staff of the 15 Cavalry Division in the Trans-Baikal Military District. Since February, 1940, the Koshevoy commander of the 65 th rifle division in the Trans-Baikal Military District. Thus, already before the start of the Great Patriotic War, Koshevoy, displaying high human qualities, went from a simple peasant lad to a colonel, a division commander.

During the Great Patriotic War, Pyotr Kirillovich proved himself as an initiative and strong-willed commander. He distinguished himself in battles near Leningrad, in the Volga region, in the Ukraine, in the Crimea, Byelorussia and East Prussia. During the war, Koshevoy commanded the 65 th rifle division, which was redeployed to the Volkhov front, then was appointed commander of the 24 guards rifle division (Volkhov, Stalingrad and Southern fronts). Since August, 1943 has commanded the 63 rifle corps as part of the Southern and 4-th Ukrainian Fronts. The troops under the command of Petr Koshevoy participated in the liberation of Donbass and Crimea, and especially distinguished themselves in the liberation of the cities of Dzhankoy, Simferopol and the capture of Sapun Mountain on the outskirts of Sevastopol. Since May 1944, the commander of the 71 Infantry Corps 3 of the Belarusian Front. The corps distinguished itself during the liberation of Belarus and the Baltic states. From the beginning of 1945, he commanded the 36 Guards Rifle Corps, whose soldiers distinguished themselves in the East Prussian operation, storming the cities of Insterburg, Königsberg and Pillau. For the liberation of the Crimea, Pyotr Kirillovich was awarded the first Gold Star medal, the second received for the skilful leadership of the troops during the storming of Konigsberg and personal courage and heroism.

Everywhere Koshevoy set an example to his subordinates: the commander quickly learned himself and taught others the art of defeating the enemy. Before operations, Pyotr Kirillovich necessarily gathered his subordinates, explained to them how best to organize defenses or break through a fortified lane, overcome barriers, minefields, move close behind a firing shaft, maneuver on the battlefield. “The enemy is strong, cunning,” taught Peter Koshevoy, “And you be smarter, smarter, find weak points, deliver unexpected but strong blows.”

At the beginning of World War II, Koshevoy's division was transferred from faraway Dauria, where she previously served, to the front. She was not immediately thrown into battle, although everyone expected that the Siberian division would be sent near Moscow. The enemy rushed to the capital. The division was unloaded in Kuibyshev, where the Soviet government and the diplomatic corps were evacuated. November 7 The 65 Division participated in a parade dedicated to the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Marshal Voroshilov took the parade. The event went perfectly well. Foreign representatives were impressed by the power of the Red Army reserves. On November 8, a rally was held, at which Voroshilov and Kalinin spoke. He made a great impression on the fighters and commanders, all eager to fight. Then the division moved on, but in Moscow, as the soldiers expected, it was not unloaded. The troops moved to the north-west.



Military parade in Kuibyshev 7 November 1941

Sturm Tikhvin

The division was unloaded near Tikhvin near Leningrad. As Koshevoy recalled, they saw the enemy for the first time at the station - a group of German aircraft struck an airstrike. However, divisions of the division were ready for an air attack, and there were practically no casualties. Koshevoy perfectly orientated himself in a difficult situation - there was almost no information about the position of his forces and his opponent, as well as maps of the area. The divisional commander sent out reconnaissance and determined the position to the north and east of Tikhvin, and with the help of local residents made a map of the area. Then Koshevoy was called to the commander of the 4 army Meretskov. The commander asked whether Koshevoy had any combat experience, advised him to visit the front line before the offensive, “smell the powder”, and also send regimental and battalion commanders there. As Piotr Koshevoy noted, it was an invaluable experience: “I really understood that I had to keep my eyes open all the time, not tempt fate: crawling, hiding in trenches, throwing from the funnel to the funnel ...”.

