Danish colonial empire in the Old and New World and its defenders

12
By the twentieth century, only a few of the European states that previously had significant colonies, retained them in the same quantity. Among the colonial powers were added Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States of America. But many of the former colonial metropolis completely or partially lost their colonial possessions. Spain, which has lost its last significant colonies — the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and islands in the Pacific Ocean — has substantially weakened. In 1917, Denmark also lost its last colonial possessions. It is difficult to imagine, but up to the XIX - early XX centuries. This small European state possessed colonies both in the New and in the Old World. The Virgin Islands sold to the United States of America in 1917 were one of the last colonies in Denmark. Currently, only Greenland and the Faroe Islands remain dependent on Denmark.

Denmark began its colonial expansion in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean in the XNUMXth century, when the seizures of overseas territories turned into one of the most important foreign policy directions of most of the more or less strong European states. By the time described, Denmark occupied one of the leading positions among European states, which was due to victories in several wars with neighboring Sweden, pushing trade cities of Northern Germany, which previously played a key role in Baltic trade and strengthening Danish, to secondary positions fleetwhich has become one of the largest in Europe. The economy of Denmark was booming, including maritime trade. At the same time, manufacturing in Denmark itself remained relatively weak and underdeveloped, while foreign economic relations developed rapidly. With the help of the Danish fleet, they managed to enter the world stage, becoming one of the active colonial powers. Although, of course, Denmark lost the competition with England, Spain, Portugal or the Netherlands, its position was, nevertheless, quite strong. During the first third of the XVII century, Denmark was able to acquire overseas possessions not only in Northern Europe, but also on other continents - in South Asia, West Africa and the islands of Central America.

Danish India and Danish Guinea

In 1616, a Danish East India Company was founded along the lines of the Dutch, the aim of which was trade and political expansion in the Indian Ocean. From the Danish king, the company received the right of a monopoly on trade in Asia, which in no small measure contributed to the growth of its economic power. In the 1620-ies, the Danish East India Company managed to acquire the colony of Tranquebar on the Coromandel Coast (East India). Danukar bought the Trancubear from Rajah Tanjur, a small state in Southeast India in 1620, after which the colony became the main center of trade between the metropolis and India. Raja Tanjura Vijaya Ragunatha Nayak concluded a contract with the Danes, according to which the village of Trankebar became the property of the Danish East India Company. The original of this agreement, made on a gold plate, is today an exhibit of the Royal Museum in Copenhagen.



In 1660, Dunsborg Fort was built in Trankabar, which became the capital of Danish India. Up to three thousand people lived on average, but the native population prevailed. The Danes made up only about two hundred people in the total population of Tranccbar. They were administrative employees, salesmen of the Danish East India Company, and a small contingent of soldiers guarding order in the colony. The soldiers arrived from Denmark with the ships of the East India Company, any information that the Danish administration resorted to using mercenaries or conscripts from among the native population as armed forces, we did not have.

During its heyday, the Danish East India Company controlled most of the supply of tea from India to Europe, but its activities withered away in the 1640s and the company was dissolved in 1650. However, in 1670, the Danish crown concluded that it was necessary to resume its activities. In 1729, the company was finally dissolved, and its holdings became the possessions of the Danish state. After the decline of the Danish East India Company, an Asian company was founded in 1732, which was transferred to the right of monopolistic foreign trade with India and China.

In the 18th century, Denmark continued its colonial expansion in India, despite the presence of British interests in the region. In addition tharangambadi Danes were established following colonies that were included with the Danish India: Oddevey Torre on the Malabar coast (Danish with 1696 of 1722 years.) Dannemarksnagor (Danish with 1698 of 1714 years.), Kozhikode (Danish in 1752 - 1791 years. ), Frederiksnagor in West Bengal (from 1755 to 1839 - Danish possession), Balazor in the territory of Orissa (1636-1643, then - 1763). Denmark also captured the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal, southeast of Hindustan, which belonged to Copenhagen from 1754 to 1869.

