How does the flamethrower system "Sun"

The greatest effect of its unguided rockets in thermobaric equipment is achieved in mountainous conditions: due to the mutual superposition of air shock waves and their multiple reflection from the surrounding rocks, destruction of soil and stone rubble. The ammunition creates a cloud of explosive mixture and then detonates it, forcing all the oxygen in the cloud to react. After instantaneous detonation, the pressure rises sharply and then drops below atmospheric by about 160 mm Hg. Thus, even if the enemy managed to survive after the explosion, the pressure drop leads to his guaranteed death from rupture of internal organs. High accuracy of salvo fire of the flamethrower system is ensured by direct aiming of the launcher and automated aiming at a target that can be located at a distance of up to 6 km.



Tell me what is his name?

TOS-1A "Solntsepek" is a modification of TOS-1 "Buratino", a heavy multiple launch rocket launcher system based on tank T-72. TOS-1 was developed from 1971 to 1979. The first prototypes on the T-72 chassis were manufactured in JSC "Design Bureau of Transport Engineering" in Omsk. The complex included a combat vehicle (BM) - a launcher with a package of 30 guides on the chassis of the T-72 tank and a transport-loading vehicle (TZM) on the KrAZ-255B chassis. In 1980, the vehicle successfully passed state tests and was recommended for adoption by the Soviet Army.
The "Buratino" system was intended to disable lightly armored vehicles and vehicles, set fire to and destroy structures and buildings, destroy enemy manpower with fragments and a shock wave created by the massive use of unguided rockets in thermobaric and smoke-inducing equipment.

The significant mass of the package of guide tubes with projectiles required a high-carrying capacity chassis, and a small firing range (from 400 to 4500 meters) - a certain level of protection for the entire combat vehicle, which made it heavier up to 46 tons. A package of 30 guides for unguided rockets (NURS) was mounted on the turntable of the launcher. The crew performed all actions to aim the installation at the target without leaving the car - with the help of a sight and electric drives. The trajectory of the projectiles' flight to the target required accurate accounting of the firing conditions and the creation of a special fire control system, which consisted of an optical sight, a laser rangefinder, a roll sensor and an electronic ballistic computer.



From "Buratino" to "Solntsepek"

In 2001, the "Buratino" system was modernized and received the name TOS-1A "Solntsepek". Distinctive features of the novelty are: the number of shells reduced to 24, the firing range increased to 6 kilometers, the KrAZ chassis was replaced with a modernized tracked base of the T-72A tank.

The TOS-1A "Solntsepek" system includes:
 - combat vehicle BM-1 ("Object 634B") with a launcher on the T-72A chassis;
 - transport and loading vehicle TZM-T (Object 563) on the T-72A chassis;
 - NURS MO.1.01.04 or MO.1.01.04M caliber 220 mm.

Fire battery!

The BM-1 vehicle is a multiple launch rocket system. It is equipped with a V-84MS diesel power plant with a capacity of 840 hp. from. at 2000 rpm on the T-72A chassis, a rotating platform with a swinging part, which includes a package of 24 tubular guides for rockets, electric drives and a fire control system. The package of guides is mounted in an armored swinging part, which protects the ammunition from the 32 mm B-7,62 armor-piercing bullet from a distance of at least 620 meters. Aiming the rocking part of the launcher at the target in the horizontal and vertical planes is done by electro-hydraulic drives using a laser rangefinder and a ballistic computer.

Photo: Vitaly V. Kuzmin

Depending on the situation, fire at targets can be made with single and double shots from two barrels. The control of NURS launches is automatic, the duration of a full salvo with paired launches is 6 seconds, with single launches - 12 seconds, and the time of readiness to open fire on a visible target from the moment the combat vehicle stops is 90 seconds. The crew of the vehicle consists of three people: a driver-mechanic, a gunner and a commander.

Shooting is carried out with unguided rockets of caliber 220 mm. The projectiles are designed to deliver a thermobaric mixture, activate it and create excess pressure and a thermal field on the target area. The MO.1.01.04 projectile has a length of 3300 mm and a weight of 173 kg, and MO.1.01.04M is slightly longer and heavier - 3700 mm and 217 kg, respectively. NURS consist of a thermobaric or incendiary warhead, a fuse and a solid-propellant jet engine.

