China's air defense system. Part 2

25
China's air defense system. Part 2


At the end of the 80s, after a long political and ideological confrontation, which sometimes turned into local armed clashes, relations between the USSR and the PRC normalized. The first major project in the framework of military-technical cooperation between the two countries was the delivery of Su-27SK fighters to China.

27 June 1992, the first batch of 8 Su-27SK and 4 Su-27UBK entered the 9 regiment 3 of the PLA Air Force division. In November, 12 single-seat cars also arrived there.


In the photo: Su-27SK "19-blue" - the number on its air intake means that this aircraft, produced by KNAAPO, is an 20 38 series aircraft.

In addition to the direct delivery of ready-made combat aircraft to the People's Republic of China, an agreement was signed with the Soviet side on the transfer of technical documentation and assistance in establishing licensed production.

In the 1996 year, after lengthy negotiations between the Sukhoi Company and Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC), a contract for the joint production of 200 Su-27SK under the designation J-11 in the amount of 2,5 billion US dollars was signed. Under the terms of the contract, the J-11 was assembled at a factory in Shenyang from Russian components.



Assembled under the 1996 license contract of the year, the J-11 fighter flew for the first time in the 1998 year. The first licensed vehicles entered the 6 regiment of the second division of the PLA Air Force, where they were used along with the Su-27SK from Russia.


Google Earth Snapshot: aviation parking at the factory airfield in Shenyang


A total of 105 licensed J-11 fighter jets were assembled in the PRC. Chinese avionics were installed on a significant part of the aircraft. By collecting 105 J-11 aircraft, the Chinese abandoned the option for another 95 machines, citing the alleged "low combat characteristics" of Soviet fighters. In December, 2003 began the second phase of the “11 project” - the first Chinese “own” J-27B created by the Chinese on the basis of the Su-11SK took off.

As the fighter aviation units became saturated with the Su-27SK and J-11B aircraft, the hopelessly outdated J-6 fighter jets, as well as early modifications of the J-8 interceptor, were being withdrawn from service. J-7 aircraft continue to be used for the time being, but mainly for training purposes or on secondary routes.


Chinese fighters J-11 fly over Chomolungma - the highest peak of the world (8848 m)


In an effort to get rid of technological dependence on Russia, the Chinese industry developed a number of elements and systems that made it possible to assemble fighters without Russian spare parts and adapt them to the use of local aviation weapons.


The promising Chinese fighter 5 -th generation J-20


The technologies and technical documentation received from the USSR and Russia made it possible to make a qualitative leap in the Chinese aviation industry, bringing it to a new level of development. In a short period of time, China has managed to catch up on the 30-year lag in this area. Currently, despite the difficulties in creating modern aircraft engines with the required level of reliability, the PRC has the ability to create all types of combat aircraft, including 5-generation fighter jets.

It should be added here that, in addition to the production of new fighters, scientific and technical research in the aviation field, considerable resources are being spent in the PRC to develop the airfield network. On the territory of China, a large number of hard-surface airfields have been built, capable, in case of need, of accepting and operating all types of aircraft in service.


China's airfield network


Approximately 30% of these aerodromes are currently either not being operated at all or are being operated with a minimum load. But all of them are maintained in working condition, the presence of such reserve serviceable runways and the prepared aerodrome infrastructure allows, if necessary, to quickly disperse combat aircraft, taking it out from under impact. In terms of the number of operational airfields with hard-surfaced runways, China is far superior to Russia.

In addition to modern combat aircraft, at the beginning of the 90's PLA there was an acute need for anti-aircraft complexes capable of replacing the outdated counterparts of the Soviet C-75 air defense system.

Beijing’s negotiations with Moscow on the purchase of modern air defense systems began back in 1991. After a public display at the Moscow Airshow at 1992, the C-300P-based air defense system, in 1993, deliveries of these complexes to the PRC began. 4 of the C-XNUMPPMU Division worth 300 million were ordered. Prior to the start of deliveries, several dozen Chinese officers and civilian specialists were trained in Russia.

In 1993, 32 trailed 5P85T launchers were delivered with a KrAZ-265В trailer that had 4 TPK with 5В55У SAM and 4-8 spare missiles. In 1994, 120 additional missiles were delivered from Russia for conducting training and firing practice. The complex is designed to hit 6 air targets simultaneously at a distance of up to 75 km with two missiles aimed at each target.