A serious blow to the colonial interests of Denmark on the Indian subcontinent was struck at the beginning of the 19th century by the British. In 1807, Denmark decided to join the Napoleonic continental blockade, as a result of which it entered into hostilities with the British Empire. The Anglo-Danish War lasted from 1807 to 1814. In fact, the British attacked first, deciding to deliver a preemptive strike. British troops landed at Copenhagen, was captured by the entire famous Danish navy. However, the war quickly entered a sluggish phase due to the support Denmark received from France. Sweden acted on the side of England, but the fighting with the Swedish troops was short. Only in 1814, Denmark suffered a defeat as a result of the general defeat of France and the pro-French forces. The outcome of the Anglo-Danish war became disastrous for Denmark. First, Denmark lost to Norway, which was transferred to the control of Sweden. Secondly, the island of Helgoland, which formerly belonged to the Danes, was transferred to England. However, the Danish crown managed to retain Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and most overseas territories in India, West Africa and the West Indies under its jurisdiction.

As a result of the Anglo-Danish war, almost all Danish possessions in India were captured by the British. Although the British later returned the captured possessions of Denmark, the country's position in India has already been undermined. Moreover, a much stronger UK claimed the whole Indian subcontinent and sought to oust all potential rivals from its territory. The longest was Danish domination in Tranquabar. Sold in 1845 to the English for 20 in thousands of pounds and in the Nicobar Islands, which came under British control only in 1869.

The Nicobar Islands were generally called New Denmark, although the Danish state had little influence on the internal life of this territory. Due to the climate and remoteness of the islands, the Danes were unable to settle here and the Nicobar Islands were actually part of the Danish colonial empire nominally. The local population lived in an archaic way, not subject to foreign influence (the inhabitants of the Nicobar Islands are divided into two groups - the coastal population speaks the Nicobar languages ​​of the Austro-Asiatic language family, and the population of the inner regions, which preserve the most archaic features and appearance of the Australoid race, are in the Shompen languages, which belong to any language group is not exactly defined). Until now, the peoples of Nicobar Islands prefer the primitive way of life, and the Indian government (Andaman and Nicobar Islands are part of India) exercises their right not to come into contact with external influences and limits the ability of foreign tourists to visit this unique corner of the world.

Another group of the colonial possessions of Denmark in the Old World was located in the XVII-XIX centuries. in West Africa and was called Danish Guinea or the Danish Gold Coast. The first Danish trading posts on the territory of modern Ghana appeared in 1658, when Fort Christiansborg was founded here.

Danish colonial empire in the Old and New World and its defendersIn the Ghanaian village of Osu, which was close to the current capital of the country, Accra, a colonial fort was laid, which became the center of Danish expansion in West Africa. During the 1659-1694. Christiansborg became the object of constant attacks from the Swedes and Portuguese competing with the villagers, but from the end of the XVII century it finally became a Danish colony. Commercial and administrative buildings, as well as military contingent barracks were located on the territory of the fort. On the Gold Coast, service was also carried by Danish soldiers arriving from the metropolis.

In addition to Kristiansborg, the Danes founded several other settlements on the Gold Coast - Karlsborg (owned by the Danes in 1658-1659 and 1663-1664), Kong (1659-1661), Fredericksborg (1659-1685), and 1998 (), Fredericksborg, XGNUMX, 1734-1850, XGNUMX, 1787-1850, 1780-1850, 1784-1850 and 1674-1755. -1755), Augustaborg (1850 - 1850), Prinsensten (XNUMX-XNUMX), Congensten (XNUMX-XNUMX). In XNUMX-XNUMX Danish possessions in West Africa were subordinated to the Danish West Indies Company, founded for trade in the Caribbean and in the Atlantic, and from XNUMX to XNUMX. were possessions of the Danish state. In XNUMX, all Danish possessions in the Gold Coast were sold to Great Britain, after which Denmark lost its colonies on the African continent. By the way, Fort Christiansborg became the residence of the British governor of the colony of Gold Coast, and now it houses the government of Ghana. Danish influence in Ghana, if not to take into account the remnants of architectural structures, is practically not traced at the present time - the Danes did not penetrate into the interior of the country and did not leave a significant trace in the local culture and linguistic adverbs.

Danish West Indies

The African colonies of Denmark were major suppliers of palm oil and "living goods" - black slaves who were sent from Kristiansborg and other Danish trading posts to the plantations of the Danish West Indies. History Danish presence in the Caribbean - the longest page of the colonial epic of Denmark. The Danish West Indies, which included the islands of Santa Cruz, St. John and St. Thomas. Maritime trade with the Caribbean was the responsibility of the Danish West Indies Company, founded in 1625 by Jan de Willem, who received the right to trade with the West Indies, Brazil, Virginia and Guinea. In 1671, the company got its official name and was approved in the right of exclusive trade in the Atlantic Ocean. From 1680, the company was officially called the West Indies and Guinean Company. The company received its main income from the supply of slaves from the coast of West Africa to plantations in the West Indies and from the export of molasses and rum from the Caribbean islands. In 1754, all the ownership of the company became the property of the Danish crown.

