85 years of hard work for the benefit of the motherland
В stories Each body of the military administration and any military collective has certain stages, peculiar boundary and significant dates.For the Department of Armaments of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the date is November 28 of 2014 - the day of the 85 anniversary of its formation. On this day, the position of the head of the arms of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was established in 1929 and the Red Army Arms Service was created.
TOGETHER WITH THE STATE
The history of the formation and development of the Armed Forces Department of the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation is inextricably linked with the history of our state and its Armed Forces. Currently, the Armed Forces Department of the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation is the successor of all previous military command and control bodies of the Armed Forces, responsible for solving the issues of shaping the main directions of military-technical policy, creating, improving and developing the weapons system.
It can be said with confidence that at all stages of Russian history the role of military authorities responsible for the development of the weapons system increased steadily during periods of aggravation of the military-political situation, availability of a real opportunity to strengthen the defense capability of the state and development of the national defense industry.
The beginning of the history of the creation of organs of technical equipment of the Russian army was laid in 1475, when, by order of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, the Gun Hut was created - the first control body in charge of the production and equipment of troops, artillery weapons, weapons and ammunition.
Two centuries later, in the 1862 year, the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) of the Russian army was created, which is responsible for the technical equipment of the army with artillery weapons, small arms, ammunition, explosives and gunpowder.
Changing the forms and methods of warfare, creating new means of armed struggle at the beginning of the XNUMXth century, such as Tanks and armored vehicles, airplanes and balloons, planes and cars, demanded the creation of a special control body to equip the Russian army with these means, which became the Main Engineering Directorate. Since 1912, it received the name of the Main Military Technical Directorate (GVTU).
Solving issues of technical equipment fleet was entrusted to the Main Naval Headquarters, in 1906 renamed the Naval General Staff.
An important milestone in the history of development of domestic technical equipment was the draft military weapons program developed by the military department in 1907 and submitted to the approval of Emperor Nicholas II for the period up to 1921, which for the first time in history provided for the integrated development of the armament system of the army and navy, some the share of purchases of imports and the broadest section of the construction of defense enterprises. The development of this program of armaments of the Russian army was the prototype of the program planning of the development of the armament system as a whole.
After the October Revolution 1917, the Soviet government made a number of attempts to centralize the management of weapons orders and their production, for which the Central Procurement Directorate was created in November 1918, combining the functions of the two previously created administrations - GAU and GVTU.
Later, in July 1919, the institution of the Emergency Commissioner for Procurement of the Red Army and its staff in the field are created at the Defense Council. In the same year, the Council of the military industry was formed as part of this institution, whose main task is to develop targeted programs for the production of armaments, the revival of the military industry and the creation of a unified defense-production front of the Soviet republic.
It should be noted that in the early years of Soviet power, the need for specific types of weapons was determined by two military authorities - the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs and the headquarters of the Red Army. Practical issues of military and civilian production were decided by the Labor and Defense Council at the Council of People’s Commissars. The state plan, which was part of the Council of Labor and Defense, was assigned the tasks of current and future production planning, including weapons. The placement of orders for the production of armaments was carried out by the Committee of Military Orders at the Higher Council of National Economy.
NEW STAGE
Years pass, the country takes the path of industrialization and adopts the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy for the 1929 – 1934 years. During this period, a number of measures are being taken to centralize leadership and plan the process of equipping the army and navy with weapons and military equipment. According to the regulation approved by the order of the RVS of the USSR from 28 in November 1929 of the year No. 372 / 84, the position of the chief of armaments of the Red Army is established in the state, which reports directly to the people's commissar for military and maritime affairs.
The authorship of the idea of organizing such a service belongs to Marshal of the Soviet Union M.N. Tukhachevsky. According to his idea, the Red Army should have a body developing advanced weapons programs, which primarily concerned the development of artillery systems, armored vehicles, airplanes and ships. Initially, the most experienced military commander of the 1 commander of the rank of I.P. Uborevich, and in 1931 year - Marshal of the Soviet Union M.N. Tukhachevsky. This date is the starting point in the history of the apparatus of the chief of armament of the Armed forces of the state.
