Soviet tankers in the Spanish Civil War. "Polk Kondratieff"

15
The Spanish Civil War could not leave indifferent the Soviet people. From the first days of the outbreak of hostilities of the republican troops against the troops of the right-wing general Francisco Franco who had revolted in revolt, the Soviet Union unequivocally supported the republican government of Spain. For obvious reasons, the Soviet Union could not officially introduce units and formations of the Red Army into Spanish territory, but thousands of Soviet volunteers set off to help the Spanish people cope with the fascist insurgency. These were primarily military specialists in those areas of military affairs that became the most sought-after republican army.

Internationalist warriors

Soviet internationalists who went to Spain to help the Republican government were divided into two main categories - military advisers and military specialists. Military specialists, as a rule, were Red commanders who were called upon to assist the republican command in organizing command and control of troops. The Intelligence Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR organized the transfer of Soviet military advisers to Spain, arranging them as diplomatic workers, or supplying them with “covering documents”.

During the three years of the Spanish Civil War, the following red commanders were led by Soviet military advisers: in 1936-1937 - Yan Karlovich Berzin (1889-1938), who held the post of deputy commander of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army before being sent to Spain; in 1937-1938 - Grigory M. Shtern (1900-1941), formerly commander of the 7 Samara Cavalry Division; in 1938-1939 - Kuzma Maksimovich Kachanov (1901-1941), a former military adviser to the People’s Liberation Army of China, and before that, deputy chief of staff of the Leningrad Military District.

Soviet tankers in the Spanish Civil War. "Polk Kondratieff"The total number of Soviet military advisers in Spain reached 600 people. Among them were not only commanders of high and medium rank, but also military engineers who were in charge of organizing the production of weapons in Spanish military factories. Soviet military advisers helped the Spanish command in the General Staff, the headquarters of the fronts, divisions and regiments, as well as in the naval forces. But in addition to military advisers, a significant number of volunteers — both active soldiers of the Red Army and civilians who decided to recall the years of military service and go to help Spanish Republicans — fought as part of the Spanish army as military specialists.

According to historians, for all three years of hostilities, 1811 Soviet military specialists visited Spain. Among them were representatives of various military specialties, but the number of military specialists in each separate area depended, first of all, on the needs of the Spanish side in inviting specific "pros". Thus, the greatest demand was for pilots and tankers. Among the military specialists sent to Spain were: 772 pilots and others aviation specialists, 351 tank crews, 222 general military specialists, 204 translators, 156 signalmen, 150 professionals in other fields of military affairs, 77 sailors. Unfortunately, many of them died on a foreign land, trying to save it from the establishment of the Franco regime (we will not go into value judgments about the benefits or harm of the Francoist coup for Spain as a whole - we are talking about the fate and lives of Soviet citizens, our fellow countrymen their lives thousands of kilometers from their native land). 59 Soviet military advisers and specialists were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for their exploits on Spanish soil.

In addition to aviation specialists, the Spanish Republican army was most in need of tankers. Tank the units in the old Spanish army were weak, there were not enough qualified commanders, driver mechanics, which led to a significant demand for military personnel who had training in this field.

The arrival of tank units

Soviet tankers were in Spain almost immediately after the start of active hostilities. In October, eighty Soviet tank crew arrived in the Pyrenees, volunteers, commanded by Simon Krivoshein (1936-1899).

This unique person came from the family of a Voronezh craftsman - a Jew, from 1918 he fought on the fronts of the Civil War, then participated in the Soviet-Polish war. Moreover, the service of Semen Krivoshein was held in cavalry. More precisely, he was transferred to the cavalry after a one-year service of the Red Army 107 Infantry Regiment. From May to November, Krivoshein served in the 12 Cavalry Regiment of the Red Army, after joining the party he was transferred to the 34 Cavalry Regiment of the 6 Cavalry Division by the military commissar squadron. In 1920, he served as a regimental commissar in the 31, 33, and 34 cavalry regiments of the Red Army. After the Civil Krivoshein served in various positions in the cavalry of the Red Army: he was chief of intelligence of the 2 Cavalry Brigade, officer for missions at the brigade, platoon commander and squadron.