The Danish West Indies included the so-called. Virgin Islands, located in 60 km. east of Puerto Rico. The largest island is Santa Cruz, then in descending order of territorial area followed by St. Thomas, St. John and Water Island. The first Danish settlement in this region appeared on the island of St. Thomas. In 1672-1754 and 1871-1917 on St. Thomas, in the city of Charlotte Amalie, was the administrative center of the Danish West Indies. In the period between 1754-1871. The administrative center of the Danish West Indies was located in Christiansted, which is located on the island of Santa Cruz.



In 1666, the Danish squad landed on the island of St. Thomas, which by this time had turned from Spanish possessions into a no-man’s territory. However, due to tropical diseases, the first Danish settlers were forced to abandon plans for the colonization of the island and he passed into the possession of pirates. However, in 1672, a new Danish detachment landed on the island, arriving in two military courts of the Danish West Indies Company. This is how the Danish colony appeared, whose governor was Jørgen Dubbel (1638-1683) - the son of a Holstein baker who served as a petty clerk in various trading companies, and then managed to make his own fortune. It was to Dubbel that the Danish government entrusted the task of arranging its colonial possessions in the West Indies and, it must be said, he coped with it with dignity, which was largely promoted by the personal qualities of this enterprising person.

In 1675, Dubbel was annexed to the Danish colonial possessions of the neighboring island of St. John (Saint-Jean), also empty and considered as acceptable for the development of a plantation economy. A serious task, which Dübel was able to cope with, was to maintain order among Danish settlers, since many of them were recruited from former and present convicts and did not have a calm disposition. Nonetheless, Dubbel was able to tame the very obstinate first settlers and establish Puritan orders on the Virgin Islands with curfews for the African population and obligatory attendance at the church for unruly white settlers.

Among the initial tasks of the Danish governor in the Virgin Islands was cutting down forests for plantations and organizing the supply of labor. It was quickly established that the Caribbean Indians were completely unsuitable for plantation labor, therefore, like their Spanish, British and French colleagues, the Danish colonialists decided to bring black slaves from the African continent into the Danish West Indies. As in other regions of the West Indies, slaves were brought mostly from the West African coast. The Danes captured them on the Gold Coast - the territory of modern Ghana, as well as in the surrounding areas. As for the indigenous population of the islands, there are no traces left of it - as on many other islands in the Caribbean, the indigenous people, the Carib Indians, were almost completely destroyed and replaced by African slaves and white settlers.

The Danes planned to receive the main income from the operation of sugar cane plantations. However, the first time attempts to establish the cultivation and, most importantly, the export of sugar cane, failed. Maritime communication with Copenhagen carried out one voyage per year. However, in 1717, the creation of sugar cane plantations on Santa Cruz Island began. This island was uninhabited, but formally listed as part of the French colonial possessions in the West Indies. Since the French had not mastered the island, they were very loyal to the appearance of Danish planters here. After 16 years, in 1733, the French West India Company sold the Santa Cruz Danish West India Company. However, the main center of sugar cane production has become the island of St. Thomas. There were not only sugar cane plantations, but also the world's largest auction of slaves in the city of Charlotte Amalie.

By the way, Charlotte Amalie in those years when St. Thomas did not belong to the Danes, became famous as the capital of pirates of the Caribbean. The name of the city, which is currently the capital of the Virgin Islands, was named after the wife of the Danish king Christian V Charlotte Amalie. Its main historic landmark remains Fort Christian, a fortification built by the Danes in 1672 to protect the port from pirate raids. On the territory of the fort were located not only military, but also the administrative structures of the Danish West Indies. After the defeat of pirates in the Caribbean, Fort Christian served as a prison. Currently, it has the Virgin Islands Museum.