Here Kosheva saw an example of erroneous use of the lungs tanks BT. The tank unit was sent to the attack with virtually no artillery support, and suffered heavy losses in the forehead. It was a painful picture: “My heart and mind were protesting against the method of attack that I had just happened to witness. Not so should attack and prepare the battle. Neither preparation nor success was thought out. The fighters and equipment were thrown to the enemy for destruction, suffered unjustified losses and did not achieve the slightest positive result. Nobody really controlled the fight. It seemed that none of the commanders properly thought that a living, not a dead warrior was winning. ” Therefore, Kosheva made a basic rule for himself: “to take care of the life of a soldier in every way - our main strength and hope, to do everything possible so that victory over the enemy is achieved with the least blood.” And for this it was necessary to think and demand this from subordinates, not to spare forces and energy during the preparation of the battle. This rule the commander observed throughout the war.


Part of the division on the march near Tikhvin

The next day, Koshevoy went to the front with the commanding staff of the division. It was a good lesson. As noted by Koshevoy, he remembered the “excursion” for the rest of his life and, on his own experience, became convinced of the necessity and great benefit of such a lesson. Tikhvin lesson Meretskov useful Koshevoy. In further battles, Koshevoy always tried to teach a little to the non-fired recruitment to combat conditions, not to throw the newcomer into the battle immediately. Even a short lesson helped save many lives.

November 19 division launched an offensive. The fights were heavy. The Germans in Tikhvin created a dense defense with a variety of firing points. Therefore, it was not possible to immediately break through the enemy defenses, despite the enthusiasm of the Siberians. The division only wedged in places in the defense of the German troops and suffered serious losses. Spilled blood taught the division to fight. The commanders corrected mistakes, learned to make rounds, maneuver, more skillfully use the existing artillery, destroying enemy firing points, quickly put forward guns for direct fire and in a matter of seconds clean up behind cover, carry out thorough reconnaissance, including reconnaissance in force, by the slightest sign calculate the enemy's preparing counterattack and much more. I had to learn literally on the go. So, even before the start of the main battles, the division’s reconnaissance divisions destroyed two advanced enemy units, but they did not guess to take the “language”, they destroyed all the Germans.

The division gradually crowded the enemy. However, even small successes were hard. The villages passed from hand to hand several times. The Germans counterattacked, tried to regain their lost ground, sometimes they succeeded. Particularly stubborn fights went for communications. The environment of Tikhvin doomed the German garrison. Therefore, strong mobile German groups reinforced with tanks acted on the roads. Special attention was given to German communications. aviationwhich had air superiority.

It should be noted that at the same time there was a battle for Moscow, so the battles in other areas were of great importance. Every small success reduced the German forces, which went to storm the Soviet capital. No wonder Stalin personally contacted the divisional division Koshevoy and said: “It’s time to stop with Tikhvin, Comrade Koshevoy. I wish you success. ” Koshevoy did not even immediately realize that it was the Supreme Commander himself, since “Ivanov” (Stalin's call sign) was also in the headquarters of the commander-in-chief. Meretskov, who was amused by this situation, told him about this. As Koshevoy himself noted, no matter how small was the site of the offensive on the scale of the entire front, but Tikhvin, lost in the marshes, was important in the final disruption of the German plan of a blitzkrieg.

7 December, the division was able to get into Tikhvin, the battle began for the city itself. On the night of December 9, Koshevoy's troops launched a decisive assault on Tikhvin. Violent and bloody battle went on all night. The Germans fought back fiercely, went on counterattacks, in the center almost every building had to be taken by storm. Hot hand-to-hand fighting ensued, in which Soviet soldiers worked wonders. Many heroes have fallen, but others have persisted. Koshevoy recalled that the soldiers and commanders were doing amazing things, just on the verge of a miracle. Thus, the Red Army soldier Ildar Mananovich Mananov, who was charging the 2 artillery battery of the 127 artillery regiment, where the Germans launched a counterattack when the whole calculation fell, three German tanks were set on fire, the rest retreated. Before the reinforcements arrived, the Soviet soldier made one hundred and eight shots. The fighter was badly wounded, but survived. The artillery hero was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. During the battle in the city, the gunner P. I. Krasnov, when his comrades fell, alone stopped the attack of the German company. He shot a canister and put most of the German unit, and when several Nazis were able to get through to him, Krasnov destroyed them with grenades. Thanks to commanders like Koshevoy and the soldiers, the Soviet Union won this terrible war.

