Chief rocket pilot of the Russian Empire
When the magazine “Our Contemporary” asked me to write a short essay about Konstantinov, it was difficult to find at least some information about him. Then I came across only one thin booklet of drawings of his inventions and began to collect brief information about him in old military journals.The essay in the end was still written and entered into my book “Coming to Heaven” - about people who are faithful to their purpose. And then an amazing thing happened - when I presented it during one of the literary meetings with high school students of the Moscow school No. 1464, it turned out that the school museum has materials about my hero, and even the genealogical tree of his family. There are such rapprochement! Moreover, it turned out that the direct descendant of Konstantinov Vladimir Fredovich Weber looked into the school’s museum (next to it was a street named after his ancestor). Later, I myself met with the engineer Weber.
Why did the name Konstantinov be forgotten for a long time and even the outstanding scientists who worked in the field of rocket and space science did not recall him?
Only now it became clear that the whole thing is in his "wrong" pedigree. Still: Konstantinov was the illegitimate son of Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov!
The children of the Tsarevich Constantia and Konstantin at that time were considered to be pupils (foster children) of Prince Ivan Aleksandrovich Golitsyn, the adjutant of the Grand Duke. It is for this reason that they subsequently changed the middle name.
However, the future rocket pilot was brought up at the royal court. The tutor of the 11-year-old boy was German Helvig, a graduate of the University of Leipzig.
It must be said that the grand duke, keen on military affairs, was very keenly interested in military missiles and attached particular importance to the development of this effective weapons. So it was not by chance that the side son of the crown prince, who considered the development of rocket science in Russia to be his personal merit and did not spare money for this, became in the end rocket man.
As already mentioned, Prince I.A. was an adjutant to the crown prince in the Military Chancellery of His Highness, in the rank of chamberlain of the court. Golitsyn (1783 – 1852). The representative of the ancient family loved to live widely and squandered several states. In the Belvedere Palace, he was known for his eccentricities. Once in Paris as adjutant to the Grand Duke, Golitsyn introduced Konstantin Pavlovich to actress Klara-Anna. The lovely face and captivating voice of the young actress fascinated the Tsarevich so much that he shook her hand in front of everyone. From the theater, Clara-Anna was in the Paris environment of the Grand Duke, becoming another of his favorite. And then she became the mother of the future rocket. Alexander I showed his displeasure to his brother with his adventures compromising the royal family, and decided to remove him from the capital, appointing the newly formed Polish Kingdom as part of the Russian Empire as commander-in-chief of the army. And the command over the army in Poland took Konstantin Pavlovich.
The crown prince sincerely wanted to reconcile the Poles and the Russians — and neither of them could tolerate him.
The imperial family, of course, did not want to wash dirty linen in public. Therefore, a legend about the origin of Constantine, according to which he was the son of a merchant of the second guild of the St. Petersburg province, was put into circulation. This legend and I put in my essay.
In fact, Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov, the Grand Duke, was the father of Konstantinov, and French actress Clara-Anna de Loran was the mother. At birth, according to custom, the boy was named Konstantin Konstantinovich Konstantinov. And Ivan Golitsyn was ordered to provide education and education of children born Laurent - Constance and Constantine.
Emperor Alexander issued a manifesto in which it was said: “If a person from the imperial family, having entered into marriage with a person who does not belong to any reigning or possessive house, children born from such a marriage have no right to inherit the throne” . And Konstantin Pavlovich signed the abdication and the transfer of his Nicholas.
Clara-Anne de Laurent's position became even more difficult: her children were not recognized as an imperial surname. She modestly lived in one of the residences chosen by the Grand Duke himself - in Лазazienki. Konstantin Pavlovich, on the advice of the emperor, was removed from meetings with her. Her only consolation was one of the Warsaw theaters, where she continued to play under the theater pseudonym Constance. The children born by her - Constantine and Constance were recorded by the pupils of Prince I.A. Golitsyn.
Clara-Anna took care of Constantia’s music education, which showed her wonderful voice and musical abilities. She was assigned to the conservatory.
Father himself was involved in the formation of Konstantin: from an early age, Konstantin Pavlovich instilled in Kostya a love for military service, traveling with his children to the shows of Izmailovsky and Lithuanian regiments stationed in the vicinity of Warsaw.