After graduating from the Military Academy. Mv Frunze was appointed chief of staff of the 7 th mechanized regiment, which was part of the 7 th cavalry division of the Leningrad Military District. Like many other cavalrymen, Krivoshein retrained as a commander of mechanized units. In May 1934, he was appointed commander of the 6 th mechanized regiment as part of the 6 Cossack Division of the Red Army. It was Krivoshein, who volunteered to go to Spain as a volunteer, was appointed commander of the first tank detachment, at the head of which he participated in the defense of Madrid.

Soviet tankers under the command of Krivoshein were sent to Spain, primarily to train Spanish tank crews in a training center opened specifically for this purpose. However, they were destined to engage in battle with the Franco, defending Madrid, since the changed situation at the front left no time to train the Spanish crews. At the end of November 1936, the next group of Soviet tankmen, commanded by Dmitry G. Pavlov (1897-1941), also a cavalryman, a veteran of the Civil War and the fight against Basmachi in Central Asia, commanded a mechanized brigade arrived in Spain, arrived in Spain. Since by the time Pavlov arrived, the first tank brigade of the Spanish Republican army had been formed, the Spanish military command appointed Dmitry Grigorievich as its commander. The brigade fought on the T-26 tanks.

"Kondratievtsy" on BT-5

Finally, in the summer of 1937, the next group of Soviet tankmen, commanded by Stepan Ivanovich Kondratyev (1895-1940), arrived in Spain. Like the commanders of the first tank units, it was an experienced tanker. He had the opportunity to participate in the First World War, to reach the rank of senior non-commissioned officer and platoon commander in the 134 Infantry Regiment. Naturally, Kondratyev also visited the fronts of the Civil War. On the eve of sending to Spain, he wore the military rank of "Major" and commanded a training tank battalion in the 13-th mechanized brigade.

Unlike the previous groups of tankers, the “Kondratieffs” were to fight no longer on T-26, but on the BT-5 tanks. In fact, it was in the battles of the Spanish Civil War that the “baptism of fire” of BT-5 took place. The Spanish ship Cabo San Augustin, carrying Spanish 50 Republican tanks BT-5, left the port of Sevastopol 24 on July 1937. A week later, on August 1 1937, the tanks landed in Cartagena. Most of the tankers, in addition to the five people accompanying the tanks, were heading to Spain by separate transport - from Leningrad. Stepan Kondratyev’s squad consisted mainly of soldiers, sergeants and officers of the 13 Mechanized Brigade, who volunteered to voluntarily go to Spain to help the Republican government. All in all, the USSR transferred the T-347 and BT-26 tanks to the Republican Army 5. The squad included 78 people, including 20 tank commanders, 50 driver mechanics, 6 radio operators, 1 artillery master and 1 electrician.

Soviet tank crews arrived in Archen, where the Republican Army Training Center was located, specializing in tank training. Here the 1 th separate international tank regiment of the republican army was formed. The crews of the regiment were staffed by the Spaniards trained in Archen, but since the Republicans didn’t have their own personnel, the Soviet tankers occupied most of the posts of tank commanders and driver mechanics.

Vladimir Kruchinin

One of the mechanics-drivers of the 1-th separate international tank regiment was Vladimir Fedorovich Kruchinin. He remained forever on Spanish soil, laying down his life in the struggle against fascism that is gaining strength. Vladimir Kruchinin at the time of his arrival in Spain was 25 years old. He was born in 1912 in Rostov-on-Don, in the family of a railway worker. In those years, the Rostov railway workers lived mainly in the so-called. Lengorodke. After the revolution, this was the name of the former Postierinnaya settlement (from the Temernik river on which it was located) - the legendary cradle of the Rostov labor movement, whose name is inseparably linked with the famous Rostov Strike 1902 of the year, the barricade battles of 1905. Located on a steep hill, Lengorodok even today retains a special external flavor. Here in some places you can find the remains of cobbled pavements, the vast majority of houses built in the late XIX - first third of the twentieth centuries. The largest enterprise of Lengorodok remains the Rostov Electric Locomotive Repair Plant, named after V.I. Lenin. Once it was the main railway workshops.