The S-XNUMPPMU SAM system with its capabilities made a great impression on the Chinese specialists, before this there was nothing like that in the PRC. Anti-aircraft divisions were located to cover the major administrative, industrial and military facilities.


Google Earth snapshot: S-300PMU position in the suburb of Beijing


In 1994, another contract was signed for the purchase of 8 divisions of improved C-300PMU1 worth 400 million dollars. The agreement included the delivery of 32 5CE / DE 85 launchers on the MAZ-4М 543-axle and 196 48Н6Е missiles to them. Advanced missiles have a semi-active tracking through-rocket radar guidance system with a range of fire increased to 150 km. Half of the contract was paid for by barter deals for the purchase of Chinese consumer goods, the other half - in foreign currency.

An additional contract worth 2001 million, signed by 400, provided for the purchase of another 8 C-300PMU-1 divisions with 32 PU and 198 48Н6Е missiles. The acquired complexes from this party were deployed in the Taiwan Strait area and around Beijing.

In 2003, China expressed its intention to order improved C-300PMU2 Favorit, which were first proposed by Russia on the international market. weapons in 2001 year. The order included 64 PU 5P85EX2 / DE2 and 256 ZUR 48H6X2. First divisions delivered to customer in 2007 year. An improved complex can fire 6 air targets simultaneously at a distance of up to 200 km and an altitude of up to 27 km. With the adoption of these complexes, China for the first time received limited opportunities for intercepting ballistic missiles at a distance of up to 40 km.

According to Russian media reports, 4 of the C-300PMU Division, 8 of the C-300PMU1 and 12 Divisions of the C-300PMU2 Divisions has been delivered to China. In addition, each divisional kit includes 6 launchers. As a result, it turns out that China acquired the 24 division C-300PMU / PMU1 / PMU2 with 144 launchers.

Having gained operating experience with the C-300P, the Chinese wanted to establish licensed production of these complexes in their possession. However, the Russian leadership, already having experience of “joint production” of Su-27 fighters and fearing the leakage of “critical technologies”, did not agree to this, and the development of the new air defense system in the PRC was carried out on its own.



Nevertheless, in the Chinese air defense complex HQ-9 (HongQi-9 “Red flag - 9”), the features of the same C-300П are clearly visible. A number of design features and technical solutions of this complex were largely borrowed by Chinese engineers during the design of HQ-9. However, it is wrong to assume that this complex is a clone of the Russian C-300P.


PU ZRK HQ-9


SAM HQ-9 uses another rocket, different geometric dimensions, to control the fire using a radar with a phased antenna array (HEADLIGHT) CJ-202. PU is located on the chassis of a four-axle all-terrain vehicle made in China.

The Chinese complex has a maximum range of about 125 km, the height of the target 18000 m, the minimum height 25 m, the range of ballistic targets from 7 to 25 km at altitudes from 2000 to 15000 m.

The brigade consists of six battalions, each of which is equipped with its own command vehicle and radar fire control. The battalion is equipped with 8 PU, the number of missiles ready to launch is 32.

The export version of this air defense system, FD-2000, won the Turkish tender, winning the competition from the American Patriot system, the Russian C-400 and the European Aster. But under US pressure, the results of the competition were annulled.

Currently in production is a modernized version of the complex, designated HQ-9A. HQ-9A is distinguished by increased combat performance and efficiency, especially in terms of anti-missile capabilities achieved through improved electronic equipment and software.

In the media, there were reports of the creation and adoption of the HQ-15 air defense system in the PRC, which allegedly is a clone of the C-300PMU-1. But reliable data on this anti-aircraft complex could not be found.

Back in 1991, at Le Bourget, the HQ-12 medium-range air defense system was demonstrated for the first time. The development of the complex began in the beginning of the 80-s of the last century as a replacement for the outdated HQ-2 air defense system.


Self-propelled PU ZRK medium range HQ-12


However, the refinement of his greatly delayed. Only in 2009, the complex was publicly shown, several HQ-12 batteries participated in a military parade dedicated to the 60 anniversary of the PRC. At the moment, about ten divisions of this type of air defense system are deployed.

It seems that the most successful was the new Chinese medium-range air defense system - HQ-16. It is a "conglomerate" of advanced technical solutions borrowed from Russian C-300P and Buk-M2. In contrast to the "Buk", in the Chinese air defense system used "hot - vertical" start.