It is not difficult to verify that the rights and obligations of the chief of armament of the Red Army during that period were the most extensive. He was responsible for developing the armament system of the army and navy, promising material and financial plans for equipping troops with armament and military equipment (IWT) both in peacetime and in wartime. He was entrusted with leading the creation of new types of weapons and putting them into production, controlling the execution of orders by industrial enterprises and participating in the production and technological preparation of enterprises for carrying out mobilization tasks in wartime, leading standardization and invention in the Armed Forces. All the main content administrations of the Red Army were directly subordinate to the chief of armaments.
Of fundamental importance was the fact that at the same time, in the majority of the Red Army’s satisfying departments, new weapons development management bodies — military science and technology committees that played a significant role in the creation of new types of weapons and military equipment. At the same time, existing research institutes, test bases and test sites were strengthened and established.
WAR
It is important to note that the turbulent political events of the 30-s of the last century could not change the positive direction of the program of weapons development of weapons and military equipment proposed by Marshal of the Soviet Union M.N. Tukhachevsky in 1931 year. These activities began to be implemented most intensively, starting with the 1938 year, and by the beginning of the 1941 year, the experimental development of modern types of weapons and military equipment was basically completed, tests were carried out and the prerequisites for their mass production were created.
The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 demanded additional centralization of the entire system of state administration, including in the field of technical equipment of the Red Army. The issues of supplying the front with everything necessary during the war years were decided directly by the State Defense Committee and the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command through the main operational body - the General Staff and the Logistics, Arms and Supply Directorate, created in January 1941, which is the successor to the Red Army armament service established in 1929. The task of this department was to determine the needs of the troops in armaments, military equipment and other materiel, as well as the formation and control of plans for the creation and production of weapons, and the supply of troops to them. An important role in the development of weapons and military equipment and their serial production was played at that time by the branch commissariats: the Commissariat of Arms under the leadership of D.F. Ustinova, People's Commissariat aviation industry under the leadership of A.I. Shakhurin, People's Commissariat of Ammunition under the direction of B.L. Vannikova and others.
Enormous contributions to the cause of the Great Victory were made by the content organs of the army and navy, and especially through the provision of means of destruction. The scale of their work can be judged by the example of the work of the Main Artillery Directorate and the artillery supply service led by it. Volumes of supplies to the front amounted to: weapons and various property - 150 thousand wagons, ammunition - more than 405 thousand wagons. The total freight turnover of all GAU subordinate bases and warehouses during the war amounted to 1,6 million cars, or 16,1% of the total (9,9 million cars) of all military goods.
THE ERA OF ROCKET-NUCLEAR WEAPONS
In the post-war period, it was decided to abandon the rigid centralization in the construction of the Armed Forces, placing the responsibility for the development and improvement of weapons and military equipment on the commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces, commanders of armed forces and the head of logistics of the Armed Forces. However, as time passed, it became obvious that such a decentralization of the technical equipment of the USSR Armed Forces could not adequately coordinate measures to create and equip troops with sophisticated military equipment, primarily nuclear missiles and anti-aircraft missiles, radar and automation equipment.
That is why already in the 1948 year, again, like 19 years ago, the post of Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR Armed Forces is established. Marshal of Artillery N.D. Yakovlev, and in 1952 year - the colonel-general of artillery M.I. Nedelin
In July 1952, the functions of organizing planning of IWT orders and research, controlling the mobilization preparation of the industry are transferred to the General Staff, in which to solve these tasks, as well as coordinating the activities of the Armed Forces (types of troops) according to these directions, technical committee (NTK General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces). Its first chairman was Colonel General Aviation I.V. Markov, and in 1958, the Scientific and Technical Commission of the USSR General Staff headed by Lieutenant-General N.N. Alekseev.
The methods of weapons development planning used in the post-war period, up to the 60s, can be described as program planning on an organizational basis. In general, these methods provided the needs of the Armed Forces in weapons and military equipment and, accordingly, parity with the likely adversary.