After graduating from school - eight-year-olds and a factory school, the Rostov Locomotive Repair Plant (as REZ was then called) and the young Volodya Kruchinin began to work. Like many members of the Komsomol, under the voucher, he went to build the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant, then the Dynamo plant in Moscow. In 1934, 22-year-old Kruchinin was drafted into the ranks of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. Here he was trained tanker and began to serve in the 13-th mechanized brigade as a mechanic-driver of the T-26 tank. For two years of service, Kruchinin became one of the most qualified driver-mechanics, which influenced the choice in favor of his candidacy in the selection of volunteers who want to go to Spain.

Serve Kruchinin, who bore the rank of sergeant, happened in the crew of Sergei Laputin. Sergey Yakovlevich Laputin (1911-1985) was only a year older than Vladimir Kruchinin. In the Red Army, he was called up, respectively, in 1933, and in 1936, he managed externally to finish the Oryol armored school of the Red Army. By the time he was sent to Spain, Laputin bore the rank of lieutenant and, therefore, was not just a tank commander, but a tank platoon commander in the 1-th separate international tank regiment.

The crew of Laputin had to participate in one of the hardest battles of the Spanish Civil War - the battle of Fuentes de Ebro. It took place as part of the campaign to attack Zaragoza, in which the 1 th separate international tank regiment deployed on the Aragon front took part. In early October, 1937, units of the 21 Corps of the Republican Army under the command of Colonel Sehismundo Casado advanced to another assault on Zaragoza. Colonel Casado assumed that this task would be easy to solve, considering such a factor as the presence of the BT-5 high-speed tanks that had recently arrived from the Soviet Union. Therefore, the corps commander did not throw a significant amount of infantry units at Zaragoza and did not conduct serious reconnaissance before the operation began. The francists who opened the floodgates on the irrigation canals prevented the rapid movement of the BT-5 tanks. As a result, the tanks were ahead, and the infantry and artillery of the corps were significantly behind.

In two days, the tankers overcame 630 kilometers, finding themselves on the morning of October 13 1937 in 10 kilometers. southeast of the town of Fuentes de Ebro in 30 km. southeast of Zaragoza. In 13.00 13 of October, the assault on Fuentes de Ebro began, in which, in addition to the tank crew, infantrymen from the 24 of the Spanish infantry battalion of the 15 of the international brigade (commander - captain Aguila) participated. This fight was the first example of the participation of Soviet tankers - volunteers in the Spanish Civil War. Unfortunately, 37 tankers died in it, the enemy managed to destroy 16 tanks. The main reason for the serious losses was the inconsistency of the actions of the tankers and the infantry from the 24 Battalion of Captain Agila assigned to them as a tank landing force. Frankists knocked out and Sergey Laputin's tank. The car was stuck in an enemy trench. The tank crew heroically defended the enemy soldiers for 24 hours, after which it managed to get out from under the fire and get to the positions of his unit. Vladimir Kruchinin was wounded in this battle, but he expressed a desire to continue his service on Spanish soil and soon the 1-th separate international tank regiment re-became operational. The attempt to attack Zaragoza ended tragically for the republican army. In addition to the destruction of 16 tanks, about 1000 Republican soldiers and officers were killed. In total, the Republicans lost thirty thousand people in the battles near Zaragoza, which was one and a half times more than the losses of the nationalists.

The second serious battle with the participation of Soviet tankers from the 1-th separate international tank regiment was the battle of Teruel. It lasted two months - from December 1937 to February 1938. The republican command set before the units the task of taking the city - the fortress of Teruel, despite the objectively difficult conditions for its fulfillment - low air temperature and high snow cover. The 1 th separate international tank regiment was sent to the storming of the fortress, by which time it included only two tank companies, as well as two tank companies on the T-26 and an armored battalion. The number of BT-5 and T-26 tanks reached 42 units, armored vehicles - 30 units. The BT-5 high-speed tanks turned out to be on the narrow streets of Teruel, where they could not turn around and use their serious maneuvering potential. The Franks seated in the houses set fire to the tanks, while the crews could not maneuver. As a result, the regiment lost 15 tanks. However, the city was occupied by units of the republican army. However, the Franks soon began an operation to free him. The defensive operation in Teruel was somewhat different. During the day on the last day of 1937, the tankers turned out to be the only force defending Teruel from the overwhelming nationalist forces, as the 40-Infantry Division of the Republican army retreated.