An important role in the settlement of the islands was played by the Jewish diaspora. The descendants of the Sephardic, who fled from Spain and Portugal, settled in the XVII - XVIII centuries. on the territory of the Danish and Dutch possessions in the West Indies, taking advantage of the relatively loyal attitude on the part of Denmark and the Netherlands. The presence of these enterprising people largely explains the development of trade and plantation economy on the territory of the Danish possessions in the Caribbean (by the way, one of the oldest synagogues of the New World and the oldest synagogue in the United States, erected by immigrants in 1796, is located in Charlotte Amalia. and then rebuilt after the fire - in 1833). In addition to Danish settlers and Sephardic people, people from France lived in the islands of the Danish West Indies. In particular, the native of St. Thomas was the famous French artist Camille Pissarro.

The economic development of the Danish West Indies went at an accelerated pace in the 18th century. In 1755-1764 the export of sugar from the island of Santa Cruz was rapidly increasing, followed by arriving annually to 1764 by ships to 36. In addition to sugar, the main export commodity was rum. Due to the increase in turnover, the port of Santa Cruz received the status of a free harbor. In parallel, the Danish leadership decided to strengthen the protection of the colony by sending two infantry companies, whose task was to maintain order on the territory of the colony and fight against possible attacks by pirates operating in the Caribbean.

The tragic page in the history of the Danish colony in the West Indies related to the slave trade was the slave uprising on St. John in the same year 1733. At St. John, there were large areas of sugar cane plantations and the Katerineberg sugar factory was located. It was the factory and one of the plantations that became the location of the headquarters of the insurgent slaves. Although the slaves were absent weapon, they managed to cope with the overseers and seize the territory of the island. A minor Danish garrison could not defeat the rebels, and yesterday's slaves destroyed the entire white population, and also destroyed the fortifications of the fort. The reason for the rapid success of the rebels was the weakness of the Danish garrison on the island - Copenhagen did not deploy significant contingents in the West Indies in order to save, and sought to save on armament of the colonial units. However, the very next day after the uprising, the Danish units from St. Thomas, reinforced by French troops from Martinique, arrived in St. John. Together, the French and Danes pushed the rebel slaves back into the mountainous areas of the island. Those of the rebel slaves who did not have time to retreat were destroyed.



In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the Danes conducted intensive slave trade, supplying the latter from the Gold Coast in West Africa. In 1765, Mr. Henning Bargum - a major Copenhagen entrepreneur - created the “Slave Trade Society”, designed to increase Danish efforts in this type of business. By 1778, the Danes imported up to three thousand African slaves to the Danish West Indies every year. The working conditions on the Danish sugar cane plantations were very difficult, as a result of which slave uprisings constantly flared up, threatening the small European population of the islands. Thus, a large-scale slave uprising took place on the island of Santa Cruz in 1759 year - after some 26 years after the uprising on St. John. It was also suppressed by the colonial forces, but the problem of slavery and the slave trade with tough measures against the rising slaves could not be solved. Moreover, by this time the slaves and their descendants constituted the overwhelming majority of the population of the Danish West Indies — representatives of the European race on the islands accounted for only 10% of the total population (even now in the Virgin Islands long departed under US jurisdiction, only 13,1% Europeans, the rest of the population are Afro-Carbians - 76,2%, mulatto - 3,5% and representatives of other racial groups).

Influenced by the European public, discussions on the ethics of the slave trade began in Denmark. As a result, in 1792, King Christian VII banned the importation of slaves into Denmark and its overseas colonies. However, in reality, this decision had little effect on the situation in the Danish West Indies, since the former slaves remained in the ownership of their masters. The improvement in their situation was only due to the fact that pregnant slaves were not allowed to work in the field, but this decision was made more for practical reasons, since the ban on the importation of new slaves from the territory of the Danish colonies in West Africa created the need to preserve the normal natural reproduction of slaves. Accordingly, it was necessary to create such conditions for pregnant slaves so that they would nurture and give birth to healthy offspring that could replace aging parents on sugarcane plantations. Only in 1847, the royal government published a decree that all children of African slaves born after the issuance of this decree are declared free. The rest of the slaves were still owned by the planters. It was supposed to completely abolish slavery in 1859 year. However, in 1848, a slave uprising broke out on Santa Cruz, the result of which was the long-awaited release of slaves in the Danish colony. For all the time of the transatlantic slave trade, the Danes brought into the Virgin Islands 100 thousands of African slaves.