The fire control system includes an optical sight, a laser periscopic rangefinder 1D14, a roll-trim sensor PB2.329.04 (electric, pendulum type) and a specialized electronic digital computing complex MO.1.01.01.03M2. Using a laser rangefinder, the distance to the target is determined with an accuracy of 10 meters. These data are automatically entered into the ballistic computer, which calculates the required elevation angle of the launcher. The roll and trim angle is fixed automatically and taken into account by the calculator.

BM-1 auxiliary armament: RPKS-74 machine gun (1440 rounds of ammunition), AKS-74 assault rifle (300 rounds of ammunition), three RPG-26 anti-tank grenades and ten F-1 hand grenades.

The power drive for guiding the launcher in the horizontal plane is electromechanical, in the vertical plane it is electro-hydraulic. To ensure the accuracy of shooting, the BM-1 is equipped with outriggers and hydraulic friction stoppers with remote electrohydraulic control. The commander's device TKN-ZA is a combined (day and night) electro-optical, binocular, periscope. The rest of the observation devices are both prismatic and telescopic, and the orientation device is a gyroscopic heading indicator gyrocompass GPK-59.

BM-1 is equipped with built-in bulldozer equipment for self-digging, four installations for launching smoke grenades 902 G with a firing range of up to 100 meters and thermal smoke equipment that creates an impenetrable curtain up to 400 meters long. Protection system against weapons mass destruction provides protection of the crew from poisonous substances by sealing the cockpit. A filter ventilation unit with a radiation and chemical reconnaissance device GO-27 purifies the air entering the crew compartment from dust and radioactive substances. The average range of communication with radio stations of the same type is about 20 km. Fire protection system - automatic, triple action.

Get up to charge 

Transport-loading vehicle TZM-T is designed for transportation of NURS, loading and unloading of the launcher.

Photo: Vitaly V. Kuzmin

TZM-T is a set of loading and unloading devices located on a tracked base. The vehicle's crew also consists of three people: a driver-mechanic, an operator and a commander. They are armed with an RPKS-74 machine gun (1440 rounds of ammunition), two AKS-74 assault rifles (600 rounds of ammunition), five RPG-26 anti-tank grenades and ten F-1 hand grenades. The lifting capacity of the hydraulic two-mode crane installation is 1000 kg. The charging time of the installation by a remotely controlled electro-hydraulic crane is 24 minutes. Ammunition protection - armored, removable. The power plant, power supply systems, fire extinguishing and protection against weapons of mass destruction of the TZM-T transport-loading vehicle are similar to the BM-1.



Sunstroke

Today, TOS-1A are in service with the 1st mobile brigade of the Radiation, Chemical and Biological Defense Troops (at least four BM-1 units and one TZM-T unit), the 28th separate brigade of the RHBZ in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd Region (at least two BM-1 units and one TZM-T unit), as well as the 70th separate flamethrower battalion in the village of Razdolnoye, Primorsky Krai (at least two BM-1 units).

In the period from December 1988 to February 1989, two TOS-1 "Buratino" complexes took part in hostilities in the Charikar Valley and in South Salang (Afghanistan) during Operation Typhoon. The tactics of the application consisted in a sudden fire defeat of the enemy, the rapid withdrawal of combat vehicles from a possible retaliatory fire and withdrawal to the points of permanent deployment of Soviet troops. The effect of the use of thermobaric ammunition in the mountains exceeded all expectations. During the battle for the village of Komsomolskoye (Chechen Republic) in 2000, TOS-1 fired at the positions of the militants.

TOS-1A "Solntsepek" is exported to Azerbaijan (6 units of BM-1 on the T-90 chassis were delivered in 2013 and another 6 units will be delivered in 2014), Kazakhstan (3 units of BM-1 were delivered in 2011) and Iraq (several units will be delivered by the end of 2014).

Tactical and technical characteristics of TOS-1A "Solntsepek"

Caliber, mm: 220

Number of guide pipes, pcs: 24

Shooting range, m:
 - Minimum: 400
 - maximum: 6000

The area of ​​destruction when firing at the maximum range, sq. m .: 40000

Fighting vehicle BM-1

Weight BM-1 in combat gear, t: 44,3

Main dimensions, mm:
 - length over rear outriggers: 7240
 - width over removable flaps: 3580
 - height over details on the roof of the swinging part: 3073
 - Ground clearance on the main bottom: 470