12 February 1938, the Franco moved to the decisive assault of Teruel, seeking to win the fortress from the Republicans. 11 divisions, including 40 tanks, were thrown at Teruel. In addition, frankist aviation began the bombing of Republican positions. February 20 morning began especially strong battles. Republicans began to retreat, only the Soviet tankers kept to the last. In this battle, killed 26-year-old tankman Vladimir Kruchinin.

The battles near Teruel dealt a serious blow to the 1-th separate international tank regiment. The personnel of the regiment was reduced by two to three servicemen, only 42 vehicles remained of the 15 tanks. As for the Soviet volunteers, of the 85 people who started service in the regiment, only the 22 volunteer remained in the ranks. The command decided to take the regiment to the rear positions. The regiment led to the rear was reformed into an armored brigade with purely Spanish crews. Soviet tank survivors returned home.

The fate of the tankers - the "Spaniards"

14 March 1938 of the year Vladimir Kruchinin who was killed in the Battle of Teruel was posthumously awarded the highest award of the Soviet country - the Golden Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. 76 years passed, but the Soviet tank volunteer is still remembered in his homeland. In Rostov-on-Don, on that very Lengorodok, there is a street named after Kruchinin. The name of the tanker is secondary school number 38, and at the Rostov Electric Locomotive Repair Plant, where Kruchinin happened to work in his youth, a memorial plaque was installed.

The fate of the other heroes of the article, the famous tankers who participated in the Spanish Civil War, was different. Commander of the first tank detachment sent to Spain, Colonel Semyon Krivoshein returned home alive. He was appointed commander of the 8 th mechanized brigade (from October 1937 g. - 8-I tank brigade). In the Soviet-Finnish war, he commanded the 29-th tank brigade, which participated in the capture of Vyborg. Krivoshein went through the whole Great Patriotic War. In July, 1941, he commanded a corps that fought on the territory of Belarus. In October, 1941 was headed by the Combat Training Directorate of the Red Army Main Armored Directorate. Since February, 1943 commanded the 3-m mechanized corps that participated in the Battle of Kursk (from 23 in October 1943 g. - 8-th Guards Mechanized Corps). In February, 1944 Krivoshein was appointed commander of the 1 Mechanized Corps, which liberated Belarus, Western Ukraine, and participated in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations. 29 May 1945 Lieutenant General Semyon Krivoshein was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. He continued his service in the Soviet Army 8 for years - commanded the 1-m mechanized corps as part of GSVG (transformed into the 1-th mechanized division). In 1946-1949 He headed the department of tactics of armored and mechanized troops of the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze. March 1950 - January 1952 commanded armored and mechanized troops of the Odessa Military District. In May, 1953, Lieutenant-General Semyon Moiseevich Krivoshein went to the reserve. He died in 1978 year.

Dmitry Grigorievich Pavlov, who commanded the second tank detachment, was less fortunate. After returning from Spain, he was appointed head of the Red Army Armored Directorate, then in June 1940 - commander of the Western Special Military District. He received the rank of colonel general of tank forces. It seemed that his career was developing very well. Less than a year after he was promoted to the rank of colonel-general - in February 1941, Pavlov was given the rank of army general. However, the career of the district commander was interrupted by the attack of Hitler's Germany on the Soviet Union. Pavlov was appointed commander of the troops of the Western Front. However, he was soon arrested, accused of criminal negligence, which led to the defeat of the Soviet troops and was shot by 22 on July 1941.

Stepan Kondratyev, under the command of which the 1 th separate international tank regiment heroically fought, after returning from Spain, was awarded the medal "For Courage" and the Order of the Red Banner. Like Krivoshein, he participated in the Soviet-Finnish war, where he commanded the 34 light-tank brigade. At the head of the brigade Kondratyev was surrounded. Being surrounded, units of the 34 th light-tank brigade and the 18 th rifle division were left without food. On the night of February 28, the remnants of the brigade and division still managed to escape from the encirclement. However, the commanders received a notice of the consequences of being surrounded by the 44 Infantry Division, which abandoned the vehicles under Suomussalmi. The division commander, her commissar and chief of staff were shot for this in front of the line of fighters. Obviously, wanting to avoid this fate and escape from a possible shameful death, the commander of the 34 th light-tank brigade Kondratiev, his commissar Gaponyuk, the chief of staff Smirnov and the commissar of the 18 th rifle division of Israel of Israel shot dead in a staff dugout.