By 5 o'clock in the morning Tikhvin was liberated from the Nazis. In pursuit of the enemy, Soviet troops began to approach the Volkhov River. For the exemplary performance of the task, the 65 Division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Tikhvin’s assault became Koshevoy’s baptism in battle: “Much in the years that have elapsed since then, Tikhvin, who had just been liberated, could not be remembered and now stands before his eyes.”



Fighting under Sinyavino. Stand to the death!

Subsequently, the division had to conduct defensive battles for a long time. In July, Kosovoi 1942 was appointed commander of the 24 Guards Rifle Division, which was well staffed mainly at the expense of infantry cadets. The division received the task of preparing for the offensive. The 24-th Guards Rifle Division was located in the center of the 8 Army's combat formation and was given the task of striking across the Black River and a vast forest area directly to the west, between Sinyavino and Mga, to interact with the troops of the Leningrad Front. From the starting line to the Neva River, there were only 16 kilometers.

On the whole, the troops of the Volkhov and Leningrad fronts were to defeat the enemy’s Minsk-Sinyavino grouping with counter blows, and lift the blockade from Leningrad. On the Sinyavino heights, where the Germans had already been in 11 months, a powerful, as the Nazis believed, impenetrable defense was created. Soviet troops rushed into battle, they knew about the difficult situation in the south, near Stalingrad and in the Caucasus, and wanted to support their offensive comrades. Leningraders were especially eager to grapple with the Nazis.

The night of August 27 began the offensive. By night, the Koshova division had completed the first task. Strong advanced defense of the enemy was broken. 28 August Soviet troops developed the offensive, although they had to not only break the resistance of the enemy, but literally wade through the woods and swamps, often waist-deep in water. The Germans switched to the tactics of resistance in small groups, numbering up to the company. In the forest, the German sniper skillfully acted. On the paths, the Germans put minefields, all kinds of "surprises". Then the Germans pulled up serious reserves, began strong counterattacks. The Koshevo division for two continuous battles advanced in the forest for 8 km.

29 August 24-Division intercepted the Mga-Shlisselburg railway and reached the eastern shore of Sinyavinskoe Lake. To Moscow Dubrovka there are only 5-6 km. However, it was not possible to build on success. The operational situation has changed. German aviation was very active, which flew in groups of 5 – 15 aircraft at short intervals. The Germans made some strong counterattacks. The left neighbor (265 Division) was seriously behind, the Germans threw a new 207 Infantry Division into battle. The situation was dangerous, the enemy, using the gap between the lagging 265-th division and Kosovoi's division, which had escaped forward, could inflict a strong flank counterattack. Koshevoy in time deployed one of the regiments of the division. No sooner had the Soviet soldiers really dig in as the Germans launched a counterstrike. For the second half of the day, the guards repelled six strong German attacks. As the divisional commander recalled, by the end of the day the place where 72-th regiment of Colonel Kukharev was holding looked like ashes. The forest was burning down, the earth was speckled with craters from bombs and artillery shells, everything was clouded with smoke. However, the Soviet soldiers continued to stand and repel the onslaught of the enemy with heavy losses for him.

In the following days, the intense battle continued. Soviet troops unsuccessfully rushed to the Neva. And the Germans stubbornly fought back and strengthened the resistance, counterattacking large forces of infantry and tanks. Some regiments of the division still held defenses on the flank, beating up the enemy’s counterattacks on the 7-8 for the day, as the neighboring 265-I division finally went on the defensive. German aircraft dominated the sky and delivered massive strikes on Soviet troops. The division had to dig in, go underground as deep as the groundwater level allowed.