Road speed, km / h: 60

Cruising in store, km: 550

Obstacle obstacles:
 - maximum lifting angle, degrees: 30
 - maximum angle of heel, degrees: 25
 - ditch width, m: 2,6
 - wall height, m: 0,85
 - ford depth, m: 1,2

Transport and loading vehicle TZM-T

Weight TZM-T with NURS set, t: 39

Main dimensions, mm:
 - length: 7000
 - width over removable flaps: 3580
 - height: 3050
 - Ground clearance on the main bottom: 477

Ammunition transported for BM-1, pcs: 24

Transportable fuel supply for BM-1, l .: 400

Comments

[Wiruz]

It is necessary to send such shaitan tanks to Syria, but more. IG burn

[Grumbler]

turn on your head ... everything must be put on the border. so that even thoughts are not b.chto

[Andes123]

I agree. We have a training ground. The next Afghanistan

[Edvagan]

But few of them in service with us are only about a dozen throughout the country, if I understood correctly

[kartalovkolya]

This is how they will tell you the exact number of "Solntsepekov" and "Buratin" in service with the Russian Army! But in Novorossiya it would not hurt to have at least; -5 pieces of "Buratinok"!

[Leonid_Ka]

The Taliban in Afghanistan painfully disliked our jet flamethrowers. :-)

[Vladimirets]

"The greatest effect of its unguided rockets in thermobaric equipment is achieved in mountainous conditions: due to the mutual superposition of air shock waves and their multiple reflection from the surrounding rocks, destruction of soil and stone rubble."

For urban development, I think, not much worse.

"Today TOS-1A are in service with the 1st mobile brigade of the Radiation, Chemical and Biological Defense Troops (at least four BM-1 units and one TZM-T unit), the 28th separate brigade of the RChBZ in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd Region (at least two BM-1 units and one TZM-T unit), as well as the 70th separate flamethrower battalion in the village of Razdolnoye, Primorsky Krai (at least two BM-1 units). "

Very little. By the way, somewhere in the internet I saw simultaneous operation like six launchers, joint exercises, or is the data on the number incomplete?

[erased]

Cool car, but something is not enough of them in the ranks. Eight pieces - one battery. And you need at least a hundred cars.

[Lopatov]

Still raw. The industry already offers a modernized version with a developed LMS

[Al_lexx]

Quote: Spade

Still raw. The industry already offers a modernized version with a developed LMS

+1

Work is also underway to increase the firing range.

[Romin]

Everyone is good at the complex! In addition to range and accuracy. 6 km hello from the mortar! I do not argue, there are areal goals. But 1 rocket, 1 target is more effective at times and more economical! It's time to move on to high-precision applications! There is no longer the USSR in its budget. We must live and fight within our means! And take care of your soldiers.
And about the precision:
Any of us in a trench with an RPG of 7 and 700-800 meters of Abrams and infantry would gladly exchange it for a complex like a javelin. Patriotism is good, until the trench. Only here it is necessary to fill up all units, and if you are removed, then the tanks and soldiers will go on to kill your relatives.
Goals must not be destroyed at the cost of self-sacrifice, but by the effectiveness of weapons. And then your wife may have the next husband, for example, Mr. Schultz or Ahmed.
Also to the artillery and aviation - in the areas, Oh beautiful! On the squares! Yes, with the cabs! You can not reach the place of discharge))

[Lopatov]

Quote: Romin

Everyone is good at the complex! In addition to range and accuracy. 6 km hello from the mortar! I do not argue, there are areal goals. But 1 rocket, 1 target is more effective at times and more economical!

Range ... Dear, why duplicate the classic MLRS, whose problem is precisely that they cannot shoot at short range? Even using such dances with tambourines, such as brake rings, MLRS are simply unable to shoot at short ranges with acceptable accuracy. And what do you think will happen if you increase the range of TOC? That's right, because of the higher speed, they will also get higher range dispersion.

Accuracy ... TOS is not a classic MLRS, by default it is designed for firing both single-handed (like the unforgettable "Sturmtiger", which our infantry dreamed of, conducting combat operations in populated areas), and with a salvo.
And you know what's interesting? Already now, "Solntsepёk" is the most accurate Russian MLRS due to its design features (heavy base, heavy, less vibration-prone package of guides, outriggers), and with the installation of a modernization kit ABAK-KTNTS will simply have no analogues among Soviet / Russian MLRS

Quote: Romin

Any of us in a trench with an RPG of 7 and 700-800 meters of Abrams and infantry would gladly exchange it for a complex like a javelin. Patriotism is good, until the trench.