The Grand Duke treated his sons very strictly and demandingly.
Princess Lovich often invited her young compatriot, Frederic Chopin, the future great composer, to the palace. At that time, Frederick lived in the Casimir Palace. With his playing the piano, he could pacify the flashes of the unbalanced character of the Tsarevich. At the age of 10, Chopin composed a march and dedicated it to the crown prince. Frederick gave music lessons to Constantine and played music with the young brown-eyed Constantius. Chopin dedicated his famous Second Piano Concerto to Constantia. Love broke out between them, but they were quickly separated.
Constantine Konstantinov had become a charming girl by that time, many young people from the environment of the crown Prince were staring at her. One of these officers was Lieutenant A.F. Lishin. Thanks to Prince Golitsyn, he met at the secular ball at the Countess Clara-Anne de Laurent with his adopted daughter Constance. And the grand duke gave written consent to their marriage. The wedding took place in the Warsaw Russian church in the Basement. So the fifteen-year-old Constance became Lishina.
The Lishins' branch is from the Chernigov province, 550, this genus was known in Ukraine for years. Lishins have always been principled, stern and unbending people. After Ukraine joined Russia, they served mainly in the army and occupied fairly high positions.
Lishin's best qualities emerged during the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. One of the rioters with a pistol in his hands demanded that Lishin make an offer to cantonists to join the Polish army. But he received a resolute refusal by the lieutenant of the Life Guards of the Lithuanian regiment ... A little later, his wife fearlessly dismissed the guards' bayonets, demanding to allow her a meeting with her captive husband.
And Konstantinov almost died during the uprising. In the Bryulevskiy Palace, during the invasion of insurgents, looking for Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich for reprisals, Prince I.A. Golitsyn hid Countess de Loran and the young Constantine from an angry mob in a secluded place under a wide staircase. And then, guarded by cavalrymen, successfully brought them out of the palace.
Meanwhile, Konstantin Pavlovich asked de Laurent to secretly enter the Belvedere Palace and remove the documents stored in one of the boxes in his office. Constance fulfilled the request of a person close to her: looking at the contents of the box indicated to her, she understood why this dangerous mission was entrusted to her - among the documents (Peter the Great's testament and many other very important secret documents), which Alexander I prepared for the Russian Empire, but did not dare to make public. The text of the constitution, called the Emperor Literacy, was set out in French, native to de Laurent. After the death of Alexander I, these documents were handed over to Konstantin Pavlovich for safekeeping as heir to the throne, but they should not have fallen into the hands of the rebels.
During that uprising, Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov went from Poland to Russia, but on the way he fell ill with cholera and died in Vitebsk.
After the demise of the benefactor, Lishin was encouraged by the attention of His Highness Mikhail Pavlovich and transferred to the St. Petersburg School of the Guards Under-ensigns and Cavalry Junkers (later Nikolayev Cavalry School).
But back to Konstantinov. Prince Golitsyn, along with 13-year-old Konstantin and de Laurent, settled in St. Petersburg.
In 1834, fulfilling the will of the late Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov, Prince Golitsyn identified 15-year-old Konstantin as a cadet at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. Here, during his studies, and showed his interest in rocket science.
Missiles in Russia appeared at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1607, in Moscow, the book of the clerk of the ambassadorial order of Onisim Mikhailovich Radishevsky, “The Charter of military, cannon, and other matters relating to military science” was published. In 1680, in Moscow, a “Rocket Institution” was formed, where fireworks and flares were made. Peter I himself was engaged in the "green business", and according to his assignment and development in the Rocket institution in 1707, they made a signal rocket capable of rising to a height of one kilometer. In the library of Peter I, there was Joseph Beckler's book “Potestnye Lights” (1660) describing rockets for fireworks and drawings of rockets, which consisted of two parts.
Reading these books inflamed the imagination of the future rocket engineer Konstantinov. He knew about the successes of domestic rocket men such as M.V. Danilov, A.P. Demidov, F.S. Cheleev, PI Shuvalov, A.I. Kartomov. The latter presented to the crown prince Konstantin Pavlovich in writing that he invented the “secret of the composition” of his missiles with copies of the accessories for their manufacture.