HQ-16 medium range air defense system


The HQ-16 is equipped with 328 kg anti-aircraft missiles, the firing range is 40 km. Self-propelled PU is equipped with 4-6 missiles in transport and launch containers. The complex's radar is capable of detecting air targets at a distance of 150 km. Elements of the air defense missile system are placed on six-axle off-road vehicles.

Currently, several divisions of this complex are located in positions in the southwestern part of the PRC.


Google Earth snapshot: HQ-16 air defense system position in Chengdu


The complex is capable of striking military, tactical and strategic aircraft, helicopter gunships, cruise missiles and remotely piloted aircraft. Provides an effective reflection of the massed raids of modern air attack in the conditions of intensive electronic suppression. He is able to perform a combat mission in various weather conditions. HQ-16 is a multichannel complex. Its fire weapons can fire up to six targets simultaneously, with up to four missiles aimed at each of them from one launcher. The target attack zone is circular in azimuth.

The anti-aircraft missile forces of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China are armed with 110 — 120 anti-aircraft missile systems (divisions), for a total of about 700 PU. By this indicator, China is second only to our country (around 1500 PU). Moreover, the share of modern air defense systems in the PLA is constantly increasing.
According to media reports, the International Aerospace Salon, held in Zhuhai, received a principle consent to sell the latest Russian C-400 air defense systems to the PRC.

The parties are currently discussing the possibility of supplying China with two to four C-400 divisions, each of which consists of eight launchers. In this case, the customer insists on obtaining full information about the tactical and technical characteristics of the anti-aircraft complex. Thanks to the acquisition of C-400, China will be able to control the airspace not only over its territory, but also over Taiwan and the Japanese islands of Senkaku.


Snapshot Google Earth: the layout of the air defense system (colored squares and triangles) and radar (blue diamonds) along the coast of China

Most Chinese long-range and medium-range air defense systems are deployed along the coast of the country. It is in this area is the main part of the enterprises giving 70% of the country's GDP.

Great attention in the PRC is also paid to the development and improvement of means of controlling the air situation. Outdated stations, which are clones of the Soviet radar model 50-s, are actively being replaced by new models.


Antenna post radar JY-27


Perhaps the largest of the new stations of the meter range is the broadband two-coordinate early warning radar - JY-27.
According to the developers, this radar is capable of detecting subtle airplanes at a long distance (the detection range of air targets is 500 km).


Type 120 Radar


Type 120 low-altitude target detection radar is a further development of the JY-29 / LSS-1 2D capable of simultaneously tracking 72 targets at a distance of 200 km. In China, 120 deployed such radars, including as part of the HQ-9, HQ-12 and HQ-16 SAMs.


Three-coordinate radar JYL-1 with a detection range 320 km


Several new types of Chinese radar stations were demonstrated at the Zhuhai International Aerospace Show, at China Airshow - 2014.



In addition to ground-based radars, the People's Republic of China is actively engaged in the creation of DRLO aircraft. This is due to the fact that most modern Chinese fighters are deployed on bases along the sea coast. The depth of the fighter cover from the “alert on the airfield” position is of the order of 150-250 km provided that air targets are detected at the turn to 500 km. Considering that in most cases, air defense radars provide detection at lines up to 250-300 km and comparing this value with the depth of impact of air attack weapons, it becomes clear that PLA naval fighter aircraft are not able to provide effective air defense from the position on the airfield. Airborne missiles, patrolling the coast over neutral waters, are able to push the line of detection of air targets.

In the middle of 90-x in China, an attempt was made to create an ARLO aircraft with the involvement of foreign developers. As a result of negotiations held in Russia, Israel and the People’s Republic of China in 1997, a contract was concluded for the joint development, construction, and subsequent delivery of airborne early warning and control systems to China. It was assumed that the Russian TANTK them. Gm Beriev will create on the basis of the serial A-50 aircraft for installation on it of an Israeli-made radio engineering complex with the EL / M-205 “Falcon” radar (PHALCON). The basis of the complex was to be developed by the Israeli company Elta (Elta) multifunctional pulse-Doppler radar EL / M-205. It consists of three active phased antenna arrays, forming a triangle and located above the fuselage in a fixed mushroom fairing with a diameter of 11,5 m (more than the E-3 and A-50).

But these plans did not come true because of the most powerful pressure of the United States. In the summer of 2000, Israel had to first suspend the execution of the contract, and subsequently officially notify the Chinese authorities of its refusal to participate further in the project.