That's for sure, in the trench you need to include brains. Until the Abrams reach your trench 200 meters away, you will not be allowed to rise above the parapet to shoot artillery shells, and after the tanks pass RBU from shell explosions, the enemy infantry.

That is, if you are in a trench and enemy Abrams are moving towards you, "complex like javelin"(c) It simply won't help you, you won't be able to apply it. How do you write there?"Goals must not be destroyed at the cost of self-sacrifice, but by the effectiveness of weapons"Well, so: an attempt to use" Javelin "will be the same self-sacrifice. In contrast to the use of artillery, which has long been working not only in areas, which you probably did not know, but even forgot.

[Romin]

Thanks for the comments. Apparently you didn’t shoot from RPG7 or shot 5 out of 5 or like in a movie) quickly and without aiming. Tk had to sit in a trench, my head just didn’t work like a fool) like the whole squad) because sorry at the moment of the battle to think about the great and there is no time for strategy. Moreover, "Abrams") still did not want to drive up to 200 meters. So try the standard infantry squad to solve the problem at 700 meters in the current state of the sun. Honestly, no fairy tales)

[Lopatov]

Quote: Romin

So try the standard infantry squad to solve the problem of 700 meters in the current state of sun

It's simple: sit on your ass straight. And wait for the artillery to work. Which will put motionless and moving obstruction lights to cut off infantry. Artillery guns assigned to fire guided and adjusted ammunition along with attached tanks and full-time infantry fighting vehicles destroy enemy armored vehicles.

You get the simplest thing. The enemy will not provide you with the opportunity to shoot. For example, artillery has such a thing as an "object of attack". That is, from the moment when the tanks and infantry reach the line of destruction of AT by means of the enemy and until the moment when the tanks approach the line of safe distance from the explosions of their shells, constant fire is fired at the strong point. Not to kill everyone - high-quality buried infantry can survive. Namely, so that no one gifted with the Javelin would crawl out to launch his rocket.

Moreover, the "object of attack" is the simplest thing. "Consecutive concentration of fire", "barrage", and with a sufficient amount of artillery and a "mobile fire zone" after which either the dead or the mad are ahead ... No one will allow enemy anti-tank weapons to calmly shoot their tanks.

[Number 17]

Yes shit on it with cng9 well hidden. Or, as a BMP 2 commander, if it is well hidden on the ground, I guarantee that a 30 mm shell will hit the tank in a burst within 1.5 km. You say that your abrams is 30 mm and you bang under the tower so that it jammed .. or on the caterpillar. Goal for fiction is cunning.

[Aleks tv]

Quote: Romin

It's time to move on to high-precision applications!

Quote: Romin

Patriotism is good, until the trench. Only here it is necessary to fill up all units, and if you are removed, then the tanks and soldiers will go on to kill your relatives.

Romin, what if you think without any emotions there?

Everything should be in measure.
1). It happens that it is necessary to drive the “hotel” into the “window”. Or destroy a separate and specific target. Here yes - the WTO is simply necessary and most effective.
2). But the main hostilities are just with the "areal" goals. Well, it is impossible to destroy the company stronghold of even 4-5 units of the WTO. Although you crack, you need the areal work of the most ordinary artillery with the most ordinary ammunition.
In this case, the barrel artillery, MLRS and mortars complement each other both in the range of application and in the effectiveness of certain features of this weapon (and they also have the possibility of WTO).
CO (concentrated fire) of the battery will not be replaced by any single prodigy in the destruction of a group target.

This is so, if in a nutshell and ... a little rude, I'm not special.

You just need a competent combination of ordinary systems and the WTO, rather than replacing one with another - such pampering does not end well.

[Number 17]

Firstly. To get 6 km, the mortar must be beaten from behind the shelter. To do this, you need to have a precise hold of the map and 2 more devices, and a second comb out your exact location and binding to the map. I will make a reservation right away your notorious gps navigator works on maps, as my father, a geologist, explained to me in the Mexican system of extinction and his vision of scale and binding to something else. I’m saying it’s easier to show your location on the map, but for a point strike, the error can vary from 1m to 100 depending on the distance of the projectile. So that the abrasms do not come to you at a distance of 700 meters, make your armed forces afraid or respect the whole world. So that before the enemy thought about the misfortune, he said, well, nafig the Russians there they’ll defeat one horseradish and we will scoop up as Germans at 45 or as Georgians in 2008. It is necessary to raise the prestige of the Russian Armed Forces.