Especially Konstantinov was interested in the rocket pilot, the hero of the Patriotic War 1812 of the year, Colonel Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko, who set himself the task of uncovering the secrets of the so-called Kongrev missiles. But this required a lot of money. Then he sold his part of the paternal inheritance and, with the money received, acquired equipment and materials to conduct his research. Zasyadko began to improve the design of missiles, their production, launching machines and the development of recommendations on the use of new weapons. In particular, he expressed a very original idea, which was embodied in Russia. He proposed "to carry only iron sheets for the manufacture of rocket shells, and to manufacture rockets as needed, thus preventing ready-made rockets from damage during long-distance transport." Alexander I was pleased with the initiative of the inventor and his unselfishness, saying: "Thank God, there are officers who serve out of honor alone!" And Konstantin Pavlovich with great interest watched A.I. Kartmazov and A.D. Zasyadko, who in 1817 was made especially for him by Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich. The missiles and the results of demonstration shootings were approved by the Grand Duke, and this type of weapon was introduced into the arsenal of the Russian army.
In 1838, Konstantinov was appointed commander of the Masters of Gunpowder and Salitrein Masters (now Pyrotechnic School). Then in 1840, he was sent abroad for four years "for the collection of useful information, related to artillery."
He carefully studied the experience of foreign missile forces. He was aware of the unsuccessful experiments in France on the creation of combat (incendiary) rockets conducted by pyrotechnics Claude Ruggieri, Philippe Belière and the captain of artillery Maurice Chevalier and other engineers. Greater success was achieved only by the English designer Colonel William Congreve (1772 – 1828). Conducting experiments with rockets, Kongrev formed some basic theory of the design and production of powder rockets, including the technology to maintain a stable process of burning fuel and the method of using tail stabilizers to control its flight. In recognition of his achievements, European military missiles were called “Kongrevs”, and he himself became a general.
Foreign experience warmed up the inventive abilities of the Russian rocket engineer. He visited many European countries: Austria-Hungary, England, Belgium, Holland, Prussia, France.
By this time Konstantinov invented the electroballistic device (this is his first invention). Later, in 1844, he also offered a sight for mounted shooting from smooth guns. After returning to Russia, he tested his installation for measuring the velocity of an artillery projectile.
While in Austria, he decided to meet with a prominent specialist in rocket technology, a Swede, Major General Baron Wienzs von Augustine, and head of the Austrian corps of rocket engineers and laboratories. On the rocket field, prior to the examination, Konstantinov told him about his rocket ballistic pendulum. At the same time, Augustin noted that Konstantinov "began with what he, Augustine, should have finished," thereby acknowledging the high talent of the young inventor.
The ballistic pendulum was designed to measure the thrust of the powder engine, which allowed Konstantinov to investigate the influence of the shape and design of the rocket on its ballistic properties, laying the scientific foundations for calculating and designing missiles. In fact, the methodology for studying the intraballistic characteristics of rocket engines using the Konstantinov pendulum is a prototype of modern fire tests! For many years, the Konstantinov pendulum remained the most advanced tool for studying traction parameters of a rocket engine. Its principle and design scheme were used in 100 years at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the study of the specific impulse created by the end of the 40 of the XX century. Russian solid-fuel rocket engines.
The electric ballistic installation and the rocket pendulum allowed Konstantinov to become the forerunner of the outstanding creator of works on the theory of rockets and space technology. Tsiolkovsky.
In 1850, by the highest order, Colonel Konstantinov was appointed commander of the oldest Petersburg rocket institution, Russia's first industrial enterprise for the production of combat missiles. One of its activities was the improvement of production, above all the improvement of the technology and safety of the manufacture of combat missiles.
Konstantinov was a zealot for the rocket armament of ships. And he did a lot for their application in navy. So, he published a work in the Marine Collection, in which he analyzed all the proposals related to scuba diving. In it, he appreciated the proposals of the famous Russian engineer, Adjutant General K.A. Schilder, who used combat missiles on the world's first metal submarine.