Creation of new models and complexes of weapons and military equipment, combat and support means was planned by a separate decision, two-year, annual and other R & D plans, with varying degrees of their specification and coordination in the absence of an integrated approach. For the supply of serial equipment, five-year and annual plans were developed and approved, for capital construction - annual.
Further development of science and technology, the development of fundamentally new, more sophisticated weapons, the rising cost and timing of creating weapons and military equipment, the increasing complexity of cooperation in industry, a significant increase in the cost of operating weapons and the imbalance of weapon systems required improving the system of planning and developing weapons and military equipment, as well as changes in its organizational structure.
In order to resolve the current situation and further improve the planning system, the Council of Ministers Decree 10 June 1969 of the year No. 433-157 “On Further Improving the Planning of Weapons and Military Equipment Development” determined the transition from weapons and military equipment development planning to integrated long-term weapons plans and programs 10 years, including the development, supply and maintenance of operation in the IWT troops, as well as the capital construction of military facilities while maximizing the needs of the Armed Forces with the allocation of yaemymi volumes of funds.
The same decree established the post of deputy defense minister for armaments - chief of armaments of the USSR Armed Forces, to which Colonel General N.N. Alekseev. And in the 1970 year, for the implementation of new principles for planning the development of weapons and military equipment, an apparatus of the Deputy Minister of Defense for armaments (Directorate of Arms) was created as part of the Advanced Research and Development Program for Armaments, the Planning Directorate of experimental design and research, IWT orders and the military standardization department.
It should be noted that already in the second half of the 60-ies, the 27 branch of the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense began to develop the scientific and methodological basis for using the methods of program-target planning applied to the development of the weapon system. As a result, the need was shown to replace the sectoral weapons development management system with a new planning system, in which development is carried out on the basis of long-term programs balanced by goals, objectives and resources, combining different stages of the life cycle of weapons: development, mass production, operation and overhaul.
It is extremely important to emphasize that in the formation of long-term programs, the capabilities of the science, technology and production base of the defense industry were taken into account, and the requirements for the level of its development for the planned period were formed.
FIRST STATE PROGRAM
The main practical result of the organizational measures and activities of the Directorate of Weapons Chief in introducing new methods for planning the development of the weapons system was the formation of the first state armament program for 1976 – 1985 years, which ensured the balanced development of a huge range of weapons and military equipment. Its implementation made it possible to identify the bottlenecks in the development of the armament system, primarily associated with duplication and redundancy of the nomenclature of weapons and military equipment models. Therefore, the unification of weapons and military equipment was formulated and then put into practice.
In order to provide scientific substantiation of the directions of unification of weapons and military equipment at the interspecific and species levels, in December 1977, the 46 Central Research Institute was created as the leading institution of the Ministry of Defense for armaments and military equipment, subordinate to the Deputy Minister of Defense for armaments. The team of scientists of the new scientific research institute, which included the previously established 27 branch of the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, managed to find practical ways to solve in many ways the actual task of unification of weapons and military equipment. Its effective implementation, of course, could only be carried out starting from the planning stage of R & D through the entire product life cycle. Therefore, at the beginning of the 80-s, the emphasis was shifted in the direction of the subject of scientific and methodological support of target-oriented program development of weapons.
It should also be noted that by the end of this stage, the mechanism of target-oriented planning for the development of the weapons system was fully developed, in which the extensive cooperation of research organizations of the Defense Ministry and the military-industrial complex scientifically substantiated, and the chief weapons apparatus practically implemented the entire set of measures to create a balanced weapons system, giving troops the ability to solve the entire spectrum of military-strategic tasks.
In 1986, the apparatus of the Deputy Minister of Defense for Armaments was renamed the Office of the Deputy Minister of Defense for Armaments, and with the creation of the Armed Forces in 1992 in the year, into the Office of the Chief of Armaments of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (UNV).
NEW CHAPTER IN HISTORY
The new stage of management activity is associated with large-scale political and economic transformations in the country at the beginning of the 90-s of the last century, when the ordering agencies of the Defense Ministry, together with the defense industry of the country, experienced a stage of deep reformation associated with the reduction of the army and navy.