After the withdrawal from the Israeli program, the PRC leadership decided to continue work on the program independently, equipping the converted aircraft from Russia with a radio engineering complex with AFAR, means of communication and transmission of nationally developed data. Since China did not have any other suitable for the role of the carrier of the DRLO radio engineering complex, it was decided to build the subsequent production radar patrol aircraft on the basis of a part of the Il-90MD transport set in China for the 76-s.


Chinese aircraft ARLO KJ-2000


At the end of 2007, four serial DRLO KJ-2000 aircraft were officially put into service. Reliable data on the characteristics of the radio complex in open sources is not available. It is known that the flight crew of the KJ-2000 consists of five people and 10-15 operators. The aircraft can patrol at altitudes of 5-10 km. The maximum flight distance is 5000 km, the flight duration is 7 h 40 min.

The adoption of the KJ-2000 aircraft undoubtedly made it possible to significantly increase the capabilities of the PLA Air Force for detecting air targets, including low-flying and subtle.

But one detachment of DRLO planes, consisting of five (including the prototype) KJ-2000, is clearly not enough for China. Therefore, the development of another “flying radar” was started on the basis of the Y-8 F-200 military transport aircraft. The aircraft is equipped with a radar similar to the Swedish Ericsson Erieye AESA, with a target detection range from 300 to 450 km.


Chinese aircraft ARLO KJ-200


The first serial KJ-200 took off 14 on January 2005 of the year. According to foreign experts, at least six aircraft are currently in service.

In the PRC, the creation of new modifications of DRLO planes with higher radar characteristics continues. The Chinese industry in the field of aviation radar has made a breakthrough from the radar with mechanical scanning to systems with active phased antenna array. Specialists of CETC Corporation have created a three-coordinate early warning radar with AFAR, i.e. radar providing electronic scanning in height and azimuth.


Chinese aircraft ARLO KJ-500


In the middle of 2014, there were reports of the adoption of a new version of the "medium aircraft" of AWACS with the KJ-500 index based on the Y-8F-400 transporter. Unlike the KJ-200 version with a log-like radar, the new aircraft has a circular radar antenna on the mast.



At present, there are about a dozen of DRLO airplanes in the People's Republic of China, 2-3 new aircraft of such designation are built annually.

China pays great attention to the creation and improvement of modern fighters, ground-based air defense systems, detection stations and automated control systems. According to materials published by the US Department of Defense, the PRC is currently working on a universal integrated national air defense system, the creation of which is planned to be fully completed by 2020.

A great achievement of the Chinese electronics industry is the ability to develop and produce independently almost all types of radars, controls and guidance. In the on-board data processing systems of the air defense systems and fighters of national production, computers and software developed and manufactured in China are used, which increases information security and guarantees the operability of equipment “in a special period”.

Based on:
http://missilethreat.com
http://www.ausairpower.net
http://www.jdunman.com
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  1. +10
    19 December 2014 08: 03
    The article is a fat plus. I was surprised by the fact that the Chinese air defense complex won the Turkish tender. That means the level of copying has been reached to the level of our own developments. As a result, I ask a question. WHY to sell S-400 to the Chinese! ??? This is the transfer of the latest technologies !!! there is no money!! In the air defense units there is also S-200, but they are going to sell S-400 ...
    1. +12
      19 December 2014 08: 57
      Quote: Magic Archer
      WHY sell the S-400 to the Chinese! ??? This is the transfer of the latest technology !!!

      1. 0
        19 December 2014 23: 26
        The Americans somehow bought the S-300 from us, in the 90s, at the insistence of our designer (the plant needed the money). they conjured with him for a year, but could not repeat and decipher the codes. abandoned, began to modernize their "Patriot".

        The Chinese, with their thieving nature, if they could, would have been churning out the "three hundredth" for a long time, and would not have been developing their own complexes. "four hundredths" will not be able to copy either, if they do not hand over the technology.
        1. +4
          20 December 2014 13: 45
          Quote: HitMaster
          The Americans somehow bought the S-300 from us, in the 90s, at the insistence of our designer (the plant needed the money). they conjured with him for a year, but could not repeat and decipher the codes. abandoned, began to modernize their "Patriot".