[Florist]

Plus) Good article!

[blizart]

No, someone will answer why it is better than the MLRS with a range of 30-40 km and with the same (or even more powerful) thermobaric warhead?

[Lopatov]

By the fact that it is able to work adequately with relatively small dispersion at short ranges

[Analgin]

Yes, nothing is better, this machine doesn’t have analogues in the world because, apart from the Russian army, it didn’t surrender to anyone. The rest of the countries emphasized range and accuracy. The right choice for me.

[Lopatov]

That's for sure ... Because of logistic problems, they have to solve such problems with much more costly methods. For example, aviation or tactical missiles.

[Vladimirets]

Quote: Analgin

The rest of the countries emphasized range and accuracy.

It seems that in urban areas or mountains for the solution of urgent operational tasks, that’s it. Besides

Quote: Spade

they have to solve such problems with much more costly methods

Yes, and not quite promptly.

[Lopatov]

But why? You can use several tactical missiles. Quite quickly. But very expensive.

[Vladimirets]

Quote: Spade

But why? You can use several tactical missiles.

If only so, but they, again, are not standing at the forefront, and are not guided by the principle: grind out there, the machine gun just worked from the basement.

[kolyhalovs]

and even more powerful

And an intercontinental ballistic missile is generally a complete alles kaput. So why do we need these pathetic "whirlwinds"? Pffff!

It covers their dead zone. They cannot shoot at short ranges. And also, for sure, for TOC missiles are cheaper.

It's like answering a question. Why is the Su-25 better than the Su-34? Why is the Su-24 removed and put on the Su-34, the old-aged Su-25 will not be replaced by the handsome Su-34? Well, actually, they are not comparable. For different tasks done.

[red rocket]

Russian weapons, this is a very terrible force !!!!!!!!!!!!!

[Alex19]

I served in a flamethrower battalion, in a heavy flamethrower company. So,

Quote: erased

but something in their ranks is not enough. Eight pieces - one battery

The company originally had 3 heavy flamethrower platoons. There are 10 cars in the TOP. 3 BM, 6 TZM (for each BM 2 TZM) and 1 MTLB commander. In Russia there are 5 such companies, only 15 BM in constant combat readiness. Shooting is carried out every year not once, but not everywhere.

Quote: blizart

somebody will answer why it is better than the MLRS with a range of 30-40 km and with the same (or even more powerful) thermobaric warhead

TOCs win in mobility, speed, fire density and accuracy. Lose in the area of ​​defeat, distance. Something more powerful than weapons with a thermobaric effect does not come to mind. I’ll also say that the standard size of shells is 2, but the fillings for one standard size can be about 4, I don’t remember exactly.
As for precision weapons - perhaps this is the American option for local wars. Under the Russian defensive doctrine, trench warfare (God forbid), when the Battalion CP spreads out over the area and disguises normally, it will be problematic to determine that the communications center, the headquarters, and the canteen are better to bang so that there is no manpower left. Sniper is good, but not always.

[Lopatov]

Quote from rudolf

And what is the reason that TOCs are in service only with chemists?

Due to the initially incorrect concept associated with traditions.

RKhBZ troops need to get rid of non-core functions. For example: chemists (aerosol curtains), sappers (false targets, camouflage nets, masks), electronic warfare agents are now engaged in camouflaging and protecting troops from BT weapons ... Why can not this important function be entrusted to one responsible? And then the seven nannies, the child will definitely remain without an eye.

[Fox]

Quote from rudolf

rudolff Today, 13:35 ↓ New
And what is the reason that TOCs are in service only with chemists?

because chemists are the coolest! seriously, then this too, like chemistry.

[gregor6549]

How does the Solntsepek flamethrower system work? It works poorly, any target immediately overheats to incineration

[Alex19]

Quote: Spade

Quote from rudolf

And what is the reason that TOCs are in service only with chemists?

Due to the initially incorrect concept associated with traditions.

At first, the flamethrower is 2 cylinders under pressure, a stream of flame mixtures, a fuse. Fire - as a means of combating biological infection, everything seems to be logical why RCHBZ. But then they learned how to deliver a cloud of aerosols using a rocket — that is how hand-held infantry flamethrowers, TOSs, etc. appeared, but for the first time thermobaric snards were used by aviation.
But flamethrower companies (both heavy and light), during the war, were to be assigned to a motorized rifle unit, as fire support.