By order of the command, the division regrouped its forces, and September 4 again attempted to advance. Now the blow was delivered in a southerly direction. In addition, the front command brought fresh forces into battle. However, this offensive did not lead to success. The Germans pulled the artillery and seriously strengthened the defense. The dominance of German aviation was complete. Soon, the 24 Division switched to defense and held it until the end of September.

At that time, the main front forces tried to break through the enemy front between Sinyavino and Mgoy. 24-I and 265-I divisions were hit by the enemy grouping under the command of Manstein, who tried to cut at the base of a deep ledge of the front in the area of ​​Sinyavino. All enemy attacks were repelled: the fighters stood in positions to death. Day after day went to a brutal defensive battles. The Germans asked the superior forces of the infantry and armored vehicles to battle, delivered powerful air strikes. But the guardsmen held on. In order to leave the tanks, staged powerful blockages of thick logs, mined them. They beat the enemy with anti-tank artillery and PTR. To reduce losses from enemy fire and air strikes, they literally buried deep in the ground. As Koshevoy noted: "The site of our defense turned into a hot mess of mud pitted with craters with charred stumps and charred trunks of recently still green trees."

The scouts of the division captured dozens of people and found out from their documents that the enemy assault grouping, mainly aimed at the 24 guards and 265 rifle divisions, was 3 infantry, mining and chasseurs and tank divisions. However, the Soviet commanders and soldiers were already different. The times of the German Blitzkrieg were in the past. Soviet soldiers stood to death, and they could only kill everyone, but not overturn, make panic and run. The Germans threw into the battle more and more new forces, but could only press a few Soviet troops who retreated to new positions. Front guardsmen Koshev held. For example, on September 23, the Germans carried out artillery shelling for the whole 7 hours and inflicted airstrikes, and then went on the attack. But as a result of a stubborn battle, the enemy forces that had penetrated were thrown away. Beat off and re-attack.

It soon became known that the Germans were able to intercept the only communication (a clearing along the high-voltage line) along which the division’s supply went. The situation has deteriorated dramatically. In order to get out of the situation, they decided to pave the harbor to the rear and bring ammunition to them, as well as to make more extensive use of the trophy weapon. However, it was not possible to solve the problem of supplying the division through the swamp forest. Small groups of German troops attacked the carriers, they suffered heavy losses. Resetting supplies from airplanes also did not help solve the problem. Airplanes flew only at night and cargoes mainly fell into the swamp, from where they could not be reached. The expenditure of ammunition was extremely high, as the Germans continued stubborn attacks. In the end, most soldiers had to switch to captured small arms, it was easier to get ammunition for them. Artillery shells are almost over. It was somewhat better with food and medicine, as the scouts intercepted German transports.

On September 27, the division received orders from the command to continue its tough defense in order to ensure the release of other formations from the Sinyavino bulge and to prepare for the withdrawal themselves. The situation remained extremely difficult, still had to repel the cruel attacks of the enemy and prepare for withdrawal. Koshevoy skillfully organized the retreat of the division. At night, most of the division, in an orderly and orderly manner, moved away. The Germans realized it only in the morning. The departure of the division covered the 71-th regiment, in which there were only a few hundred fighters. In the afternoon, the guards were surrounded, but they repulsed several attacks of the enemy, holding out until the evening. The Germans, fully confident of victory, stopped the offensive. At night, with a fierce attack, the regiment began to make its way to its own. The Germans, not expecting the strike of a small group of the enemy, fell into a panic and while they came to their senses, the remnants of the heroic 71 regiment came out to their own. At dawn 30 September, the last group of 71 regiment made its way to our troops.

