Mysteries of the Time of Troubles

19
Many authors, especially of a liberal sense, like to talk about the “wine” of Ivan the Terrible in the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17 century. But why did it not begin immediately after his death or during his time !? Once all its prerequisites have been created, and the country is ruined? After Ivan the Terrible, two more rulers ruled — Fyodor Ivanovich, Boris Godunov, and there was no Troubles with them, although they were much weaker than Ivan Vasilyevich, as managers. It would be logical to assume that under Ivan the Terrible the country was “brought to the handle”, an explosion was to occur in the coming years after his death.

Mysteries of the Time of Troubles

A. Kivshenko. “Tsar Fedor Ioannovich puts a gold chain on Boris Godunov”



Under Fedor Ivanovich (reigned in 1584-1598 years) Russia not only did not weaken, even though the king was a man of a weak mind. So, the Vatican, through Bogdan Belsky ("management" went through the Poles and Boris Godunov), organized a conspiracy against Ivan the Terrible - the doctor Johann Eilof connected with the Jesuits and Possevino was entered into the courtyard. Most likely, since Grozny and finished off, his health was already undermined by a difficult life. But the catholization of Russia under Fedor did not work: B. Godunov eliminated the rival - B. Belsky the boyars hostile to him and the people were besieged in the Kremlin, forced to surrender and exiled. Fyodor was a zealous advocate of Orthodoxy, and through him the Vatican could not embody his plans. In the course of the successful Russian-Swedish war of 1590 - 1593, the Russian army recovered the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Korela that were lost during the Livonian campaign. Successfully restrained the raids of the Crimean Khanate, the southern defensive lines were strengthened, fortress fortresses were built: Valuyki, Voronezh, Belgorod, Kursk, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn and others. Finally, Western Siberia was annexed. In 1589, Moscow received permission from the Patriarch of Constantinople to create a fully independent Moscow Patriarchate. In 1586 - 1593 the years in Moscow built another powerful defensive line - the White City. In Smolensk, began to build powerful defenses, under the leadership of Fyodor Kony. The lands in the south, the former “Wild Field”, were developed in the Volga region. Grew the role of Russia in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia. It is clear that the role of the king himself in this small - did not interfere. The vector of development was laid by Ivan the Terrible, and his predecessors.


Tsar Fedor Ioannovich and Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible.
Vasily Osipov (Kondakov?). 1689 year.
Fragment of the fresco of the Transfiguration Cathedral
Novospassky monastery in Moscow.

During this period, the Vatican conceived a plan to create a Polish-Lithuanian-Swedish superderust to crush Russia and conquer the East to the papal throne. The king of the Commonwealth Stefan Batory was poisoned, the Swedish throne was erected to the Swedish prince Sigismund III. In Little Russia, White Russia and Lithuania, pressure on Orthodoxy sharply increased. In 1596, Brest Cathedral was organized; a number of bishops and dioceses of the Orthodox Kiev Metropolitan Church, headed by Metropolitan of Kiev Mikhail Ragoza, joined the Roman Catholic Church. But to create an association of the Commonwealth and Sweden did not come out, the Swedish Protestants did not want an ardent Catholic King and deprived him of the throne.

Negative processes so far invisible to the eye went through Fedor's board, through Boris Godunov, who was actually the ruler of the state, due to the weakness of the king’s mind. The heir to the throne, Tsarevich Dmitry, was eliminated, due to the childlessness of Fyodor, the actual introduction of the beginning of the serfdom of peasants and some other categories of the population of Russia (decrees 1586, 1592-1593, 1597), so to enslaving serfs (actually the property of the owner) “free slaves” were translated, that is, free people who concluded a number-agreement on admission to the position of a slave, but for a while. After the death of Fyodor, with whom it is also unclean — arsenic was found in his bones in the investigation of the remains of Fyodor — some researchers believe that B. Godunov, who was already a little unofficial ruler of Russia, removed him.

7 January 1598 Fyodor Ivanovich died, and the male line of the Rurik dynasty was interrupted, the only legitimate heir to the royal throne was Maria, daughter of Ivan Androevich’s cousin Ivan the Terrible. Maria Staritskaya returned to Russia during the life of Fyodor, but she was immediately forcibly tonsured as a nun, and her daughter Evdokia was soon poisoned.