[Lopatov]

No, it’s all traditions. Ever since the First World War. Initially, organic matter, flamethrower, smoke-forming mixtures were dealt with by units whose personnel had at least a minimal understanding of chemistry.

Well, in the period between the wars, this union only increased. For example, the famous flamethrower tanks, in addition to their main task, could spray explosives and smoke.

And flamethrower companies do not make sense at all. Lungs - because they are not a priori trained to interact with infantry. Heavy because they do not know how to work with artillery.

[Dezinto]

It works fine and scary.

[Raider]

Both range and accuracy depend on the delivery vehicle. There are such types of ammunition from grenades to RPGs to bombs. Emphasis on the platform to be installed. At the base of the tank, it is the safest for the crew to approach the front line, quickly apply and leave, without spending special time on aiming, and in a massed manner. In case of hitting the window, it must be done from a distance (from cover) with a separate rocket or from the air, then there is a need for guided ammunition. Therefore, I agree with Alex19. Of course, the range is too small, but Solntsepek is a "machine gun", not a "sniper rifle". And on the front line, as well as when moving in a column, you need a protected vehicle.

[turanchox]

not impressive, to be honest, in the last video, not a single house even scratched

[werewolf74]

Quote: Alex19

Under the Russian defensive doctrine, trench warfare (God forbid), when the Battalion CP spreads out over the area and disguises normally, it will be problematic to determine that the communications center, the headquarters, and the canteen are better to bang so that there is no manpower left. Sniper is good, but not always.

that’s right. I’ve rarely heard something like this from an armament teacher

[voyaka uh]

"The tactics of the application consisted in a sudden fire defeat of the enemy" ////

Right This is when the enemy does not have 1) aerial reconnaissance 2) aviation 3) howitzer
artillery. Like the Chechens near Komsomolsk.
Otherwise, drive up imperceptibly and apply such large targets close
to the front line (6 km) is a very difficult task. Moreover, the enemy, knowing the big
the firepower of Solntsepek will begin to hunt them specialized.

[Lopatov]

Quote: voyaka uh

Otherwise, to drive up imperceptibly and apply such large targets close to the front line (6 km) is a very difficult task

Yes, one spit. "Sun" on a closed OP can be found either accidentally, or after it launches and moves to a new OP.

[voyaka uh]

For aerial reconnaissance, Solntsepek is like a tank. To tank movements
take seriously - they try to "thin out" their columns before reaching the front line.

Most Solntsepek suitable for the destruction of the fortified area of ​​the enemy,
which is isolated, but whose stripping involves victims of personnel.
So actually flamethrowers were usually used ...

[samoletil18]

Because they are part of the RCBZ, because all sorts of smoke, aerosols can be used differently. Yes, and air defense troops will warn, at least, or destroy the air target. And you can use the sauce of the presence of pinocchio and sunflowers of false camouflage haze so that the protector works out of nowhere, and the means of the reconnaissance tool spot the positions and the gunners work on them. Yes, at least, to cleanly scare the enemy with the possibility of sunflower chaining in order to undermine fighting spirit, letting haze go.

[Ze Kot]

And why did you reduce the number of trunks during modernization?

[Lopatov]

Most likely I had to change the package of guides due to the increase in the range of missiles. They are more powerful, heavier, act on the package stronger. Accordingly, in order to reduce fluctuations, we went to reduce the number of guides.
The second option - they did not want to change the guidance drives, which no longer pulled packages with increased mass

[Alexx40in]

Not a specialist, I’ll say right away.
I believe due to the fact that they strengthened the booking package. In Afghanistan, the extreme guides were left empty to protect against missile blasting when something bad came into the package.

[Target]

It’s bad that on the tank’s chassis, the chassis is expensive and it will be a pity to lose it, although the military is always more visible ...

[viruvalge412ee]

More and Everywhere and Newer and Always!

[Prager]

if only they could burn out all the dill in the Donbass with such sunshine! how much benefit would they bring to the militia!

[lahmandei]

Quote: Prager

if only they could burn out all the dill in the Donbass with such sunshine! how much benefit would they bring to the militia!

I completely agree with you, to burn dill from the trenches is what you need!

[sifgame]

Eh, guys, if only you knew then where they are now using all this TOS, they would go nuts.