As Koshevoy noted, even though the division suffered great losses, but when the divisional commander conducted a review of the heroic troops: “... the regiments stood proudly, with deployed battle flags. They performed the duty of a soldier with honor, in the guards. And the people were ready, if the Motherland ordered, to again engage in a mortal combat with the enemy. We did not win, but we were not defeated. ”

After this fierce battle, there was a lull. Both sides went on the defensive. 24-th Guards Division was taken to the reserve of the Volkhov front. After this operation, Koshevoy received the rank of major general. In general, the front forces, though they could not break through to Leningrad, but they broke off the storming of the second capital of the USSR by fresh troops of Manstein. The 11 th army under the command of Manstein, after the fall of Sevastopol, was transferred for a decisive assault on Leningrad. However, the offensive of the Soviet troops of the Volkhov Front disrupted the plans of the German command. As Manstein himself recalled, his divisions were able to restore the front of the 18 of the German army, but suffered heavy losses and spent most of the ammunition intended for the assault on Leningrad. Therefore, the imminent offensive on Leningrad was out of the question. The victims of the Soviet troops were not in vain.




To be continued ...
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  1. +3
    20 December 2014 06: 29
    Oleg Koshevoy is an underground hero from Krasnodon (Ukraine). Has nothing to do with Pyotr Kirillovich Koshev. The only attitude is that they are patriots of their homeland, the heroes of bygone time. Eternal memory and eternal glory to the Heroes of the Great Patriotic War
    1. 0
      20 December 2014 06: 51
      A strange thing gentlemen moderators. Just before my comment it was written that in some city of the Voronezh region. there is a street Oleg Koshevoy and there they honor and remember the heroes. Therefore, my clarification was written. It turned out - a comment to nowhere. I apologize.
    2. 0
      20 December 2014 06: 59
      After reading the name of Koshevoy, I immediately remembered the novel of A. Fadeev.
      Nevertheless, a glorious cohort of military leaders, only to become larger.
      Bright memory!
  2. +3
    20 December 2014 07: 15
    What difference does it make, what is the last name. In my village near Kharkov (my grandfather was suddenly born there somehow), and the street was named in Kharkov. And my grandfather served in the Crimea, then in the Caucasus ... Another in the Northern Fleet. I still keep the vest. And the Order of Lenin hangs in the most prominent place! without a Hero, then they didn’t.
  3. +4
    20 December 2014 07: 27
    Blessed memory, To all commanders from the Branch to the Army and the Fronts Facing the enemy to Death in front of their units !!! Glory to the Heroes of the Second World War !!!
  4. buser
    +1
    20 December 2014 08: 55
    I confess, this is the first time I've heard about such a marshal (but I thought I knew all Soviet marshals). I know the Molodogvardeytsa Koshevoy, but about Marshal Koshevoy I only learned 3, today 3 of this article. How much do we not know about that war ...
  5. +1
    20 December 2014 09: 18
    My father, a front-line soldier, spoke quite a few kind words about Marshal. He was born in Ukraine in the city of Alexandria, now Kirovograd Region. The father said that Koshevo commanded both the Siberian Military District and the group of Soviet Forces in Germany ... Well-known Marshal Baghramyan, in the aftermath of the war, he called Koshevoy a military number 1. But, just as any of the forces in the destiny of any of us, Kosheva, who never pursued posts and proudly emphasized that he never served in Moscow, was suddenly removed from office and transferred to the Group of Chief Inspectors - = Paradise group =, as they said then ....... where the path was only to = paradise = ... It is interesting that Koshevo was the first Marshal to die his death ... after Tukhachevsky, Blucher .....
    1. +1
      20 December 2014 10: 16
      I support, my father is also a front-line soldier, personnel, military, served under the leadership of P.K. Koshevy in the Kiev district and the GSVG. He considered Koshevoy to be one of our most capable military leaders, whose military talents, unfortunately, did not receive due recognition ... According to his father, Marshall was never afraid to take responsibility at the most difficult moments of the service - and there were many such moments, especially during the GSVG command ... In addition, Koshevono was distinguished by sincere, not ostentatious concern for people - which, unfortunately, cannot be said of all our military commanders ... A bright memory.