Colonial troops of the Danish West Indies

Despite the fact that the Danish West Indies was a small area, the presence of a large number of slaves - a potentially "explosive" contingent, as well as the danger of aggressive actions by pirates or rivals in colonial expansion in the West Indies, necessitated placement in Virgin Islands Army units. Although Denmark did not have colonial troops in the form in which they were present in Britain, France and other major colonial powers, their own special forces were created in the Danish West Indies who were responsible for maintaining order and fighting possible slave uprisings. Unfortunately, there is very little historical literature about the Danish colonial troops, in Russian there is practically none at all, it is very scarce in European languages. Therefore, the section of the article on the Danish colonial units in the West Indies will not be extensive. First of all, it should be noted that while the Virgin Islands were part of the holdings of the Danish West Indies and Guinean companies, it was the latter that was responsible, among other things, for the defense of the colony and the maintenance of order in its territory. The West India Company hired soldiers in Denmark, and also used the militia of planters and their servants, who maintained order on the islands, holding back a lot of slaves, who were very weak in uprisings and riots. Once in the 1755 year of ownership of the West Indies company were redeemed by the Danish crown, the defense became the responsibility of Copenhagen.



The first time on the Virgin Islands was a separate unit, isolated from the main part of the Danish army. After the military reform of 1763, the armed forces in the Danish West Indies were subordinated to the Customs Chamber, and in 1805 were placed under the command of Crown Prince Frederick. From 1848, the defense issues of the Danish West Indies were transferred to the Ministry of War and the Central Directorate of Colony Affairs.

Little Denmark has never deployed a significant military contingent in the West Indies — not only because it could not afford it, but also because of the lack of real need. In the first decades of the Danish West Indies, under the auspices of the Danish West India Company, only 20-30 people carried military service in the colony. In 1726, the first regular company of 50 troops was created. In 1761, the military contingent in the Danish West Indies was increased to 226 people, and in 1778, to 400 people. Thus, we see that the Danish leadership did not indulge the West Indies with a significant military contingent, which on the whole was dangerous, as slave uprisings broke out every now and then. Slaves to their masters - the exploiters were ruthless, so any uprising of slaves in the Danish West Indies inevitably entailed the death of white people, killed or tortured to death by rebel African slaves.

In 1872, the armed units of the Danish West Indies were called the West Indies Armed Forces. Their strength was set at 6 officers, 10 cavalrymen and 219 foot soldiers. In 1906, the decision was made to abolish the West Indies Armed Forces and create the West Indies Gendarmerie. The gendarmerie was commanded by the Danish governor personally, and its strength was determined by 10 officers and 120 soldiers. Gendarme detachments were stationed on the islands of St. Thomas and Santa Cruz - in Christiantide, Frederiksted and Kingshill. The tasks of the gendarme corps included ensuring public order and national security in the cities and colonial possession in general. It is clear that the gendarmerie would be powerless against an external serious adversary, but it coped well with the tasks of maintaining public order on the territory of the island possessions, simultaneously suppressing political unrest among the Afro-Caribbean population who felt oppressed and after the abolition of slavery.

In addition to the gendarmerie, units of the West Indies Royal Militia were also part of the defense and order management system in the Danish West Indies. The police were staffed by representatives of the free population of all islands belonging to Denmark.

The number of police greatly exceeded the number of regular Danish troops stationed on the Virgin Islands. So, in the 1830-ies, the Danish armed corps in the West Indies numbered 447 soldiers and officers, and the police - 1980 people. The recruitment of units of regular troops stationed in the Danish West Indies, was carried out by hiring contractors, usually signed a contract for six years. In Copenhagen, a recruiting station was opened in 1805, recruiting people to serve in the Virgin Islands. In the middle of the XIX century, about 70 contract soldiers were sent annually to the Danish West Indies. As a rule, these were immigrants from the proletarian and lumpen-proletarian environments, desperate to find work in their specialty in the metropolis and decided to try their luck by recruiting soldiers to a distant West Indies.

In addition to land units, the navy was also stationed in the Danish West Indies. By the way, up to 1807, the Danish navy was considered one of the strongest in Europe, but after the weakening of the country and its defeat from the British, Denmark largely retained its position as a maritime country, although it could not bear with such powers as the United Kingdom. After the West Indies and Guinean companies were nationalized in 1755, the royal government constantly sent military ships to the West Indies, wanting to show their military presence on the islands, as well as to protect the colonies from the attacks of pirate ships operating in the Caribbean waters. During the period of the Danish colonial presence in the Caribbean, the Danish fleet made at least 140 trips to the shores of the Virgin Islands. The cruiser “Valkyrie” became the last ship to be in the West Indies, whose commander Henry Konov served as governor when signing the contract for the sale of the Virgin Islands to the United States of America in 1917.