In these difficult conditions, it was important to preserve the mechanism for centralized planning of the weapons system, as well as to ensure the implementation of long-term programs for technical equipment of the Armed Forces, to restore or replace broken cooperative ties of defense enterprises, and also to redirect orders to Russian defense enterprises as much as possible.
During this period, the UNV of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation solved two main tasks: first, maintaining the combat readiness of the troops by supplying the troops with the minimum necessary weapons, spare parts and materials; secondly, the preservation of the defense industry, if not in full, then at least its key enterprises.
The first task was related to the fact that the weapons and military equipment samples being in service in the troops (forces) required constant maintenance, replacement of individual elements or even subsystems. However, it was extremely difficult to supply them with materials and materials necessary for the normal functioning of IWT spare parts and equipment, and to order and ensure their regular supply to the troops in the conditions of broken interconnections.
The second task was caused by a sharp increase in the state debt to defense enterprises for the set of weapons and military equipment, as a result of which the financial and economic position of many of them turned out to be critical.
It is important to note that the only strategic and stabilizing authority for defense enterprises at that time was the Chief of Arms Administration, which was able to take possible organizational and planning measures to preserve the core structure of the country's defense industry through the selection of priorities and rapid maneuvering of financial resources. In addition, the development and production of the main weapon systems were transferred from the countries of the former USSR to the Russian defense-industrial complex.
In the same period, the main work on the creation of a new regulatory framework for the functioning of the IWT order system fell on the UNV of the Armed Forces.
In accordance with the decision of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on 11 August 2000, a gradual transition to a single customer system began - the organizational structure that plans and coordinates the development of IWT in terms of general-purpose facilities on all types and types of troops of the Armed Forces, military formations of force Ministries and departments of the Russian Federation.
In pursuance of the decisions taken, at the end of 2004, measures were taken to drastically change the structure of the order system, the essence of which was to create a single customer of weapons and military equipment — the order and supply system of weapons and military equipment, which provided the principle of unity of command.
The fundamental difference between this structure and the one that previously existed was that it was possible to organizationally unite all the general customers of the Ministry of Defense within the same structure. At the same time, for the first time, the tasks and priorities of the operational control bodies of the troops and the management of the development of the weapons system were divided.
The ordering system was withdrawn from the scope of the activity of the command and service of the troops and centralized. The end result of this process was the creation of conditions for the transition to a single system of technical support for the RF Armed Forces. Thus, the key principle in the formation of a new structure was the creation of ordering agencies based not on departmental affiliation, but on a rational classification of weapons, military and special equipment (VVST).
FUTURE PLANS
In 2004 – 2007, a set of measures was carried out to further improve the system of VVST orders and supplies in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, planning bodies and organizing the development of orders and VVST supplies were formed in order to optimize the structure of ordering bodies and centralize the management of their development and production processes.
In 2007 – 2012, measures were taken to fundamentally reform the state’s military organization — a transition to a new look for the Russian Armed Forces, in which the system of technical support for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and, as a result, the VVST order system, underwent significant organizational and functional changes. The main economic content of the transformation of the ordering system was a gradual reduction in the cost of creating samples of high-tech collection and their simultaneous increase in the purchase of samples mass-produced by industry.
As part of the above activities in 2008, the Office of the Chief of Armaments of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is reorganized into the General Directorate of Armaments of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which was tasked with coordinating and controlling technical support, planning, organizing development and serial orders of weapons and military equipment, coordinating the operation, repair and disposal of weapons and military equipment .
In December, 2010, in order to optimize the organizational structure of military units and weapons planning organizations, the General Directorate of Armaments of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was reorganized into the Department of Armaments of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation with posts in federal state civil servants of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
In May 2013, the Department of Armaments of the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation was transferred to a new state with the contents of both military posts and federal civil servants of the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation. The Department is subordinate to the Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, responsible for the military-technical support of the troops.