Konstantinov’s missiles were also used in the defense of Sevastopol. In early February 1855, the enemy attacked the advanced lines of the defense of Sevastopol with Kongrev’s missiles. From the trenches, spread over the bastion, enemy missiles fell into the squadron's location under the command of Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimov. The ship "Grand Duke Constantine" was hardly burned by these rockets. Then Assistant Konstantinov Pestich decided to hit the enemy with his missiles from the top floor of the barracks. Determined the angle of elevation - in 20 degrees. At the first shot, the rocket flew over the notch and fell into the enemy's front trench. The English soldiers threw the sapper shovels and rushed in different directions along the courses of the trench they had dug. “Speaking of your Highness,” wrote Vice-Admiral Nakhimov 16 of February 1855 of the year to Adjutant General Prince Menshikov, “I have the honor to add that the missiles thrown by the enemy are predominantly explosive, with a strong incendiary composition; and the range extends to two thousand fathoms. "
This report served an important service for Konstantinov - he began to receive urgent large orders for the manufacture and supply of domestic missiles for the Eastern campaign.
According to the director of the Artillery Department of the Maritime Ministry, Major General N.A. Terentyev, the cases of the past war pointed to the importance of using, under certain circumstances, combat missiles. Experiments conducted on them in the maritime department, proved that combat missiles in some cases (for example, during landing) can partly replace the artillery, and sometimes - to supplement its action. When using combat missiles on ships of the fleet, a special naval rocket team was formed, which taught the people to handle such weapons. In addition, special machines were built for throwing combat missiles from lifeboats and rules for management were drawn up on this subject. For the works and the difference in service in April 1864 Konstantinov was promoted to lieutenant general for field artillery.
It is curious that the service in a rocket institution under the command of Konstantinov is connected, albeit a short but very significant episode of the life and work of the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy. After the heroic Sevastopol defense, he was seconded to Petersburg. Arriving at the new 21 service station on November 1855, Tolstoy was enlisted by the order of an inspector of all artillery from 27 in December 1855 No. 435 into a rocket battery at a rocket institution.
Lieutenant Tolstoy, who was very sympathetic to Konstantinov, communicated with him eagerly, often visited his commander in Razezzhaya and always spoke warmly about him.
It is known from Tolstoy’s diary entries (16 of May - 9 of December 1856) that while visiting Konstantinov, Tolstoy had breakfast or dined with him, met in his apartment with famous artillerymen and missilemen. But, not seeing the prospects for his service in artillery, Tolstoy started a conversation about resigning, although Konstantinov dissuaded him. Despite the entreaties, Tolstoy still went to Yasnaya Polyana, from where he sent letters to his commander. And on December 29, 1856 wrote to the head of the St. Petersburg rocket institution, K.I. Konstantinova resignation report. The autograph of this report was found in 1913 in Nikolaev during the liquidation of the rocket plant and transferred to the city museum.
The fact that Count Tolstoy served in the rocket "plant" is also evidenced by his "Cossacks", where this institution is mentioned in passing.
In March, the 1857 of Konstantinov was sent abroad to order all the technical devices for the newly designed rocket plant. But the main task of Konstantinov remained: "... to get acquainted in the closest way with the rocket establishments now existing in France, of which one is in Toulon and the second in Metz." Despite the secrecy of information, he managed to acquire them. Apparently, not without the help of economic intelligence ...
During the overseas business trip in 1857, the sad news reached Konstantinov: June 30 quietly passed away in a small apartment on Razezzhaya Street into the world of his mother, Anna Petrovna Golitsyna (Klara-Anna de Loran). She was buried in a Catholic cemetery on the Vyborg side. On the tombstone was the inscription in French “Anna Golitsyna † 30 June 1857, 58 years”.
Konstantinov, at his own risk, according to his own drawings, ordered the equipment for the new rocket establishment at the plant, which was owned by Emmanuel Dany Farko in Paris. Emperor Alexander II in August 1859 approved the order of Konstantinov, and also agreed with his proposal: to allocate missile teams into an independent branch of the military, which needs its own command.
The Directorate created by him with his headquarters, the missile division, his own rocket factories and missile test sites can be considered the prototype of the modern domestic rocket forces.
The fruitful activity of the head of the Directorate, Major General Konstantinov, to improve combat missiles and rocket production made a special impression even on the monarchs of the friendly countries of Russia: in 1859, a rain of orders "poured on him". He received the Russian Order of St. Stanislav 1 degree, the Commander cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, the Spanish Order of Isabella the Catholic ...
1860 year introduced into the private life Konstatinova significant events. The noble deputy assembly of St. Petersburg granted a request for recognition of its hereditary nobility, and the Senate determined to include the name Konstantinov in the second part of the noble family tree of the St. Petersburg province with the production of a diploma and a coat of arms.