Sergei Yakovlevich Laputin, who served as a driver mechanically the heroically dead Kruchinin, survived. 14 March 1938, the same day as Kruchinin posthumously, Laputin was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1941, he graduated from the Military Academy of Armored and Mechanized Forces, during the Great Patriotic War, commanded a tank battalion, then a tank regiment. Once surrounded, Laputin went to the partisans and became the commander of the detachment, then in April 1942 - February 1943. served as chief of staff of partisan detachments of the Northern military unit of the Bryansk partisans. After the war, he continued service in the Soviet Army, graduated from the Military Academy of the General Staff and served in the central office of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Went to stock in 1960 with the rank of colonel. Sergey Yakovlevich Laputin died on April 1 1985.
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  1. -1
    20 November 2014 07: 55
    almost everyone who served in Spain was later shot by Stern in 1940 for participating in the military conspiracy of Pavlov in 1941 for the failure in Belarus. Kamandarm 34 Kachanov was shot for failure of the operation, which entailed irreversible consequences and led to the establishment of the blockade of Leningrad
    1. +7
      20 November 2014 08: 52
      Quote: nivasander
      almost all who served in Spain were later shot
      Oh what? And Voronov, Meretskov, Batov, the list is extensive.
  2. +2
    20 November 2014 08: 09
    Thank you, we must often recall our internationalist soldiers who fought in Spain ...
    1. +2
      20 November 2014 09: 55
      One of the little-known pages of the Spanish Civil War is the participation in it not only of the Red Army, but also of representatives
      white emigration - officers and generals examined
      it as a continuation of the civil war in Russia ... Some of the white volunteers also laid down their heads in this war - an interesting zizgag of history - the Russians continued to fight against the Russians in Spain. There is a known case of the death of the naval pilot Marchenko (in WWI awarded all Russian military orders and St. George's weapons), who fought on the side of Franco. In September 1937, he was shot down in aerial combat and buried in Seville. According to reports, Marchenko's opponent was I.T. Eremenko, the commander of the I-15 squadron, who received the title Hero of the Soviet Union for Spain ... After Franco's victory, the surviving white volunteers partially remained in Spain and partially continued to serve in the ranks of the Spanish Legion in Africa.
  3. -1
    20 November 2014 09: 44
    unfortunately from the Spanish war the correct conclusions were drawn on the modernization of tanks and the abandonment of wheeled ones, and not correct about the structure of the tank forces. which Pavlov was a supporter of - "monsters" were created, mechanized corps with different types of tanks, scattered communications.
    1. +2
      20 November 2014 10: 37
      Well, just according to the Spanish experience in 1938, the mechanized corps of the Red Army was reorganized into tank corps, and at the end of 1939 and the beginning of 1940 the tank corps were disbanded altogether and the tank brigades included in them assumed the status of separate ones.
      Then it was decided that the largest formation in the armored units would be the motorized divisions, which began to be created in May 1940.
      And the "monsters" - the mechanized corps, about which you write, were created on the basis of information received from France. They already consisted of their divisions - two tank and motorized plus a bunch of units and subunits.
  4. 0
    20 November 2014 12: 38
    Quite a long time ago I read the book "Spain in my heart" by Koroteev. (if not confusing) - just about the Soviet tank crews in Spain.
  5. 0
    20 November 2014 12: 41
    Thanks for this article. I read it with interest. We know little about the civil war in Spain and the participation of Soviet volunteers in it and their future fate.
  6. +3
    20 November 2014 18: 14
    Here is another Soviet crew killed in Spain.
    In the battles of Guadalajara, Lieutenant Abramovich showed himself to be a brave and courageous commander. At the head of a group of tanks he went to reconnaissance several times and obtained valuable information about the enemy. On 4 of March 1937 of the year during the battle, seeing that the infantry following the tank had stopped, by personal example carried the infantry into an attack on the enemy, and the battle on this site was won. 4 guns, many machine guns and rifles were captured from the enemy. For the successful completion of a combat mission, courage and initiative, Abram Abramovich was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
    In August, an international brigade was deployed to advance under Madrid. A blow to the Nazis in the direction of the city of Brunet was delivered suddenly. Ahead again went the Soviet tank crews led by a platoon of Abram Abramovich. After breaking through the enemy defenses, tanks and infantry fought stubborn battles for four days and advanced forward, capturing Brunete and inflicting significant losses on the enemy.
    During the battle of 9 on July 1937, near the city of Brunet, located west of Madrid, Abramovich destroyed two guns with fire and caterpillars, but the survivors managed to set his tank on fire. From a direct hit, the tank caught fire and began to melt. The crew of the combat vehicle: the driver A.V. Nikonov and the commander of the tower F.K. Kovrov died immediately. The tank commander, Lieutenant Abramovich, died of wounds and burns the next day, 10 July 1937 year.
    A.G. Abramovich and his crew - driver F.K. Kovrov and gunner A.V. Nikonov, along with the fallen Republican soldiers, were buried with military honors in a mass grave in the city of Brunet.