Currently, the leadership of the country and the Ministry of Defense is doing a lot of work to improve the system of technical equipment of the RF Armed Forces, within which a number of measures have already been implemented, aimed at the positive development of the interaction of all subjects of this system. The most significant are the following measures.
Legal regulation of the interaction of the subjects of the technical equipment system of the RF Armed Forces, which is based on the Federal Law No. 275 “On State Defense Order” and the Federal Law No. 44 “On the Contract System in Procurement of Goods, Works and Services for the Provision of State and Municipal needs.
Specialized councils were created within the Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation to create a new technical basis for the types of troops and types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which increased the level of interaction between the authorities of the Russian Defense Ministry and the military-industrial complex, as well as a Fund for Advanced Studies, contributing to the intensification of research and development associated with a high degree of risk of achieving qualitatively new results in the military-technical, technological and socio-economic spheres.
The role of the defense industry in the formation of the state armament program was increased in accordance with the new rules for the formation of LG for 2016 – 2025 years, the inclusion in it of work on the creation of promising samples of VVST is carried out only after the necessary materials science, technology, production and other studies. At the same time, it is envisaged to conclude contracts for the full life cycle, which stimulates defense enterprises to improve the quality of the created samples in order to reduce the possible costs at subsequent stages of the life cycle.
Pilot projects are being carried out for the creation of a management system for the full life cycle of IST, and also a system for the repair and maintenance of equipment has been adjusted. Since 2013, military repair units have been restored in the Defense Ministry, which will carry out maintenance and current repairs of weapons and military equipment in the troops, while industrial enterprises will carry out medium and overhaul repairs of the VVST.
The process of transition to the conclusion of state defense contracts with integrated structures, rather than individual defense enterprises, has been intensified, which increases the consistency in the functioning of such structures.
The status and the number of military missions of the Ministry of Defense, providing a connecting role between the system of orders of the VVST and the defense enterprises are restored.
The efficiency of planning for the state defense order increases, including through the transition from one-year to long-term contracts, which, in turn, allows defense enterprises to improve the quality of internal (production) planning - a key tool for increasing the efficiency of their functioning.
It should be noted that the measures taken had a positive effect both on the state of the weapons system of the RF Armed Forces, and on the state of defense organizations, which testifies to the correctness of the interaction between the Defense Ministry and the Defense Complex that provides for planned and mutually beneficial joint development of defense enterprises weapons. In fact, this is a transition to an active model of interaction, which implies greater attention of government customers to the development of a scientific, technical and industrial-technological base for the creation of modern high-tech VVST samples.
An active model of government customers' interaction with the organizations of the military-industrial complex on all stages of the life cycle of samples of the AMST will provide an intensive way of development of the military-industrial complex.
The legitimacy of the implementation of such a model is due to the fact that in recent years, the volume of financing of the defense industry from the federal budget has been steadily increasing both in the line of work provided for by the state armaments program and in other state programs implemented to support the LG.
At the same time, the main part of the budget funds is distributed to defense enterprises within the framework of the State Defense Order by the state customers of the Higher Military Technological Service through the contract-competitive mechanism for placing defense orders. In turn, for defense enterprises, the GOZ is a kind of stability mechanism in a complex market environment, which, with proper marketing planning, can become the basis for building up scientific, technical, and production and technological potentials - the basis for creating both modern high-performance WWES samples and competitive high-tech products. civil purposes.
This constitutes the economic basis for mutually beneficial cooperation of the main subjects of the technical equipment system of the RF Armed Forces, which have essentially different operational objectives: the order system is focused on creating high-quality and low-cost VVST samples, and defense enterprises are interested in increasing production profitability.
Currently, the department’s competence is to resolve issues related to the organization and coordination of the activities of the military administration in planning and implementing GWP activities, state defense order tasks in R & D, procurement, repair, disposal and elimination of WWTE, including the provision of measures of international disarmament treaties.
Celebrating the 85 anniversary of its history, a cohesive team of like-minded Department of Armaments of the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation worthily continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors, fully resolves the tasks entrusted to it for the further development of the weapons system of the Armed Forces of the Armed Forces, the main and central offices of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
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