It seemed that justice in the fate of Konstantinov triumphed. But it’s not for nothing that they say that children are responsible for the sins of their fathers. Only recently a similar fact was established, carefully concealed for many years. From civil marriage with SP Rutkovskoy 17 July 1860 was born in the village of Murzinka, Shlisselburgskiy district, son - Vladimir Konstantinovich Konstantinov. Probably, before the birth of her son, Sofia Pavlovna lived in an apartment occupied by Klara Petrovna earlier, on Razezzaya Street, and when it came time to give birth, Konstantin Ivanovich rented a dacha for her in Murzinka - away from human eyes and curses. Here was the birth of his illegitimate son Vladimir. But a year later his mother died. Not being able to participate in the upbringing of his son, Konstantin Ivanovich, who at that time was on a business trip abroad, asked his relatives to find a nurse-nurse who could constantly look after the child. So, in fact, without a father and mother, the only son of Konstantin Ivanovich, a hereditary nobleman, grew up.
And the strength tests continued.
The rifled artillery, much more accurate and rapid-fire, compared to missiles, has replaced the outdated smooth-bore heavy weapons. This gave rise to doubts in the Russian leaders about the prospects and effectiveness of rocket weapons, in principle, doubt in the construction of the rocket plant, Konstantinov’s beloved brainchild. The special equipment developed by him was so perfect that the Spanish government ordered exactly the same for its new rocket plant in Seville in Paris. The main difference of this plant was “teledynamic motion transmission”, mechanization and automation of production cycles. The machines, machines, instruments and technology for the continuous production of rockets developed by Konstantinov turned into the largest automated production in Russia and Europe. In addition, by that time Konstantin Ivanovich was not only the creator, but also the “chronicler” of the missiles, made up the first full course of rocket artillery of international importance. In 1859 –1861 in his alma mater he gave a series of lectures on missiles to artillery officers. In 1861, these lectures were published in Paris in French, and then in Russian. This, then the only in the world, fundamental monograph was highly appreciated in scientific circles, including the Paris Academy of Sciences. The author was awarded the prize of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy (formerly Mikhailovsky School) in Russia.
K.I. Konstantinov, in his lectures, was the first in the world of rocket specialists who came very close to one of the main laws of rocket movement: “At every moment of rocket composition, the amount of movement reported to a rocket is equal to the amount of movement of exhaust gases.” The mathematical form of this law gave another domestic scientist; it is known worldwide as the "Tsiolkovsky formula".
The main missile empire of the empire rushed to defend the future of the missiles, and passed the most serious examination at the Special Imperial Commission, assembled to clarify the need to build a new rocket plant.
Emperor Alexander II decided to establish a special commission composed of the feldtseyhmeister general of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich (chairman), generals S.P. Sumarokova, B.I. Markhlevicha, A.V. Dyadina, E.V. Brimmera, A.A. Barantsova, E.I. Totleben, N.A. Kryzhanovsky, A.G. Villamova, K.I. Konstantinov (members of the commission). The Commission unanimously acknowledged the use of combat missiles as an aid, mainly in the defense of fortresses, and recognized the need to establish a new rocket institution. Thus, perseverance, conviction, hard work, dedication and hot perseverance, supported by high erudition and inventive ingenuity of Konstantinov, defended the future of the missiles, up to the modern ballistic.
Konstantinov built a new Nicholas rocket plant, was appointed as its chief and moved to live in the city of Nikolaev.
At the same time, Konstantinov presented the missile system with a new rocket system - an 2-inch military missile, a launcher for it, and a launch pad for launch.
After the highest approval of the rocket system was adopted by the Russian army. The recognition of rocket weapons as a necessary and effective addition to rifled artillery!
All gunners know that the rocket launcher of Lieutenant-General Konstantinov's salvo attack became the prototype of the legendary "Katyush" during the Great Patriotic War.
It’s not to say that it was the main rocket doctor of the country who developed the original food program of Russia, for which realization he formed the basis of the Society for Home Economy. In fact, Konstantinov created a Russian catering project (from the “culinary technical school” to automated Russian cuisine). This is really something that is not touched - everything turns into gold.