          I will not comment on whose insistence ... but the designers do not make such decisions. They bought "individual items"The S-300PS air defense system is not at all meant to be copied. American specialists were interested in the characteristics of the detection equipment and the noise immunity of the S-300PS guidance channels.
          On a satellite photo, the elements of C-300PS are at a test site in the USA.
    2. From the profession22222
      +3
      19 December 2014 11: 06
      Og.
      We must offer Pechora. And then new technologies will copy.
      The Russian Federation, on the other hand, will not buy anywhere else a monopolist for the production of air defense systems.

      They copied, yes .. It is so good that Shanghai and other cities for some reason protect S-300; FD-2000, obviously, is such a breakthrough system that it is swift to cover its strategically important objects with them - an overly progressive complex has turned out.
      1. +2
        19 December 2014 13: 40
        Quote: Ametist22222
        They copied, yes .. It is so good that Shanghai and other cities for some reason protect S-300; FD-2000, obviously, is such a breakthrough system that it is swift to cover its strategically important objects with them - an overly progressive complex has turned out.


        You are mistaken, FD-2000 is the export name of the HQ-9 air defense system. And there are almost more of them in China’s air defense than Russian S-300P.
        1. From the profession22222
          +2
          19 December 2014 14: 12
          Yes, even let them stamp their craft with mullen and deliver wherever they want.

          Beijing and Shanghai what protects?
          1. +4
            19 December 2014 14: 26
            Quote: Ametist22222
            Beijing and Shanghai what protects?

            Around Beijing, the composition of the air defense system is mixed, both ours and Chinese systems.
            In the Shanghai area there are three C-300PMU-1 and Chinese HQ-2.
            1. From the profession22222
              +2
              19 December 2014 15: 03
              Dooo, the patched S-75 clone in the same weight category as the S-300 ...

              What is the basis? C-300 or his Ketai ... Not even a clone, in a word, a similar outward sharing?
              1. +3
                19 December 2014 15: 15
                Quote: Ametist22222
                What is the basis? C-300 or his Ketai ... Not even a clone, in a word, a similar outward sharing?

                A difficult question ... a couple of years ago I would say that the main air defense system in China's air defense is HQ-2. Now they release a lot of their new complexes: HQ-9 / 9А, HQ-12, HQ-16. I can assume that in total there are more fresh Chinese air defense systems in China’s air defense than Russian S-300’s of all modifications.
                1. From the profession22222
                  +2
                  19 December 2014 16: 15
                  More who argue!

                  And the people in action, and some kind of weapon.
                  Returning to the topic, it’s not at all a problem to sell the S-400. Firstly, they will sell current when we rivet ourselves, secondly, the S-500 is already on the nose, and thirdly and most importantly, Uncle Liao does not know how to make high-quality copies of weapons. These are not slippers in the basement to sew. Until now, they cannot in the S-300, they cannot normally in radars ... This is only on the topic of discussion.

                  So let them take the S-400 and make their cargo cult, Schaub like people. One fig - the difference between them is that of Rolex and Chinese Rolex.
                  1. +1
                    20 December 2014 13: 37
                    Quote: Ametist22222
                    Uncle Liao does not know how to make high-quality copies of weapons. These are not slippers in the basement to sew. Until now, they cannot in C-300, they cannot normally in radars ... This is only on the topic of discussion.


                    Unfortunately, they already know how ... and do not underestimate this, every year they get it better and better ... As for the Chinese radars, recently in the PRC several types of stations have been created that are not inferior in their capabilities to the Russian ones. For example, the three-coordinate JYL-1 radar (her photo is in this publication) or the three-coordinate JY-14 radar (photo of the antenna post). Due to their good characteristics and attractive price, these stations are popular with customers in South and Central America and the Middle East. It is worth noting that they are bought much more often than similar Russian stations.
    3. +4
      19 December 2014 11: 36
      Last but not least, the Turks chose the Chinese analogue of the S-300 because of their low cost. In terms of quality, I think, HQ-9 is significantly inferior to our S-300PMU, since even the Chinese themselves (despite the fact that they seem to have their own analogues) prefer to equip their divisions with these Almaz-Antey complexes.
    4. +7
      19 December 2014 13: 36
      Quote: Magic Archer
      There are also S-200 in the air defense units, and they are going to sell S-400 ...