    For courage and heroism shown in the performance of military and international duty, on November 3 of 1937, Lieutenant Abramovich Abram Grigoryevich was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. After the establishment of the special insignia, his daughter was awarded the Gold Star medal No. 48.
    Abramovich Abram Grigorievich - commander of a tank platoon of the 4th separate mechanized brigade in the troops of Republican Spain, lieutenant.
    He was born on 3 on January 1910 in the village of Katerinka, now in the Pervomaisky district of the Nikolaev region of Ukraine, in a working class family. Jew. In 1917, he moved with his family to the Berezovsky district of Odessa region. After graduating from a seven-year school, he worked in a bakery. In 1930, he moved to Donbass, worked as a downhole operator in a mine, and from 1931 of the year, he was in Odessa, a rigger of a ship repair plant. In the Red Army since 1932 year. He graduated from junior command personnel. He served as a tank driver. Participated in the national revolutionary war of the Spanish people 1936-39 years
  7. +1
    20 November 2014 18: 22
    Thanks to the author for such a well-chosen material. With pleasure and interest I read about the Soviet tankmen - "Spaniards".
  8. +1
    20 November 2014 19: 24
    And Franco paid right now I don’t remember ... either 200, or 500 pesos for one captured Soviet tank, when comparing with the same T-1 it is clear why.
  9. 0
    21 November 2014 16: 55
    Eternal Glory to the Heroes!
  10. -3
    21 November 2014 19: 51
    Spanish "Blue Division" - a volunteer formation appeared on the Eastern Front, including because of the "glorious" Soviet tankmen. "Hot" Spaniards had the right to revenge ................
    1. +10
      27 December 2020 18: 02
      No. Soviet volunteers in Spain defended the legitimate government. The Spaniards from the "Blue Division" came to the USSR as conquerors.
  11. Belisarios
    0
    22 November 2014 20: 52
    Comrades, after reading the article, shots from the movie "Officers" are remembered in a completely different way. Where the GG in tank uniform takes out a wounded comrade in a city battle. Obviously Teruel!
    Great stuff.
  12. -2
    23 November 2014 10: 11
    our complete failure ... I don’t even want to discuss ...
    1. +8
      27 December 2020 18: 03
      There was no failure of the USSR in Spain. The republican government lost to the fascists in the war mainly due to economic reasons and the policies of the bourgeois governments of England and France.
  13. -1
    April 9 2015 15: 23
    In 1986, an unbroken Spanish communist on Soviet TV said, "It's a pity we couldn't win then." I thought so what? would stand in line for Zaporozhets (at that time little Spain made cars bigger than the USSR) and now a Spanish pensioner can hire a servant from the USSR.
    1. 0
      April 9 2015 15: 36
      shishkin. 1948
      Which of the Vlasov’s shortcomings are you, or the Krasnov’s ones?
      All my life I kept a muzzle in my pocket, but now I decided that everything is possible?
      Perhaps you think that under the Nazis, you would have been born?
      Would your ancestors serve in the service of the occupiers in this case? And did you calculate the consequences?
      The consequences are simple, you would not have been born, for the lackeys of the Nazis were shot at the first opportunity.
    2. The comment was deleted.
    3. +10
      27 December 2020 18: 04
      If they had won then, the likelihood of the start of the Great Patriotic War was a big question.

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