In 1871, General Konstantinov died in Nikolaev and was solemnly buried in the Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God in the village of Nivnoe, Mglin district, Chernihiv province.
But he was waiting for the test and after death. In 1922, the most valuable things were confiscated from the church. On an autumn evening on 1937, the remains of Konstantinov and other family members were taken out of the church from the north entrance and piled into a small pit.
When meeting with the descendant KI Konstantinov engineer MAI Vladimir Fredovich Weber, I learned that he, a native of the city of Reutov, Moscow region, began to engage history Nivnoe village, Surazhsky district, Bryansk region, from 2001. He sought out the ashes dumped by atheists from Konstantinov’s burial and found in it preserved epaulettes and boot of the boot ... The ashes of his great ancestor Weber reburied in the destroyed church. He bought a house in the village of Nivnoe, installed a memorial chapel in the name of Tsar Constantine the Great and a memorial sign in the courtyard of a rural school.
In addition, he transmitted a petition addressed to the bishop of Bryansk and Sevsky Alexander for a blessing for the restoration of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
V.F. Weber told me about Konstantinov's lineage.
His son Vladimir Konstantinovich Konstantinov (1860 - 1929) was recognized as legal and received the surname and patronymic of his father. He was married to Ekaterina Alekseevna Yuraseva (1868-1943). They had 11 kids. Some of them went to Estonia, someone to the United States, Canada, Sweden, and who died during the years of repression or during the war.
Valentina Vladimirovna Konstantinova and Kurt-Arnold Weber gave birth to Fred Kurtovich (Arnoldovich) Weber in 1934. The son of Fred Weber - Vladimir Fredovich Weber, born in 1957. The youngest descendant of Konstantinov - the son of Erwin Weber - Mark Weber was born in 2010. The race continues.
After long obstacles, 17 July 2012 was in the village of Nivnoe, Surazhsky district of the Bryansk region, at the direction of the governor N.V. Denin, was reburied in the memorial 1943 of the year, next to the 300 warriors who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, the remains of an outstanding Russian scientist in the field of rocketry, Lieutenant General K.I. Konstantinov.
And on the first house next to the Moscow school No. 1464, the street hung a blackboard with the inscription: “Konstantinov Street is named after the outstanding Russian scientist and inventor in the field of rocketry, artillery and instrument making Konstantin Ivanovich Konstantinov 1819 – 1871”.
A month after this event, I brought to school a new document from Vladimir Weber - a copy of a letter from the Chief of the Mikhailovsky Military Artillery Academy, Major General S. Bakanev to the Governor of the Bryansk Region N.V. Denin. It said: "... The command of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy appeals to you for assistance in establishing a commemorative tombstone on his grave with an inscription, indicating the surname, name, patronymic" Konstantin Konstantin Ivanovich ", the military rank" Lieutenant-General ", dates of life "1819 – 1871" and, perhaps, the words "The leading Russian artillery scientist rests here." I believe that this will be a patriotic event in the year of the 195 anniversary of his birth. ”
So, the main rocket of the empire returns from oblivion. I would like to add to everything said about Konstantinov that he created the world's first chronoscope, the first remote control and feedback systems, far ahead of his time. He laid the foundations of rocket dynamics, his rocket systems were used in many large and small wars of Russia for almost half a century. He is the author of more than a hundred publications and 20 inventions, winner of two large and one silver Mikhailov Prizes. His work on rocketry, artillery, handguns, pyrotechnics, gunpowder, aeronautics, was awarded the highest awards of Russia and many leading countries of the world.
For outstanding services to the Fatherland in the development of rocket technology, for the scientific achievements of K. I. Konstantinov, in 1965, the crater on the far side of the Moon (20 ° north latitude, 159 ° east longitude, diameter 69 km) is named after him.
In conclusion, I would like to say that in working on this essay, the wonderful book “The Chief Rocket Officer of the Russian Empire”, published by the Publishing House “Arms and Technologies” in 2013, rendered me an invaluable service. Author - P.I. Kachur.
The issue was carried out with the financial support of the Moscow Department of Mass Media and Advertising. The State Duma, the Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, the Organizing Committee for the Perpetuation of the Memory of the Famous Rocket Engineer, and the Moscow Mayor's Office, which called one of the highways Konstantinov Street, and, of course, its direct descendant, made the “hand” edition.
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