      The S-200 as part of the Air Force-Air Defense of the Russian Federation has long been gone, although in terms of its characteristics (range and height of destruction), it was not a bad complex. But its single-channel and time-consuming and unsafe service (LRE powered by an aggressive oxidizer) were big disadvantages.
      1. AKM9
        +3
        19 December 2014 20: 50
        Yes, the S-200 is aggressive (in the literal and figurative sense of the complex), maybe it was worth trying to finish it, its characteristics are not acidic. As far as I understand, a rocket engine is more powerful than solid-fuel systems, but it is much more dangerous and there are more problems with them. But the Chinese war machine is developing, we need to pay more attention to this.
    5. +1
      19 December 2014 14: 49
      Then, that copy the air defense system is not fake nike stamping. These are not even planes that copy a deck through the stump in China, it is much more complicated. The air defense systems are based primarily on algorithms, secondly on the composition of warheads and fuel, and only third on body materials. As a person a little versed in chemistry, I can say that simply copying the composition of the fuel with all the additives and additives that are present in it is not realistic. People working on the creation of another S-300 claim that the algorithms of their air defense systems will not copy another 10 years minimum, and this is only the S-300, which has been walking around for a long time.
    6. +2
      19 December 2014 16: 14
      The tender was won for two reasons - the price and transfer of production technology to the production level (possibly assembly) in Turkey
    7. +8
      19 December 2014 19: 25
      Yes. good article

      Why would the Chinese sell new air defense? No one in Kazakhstan is delighted that the Russian Federation is selling new equipment to China - and especially land samples - after all, here we have a "genetic" fear of the Chinese

      But, on the other hand - there is such a moment that the United States once defeated the 4 million Iraqi army - yes! let them buy their generals and so on - but the signal is threatening - after all, the Chinese army and air defense are still lagging behind the Russian Federation and to some extent more vulnerable to the "disarming strike" of the west - will the states be able to repeat this with China?

      But it's tempting! The Russian Federation has a stronger air defense and strategic nuclear forces - and China is only developing them. But everyone can see that China is the future main enemy of the West. That is, there is some risk of a lightning strike from the West on China in order to "turn off" the future ally of the Russian Federation, and at the moment, I think this risk for China is even greater than that of the Russian Federation - it is too dangerous to attack the Russian Federation now - China has a chance to overcome the air defense and destroy their smaller strategic nuclear forces and then finish off what will take off with the help of missile defense - what will fly to endure

      Of course - it seems crazy scenarios - but the owners of the Fed have been frightening everyone recently with their unpredictability - and the risk of an attack on China now seems to me greater than in the Russian Federation

      Maybe in order not to tempt the aggressor and correctly strengthen the air defense of a potential (albeit temporary) ally
  2. +8
    19 December 2014 10: 22
    The article is chic and wildly interesting.
    ATP)
    1. +5
      19 December 2014 13: 47
      Quote: Gans1234
      The article is chic and wildly interesting.

      Thank you Ivan. hi I also read your publications on naval topics with great interest. good
  3. +6
    19 December 2014 11: 41
    The continuation of an excellent article. The airfield network of the People's Republic of China and their success in creating AWACS aircraft are impressive. It remains only to add that the organizational units of the air defense are part of the air force (except for the wax air defense of the ground forces).
    PS The picture with the location of the air defense and radar units is very useful, you can immediately see the direction of the military efforts of the PRC — the direction is south, southeast with the return of Taiwan and protection from threats from the sea.
    1. +4
      19 December 2014 13: 45
      Quote: Odyssey
      A very useful picture is the location of the air defense and radar units, you can immediately see the direction of the military efforts of the People's Republic of China - the direction is south, southeast with the return of Taiwan and protection from threats from the sea.


      Glad you noticed it hi In general, this is exactly what I wanted to show.
    2. +4
      19 December 2014 23: 44
      Not so clear. Google images were on the net: mine placement and
      medium-range ballistic missile launchers in China.
      There are clearly two "lines". One along the sea against Taiwan, Japan.
      And one along the Russian border. Not at the very border, of course,
      in depth. Accordingly, both air defense and radar covering the mines,
      also available.
  4. +5
    19 December 2014 12: 07
    Thanks to the author. Interesting article.
  5. +1
    19 December 2014 15: 41
    They have a modification of any weapon that we can lick)))
  6. +5
    19 December 2014 15: 53
    Plus to the author, alas, I can’t do it anymore, the article is very interesting
  7. +4
    19 December 2014 17: 30
    Interesting article I would like to have more such articles on the site.

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