It should be noted that the possibility of the assignment of the Virgin Islands to foreign countries was discussed in the Danish government and parliament, beginning in the second half of the XIX century. So, when in 1864 Prussia waged war against Schleswig and Holstein with Denmark, Copenhagen lost, the Danish government offered Prussia to the West Indies colonies and Iceland in exchange for maintaining Schleswig and South Jutland as part of the Danish kingdom, but Prussia refused this offer. In 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln offered to purchase the Virgin Islands for 7,5 million dollars, arguing that US troops need a base in the Caribbean. It should be noted that by this time there was a significant British and Dutch population in the Virgin Islands, which surpassed Danish settlers and was second only to Afro-Caribbean - slaves and their descendants. On the island of Santa Cruz lived a significant French diaspora, whose influence persists today, and on St. Thomas came from Prussia, who also left their mark on the island’s culture. Back in 1839, the Danish government decided that schooling for slave children should be in English. In 1850, the population of the Danish West Indies reached 41 000 people. The deterioration of the economic situation of the islands led to a return emigration (in 1911, the population of the islands of the Danish West Indies decreased to 27 thousands of inhabitants), after which prospects for possible accession to the United States began to be strongly discussed. In 1868, island residents voted to join the United States, but the Danish government rejected this decision.

In 1902, negotiations with the US government were resumed, but the decision on the possible accession of the Danish West Indies to the United States was rejected again. The Danish government has long traded with the Americans, not agreeing on the price of the islands. The situation changed after the start of the First World War. In 1916, when there was a threat of a possible attack by the German fleet on the Virgin Islands, the United States, interested in the Virgin Islands as a strategic point controlling the eastern entrance to the Panama Canal, offered Denmark $ 25 million and recognition of the rights to own Greenland in exchange for the Virgin islands. 17 January 1917, the Danish West Indies officially became the property of the United States of America. Since then, it is called the US Virgin Islands.

The transition of the Virgin Islands under the control of the United States has effectively completed the history of the colonial presence of Denmark in the southern seas. In the Danish jurisdiction only the islands in the northern seas remained. Iceland gained independence in 1944, while Greenland and the Faroe Islands are still the possessions of the Danish state.
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12 comments
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  1. +6
    8 December 2014 07: 59
    Thank you for the article. This information is seldom where you meet, directly filled the gap!
  2. +2
    8 December 2014 09: 10
    Ilya, thank you ... I waited for this article ... I just thought, well, when ... A little-known topic ... Thanks again!
    1. +4
      8 December 2014 10: 02
      thank. Information is really very little on this topic. There is practically no Russian-speaking.
  3. +1
    8 December 2014 09: 45
    Russia had to ask for the "dowry" for Dagmar, or "in a relative way" to redeem. And then either use it yourself or exchange it for something in the Pacific Ocean. At the same time take the Faroe Islands.
    1. -3
      8 December 2014 14: 39
      What kind of dagmar?
      1. +1
        8 December 2014 16: 20
        Princess Dagmar of Denmark, wife of Emperor Alexander III
    2. The comment was deleted.
    3. +1
      8 December 2014 16: 21
      Many potential territorial increments "by matrimony" have been missed at one time.
      It's right.
  4. +1
    8 December 2014 10: 49
    As for the indigenous population of the islands, at present, there are no traces left of it - as on many other Caribbean islands, the indigenous people - the Caribbean Indians - were almost completely destroyed and replaced by African slaves and white immigrants.

    Soon, there will be nothing radical left of the metropolis, as the Indians of the Caribbean region disappeared at one time, the same fate can be expected by the white population of Western Europe.
    1. 0
      10 December 2014 02: 08
      Where there is less freebies and a harsher climate, there are almost no "refugees"
    2. 0
      10 December 2014 02: 08
      Where there is less freebies and a harsher climate, there are almost no "refugees"
  5. +2
    8 December 2014 10: 51
    The article is very informative, there would be more of them, otherwise Ukraine excuse me from every window.
  6. +5
    8 December 2014 14: 05
    Thanks for the article. It would be nice to write about Greenland and Iceland.

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