  6. 0
    20 December 2014 11: 10
    Glory to the Hero!
  7. +3
    20 December 2014 11: 18
    Alexander Samsonov in an essay about Marshal P.K. Koshevoy resurrected the events of the rescue of Leningrad in 1941. I myself am a Leningrad citizen, the history of the city and country as a scientist, creator of military equipment, organizer of scientific institutions and industrial enterprises interests me. Therefore, dear readers of "VO", I would like to add an article about the wonderful commander of the Red Army P.K. Koshevoy with some information that will be of interest to you.
    Parts of the Red Army left Tikhvin on November 8, 1941. The headquarters of the Supreme Command realized that if the city was not recaptured from the Nazis, Leningrad would be completely cut off from the country. Therefore, units of the 52nd and 54th Armies were completed with fresh units, including the division of P.K. Koshevoy. The superiority of the Red Army in this sector of the front over the Nazis was 46 thousand soldiers. The assault on Tikhvin was scheduled for December 8. At night, a reconnaissance company of the 44th division of the people's militia infiltrated the city, and was tasked with saving the icon of the Tikhvin Mother of God in the Assumption Monastery. I will not dwell on the details of the entire extremely interesting operation, since In addition to the division commander, commissar D. Survillo also set the task for the scouts. The company entered the monastery, created a panic in the rear of the Nazis, held out for 2 hours until the main forces of the Red Army arrived. Thanks to the well-coordinated and highly organized actions of all parts of the Red Army and P.K. Koshevoy, Tikhvin was released on December 8, 1941. For the first time at Tikhvin, 215 divisions from France and 250 divisions from Spain that arrived in the area were defeated by units of the Red Army. Soviet fighters joked about the Spaniards dressed in blue greatcoats
    The reconnaissance Icon was not found in the monastery. Five days before the assault, the Nazis took her to Pskov. The icon returned to Russia only many years later from the United States.
    The liberation of Tikhvin made it possible to organize the supply of besieged Leningrad through the "Road of Life" and prevent the Nazis from uniting with the Finnish army. In Tikhvin, units of the Red Army found only 12 civilians. Currently, it is the most beautiful city in the Leningrad region with a functioning monastery, where the miraculous icon is located. My father directed the creation of The Road of Life and died there on December 27, 1941. I have the honor.
  8. Cat
    +1
    20 December 2014 12: 06
    Thanks to the author.
  9. 0
    20 December 2014 13: 44
    A wonderful commander, the main thing is that people were kept as much as possible, so he was not a careerist. Such people must be remembered and honored by their feat, as a warning to posterity.
  10. +1
    20 December 2014 14: 24
    We know very little about army commanders, and absolutely nothing about corps commanders. They wrote and filmed about the heroes by will or not, who turned out to be propaganda personalities, although it is also impossible without this. Generals Dovator, Beloborodov, Chuykov, Enko, Rybalko and some others are always at the hearing. But the army commanders were more than a hundred people, and how many military leaders then commanded the corps? Hundreds? Kosheva Pyotr Kirillovich an outstanding person and his military victories and merits require respect. We should write more often about such people.
  11. -3
    20 December 2014 16: 44
    Kosheva was a friend of Khrushchev. Khrushchev in 1964, before his resignation, hoped that Kosheva, who was then in command of the most powerful Kiev district, would support him. However, he miscalculated. Well, what can I say - both Ukrainians.
  12. +1
    21 December 2014 01: 09
    Thank you for the article ... It’s a pity only the readers are not enough ... It is strange if more people read the article about some German or p.i.d.d.sa ... Consequences of 20 years of tritting YOUR HISTORY and great people who created it?

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