That is, the most important prerequisite for the Time of Troubles was laid - eliminated the "legitimate" royal power, sacred, coming from God (or gods, if we consider that the first Rurik were pagans), and Godunov took an active part in this. In Russia, the elimination of, albeit weak, but “legitimate” power leads to chaos, Godunov was not perceived by the “legitimate” king as either the aristocracy or the people.


A.Vasnetsov. Sevenhigh tower of the White City (in place of the modern Cathedral of Christ the Savior)

Boris Godunov (from 17 February 1598 - to 13 April 1605)

The first king, not from Rurik. He continued the repressive policy towards the aristocracy, he was afraid that there are contenders for the throne. Conducted reforms in the European way, even more enslaved the peasantry. In addition, during the uprisings of slaves, peasants, Cossacks, thousands of people were executed. The people noted this: the terror of Ivan the Terrible was aimed at a narrow group of "elitarians", so the people recalled the Terrible Tsar with respect, Godunov also angered the common people. As a result, the government of Godunov and he himself lost the trust of most of the people. Godunov’s character also deteriorated: before it was active and energetic, it was increasingly removed from business, became much more suspicious, first generous to the people, helping to find a court for the “strong”, less and less appearing to the people, petitioners were driven off with sticks.

More and more infected with "magic", just like Nicholas II, surrounded by all sorts of fortune-tellers, fortunetellers, soothsayers, astrologers, holy fools. With the advent of rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry was "alive", he himself sometimes began to fall into doubt.

Long before Peter the Great, Godunov went through the Westernization of Russia: he wanted to open a school with foreign teachers in Moscow, because of the resistance of the clergy failed; he sent the young men to study in England, France, Austria, Germany, however, no one returned, they all remained there; patronized foreign merchants, invited doctors from Lübeck, gadgets, woolen cloths and various craftsmen to the royal service, assigning a generous salary, giving estates; of the foreigners, mostly Livonian Germans, a squad of the royal guards was created; some Russians even began to shave their beards. Foreigners exempted from taxes.

The most important cause of the Troubles were natural disasters.they are in Russia, and in China, always occur at the beginning of colossal socio-political changes. In the summer of 1601, there were heavy rains, and then the early frosts struck, the harvest died, in 1602, the situation repeated itself. As a result, began a terrible famine, it lasted three years. Only in Moscow more than 120 thousand people died. Popular uprisings began, rumors about Tsarevich Dmitry, the “miraculously saved”, began. The first uprisings were able to suppress, but could not calm the country down.

October 16 1604 of the year False Dmitriy, a nobleman Gregory Otrepyev, who fled to 1602 in Poland to Poland, with his squad moved to Moscow. In January, 1605, the royal troops defeated him, he fled to Putivl, Cossacks, nobles, peasants from all over Russia begin to flock to him, people believe that this is the "legitimate king." That is, the force to reset Godunov did not work. 13 April 1605, Boris Godunov was cheerful and healthy, he ate with appetite, then he felt bad, then worse - his ears and nose began to bleed, and eventually died. The king was proclaimed his son Fedor - a clever and educated young man, but a rebellion soon broke out, and his mother was killed. An interesting fact is that the rebellion was headed by the already familiar Bogdan Belskaya.


Boris Godunov

Grigory Otrepyev

He was a figure "created" by the papal throne with the help of Yuri Mnishek, his retinue included a special group of Jesuits disguised as Orthodox priests and fluent in Russian. As soon as the squad of the impostor entered the borders of Russia, an essay about the “miraculous rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry” was immediately published in Italy. This book was immediately translated into German, French, Spanish, Latin. Spread good circulation throughout Europe, its author was the famous Antonio Posevino - it was he who “disfigured” Ivan the Terrible to accept union with Catholicism. That is, information support for the impostor was arranged at the highest level - Rome was then the most powerful control center of Western civilization. From the side of the “bed,” Gregory was also “strengthened” - through Maria Mnishek.


Antonio Possevino, a fragment of the painting “Stefan Batory near Pskov”

As a result, Moscow was under the control of an impostor, behind which stood Rome. Smoot entered the apogee stage: Russia was flooded with all sorts of adventurers, impostors, foreigners, intervention began, insurrections broke out one after another, government structures collapsed.

It seemed that Russia was dead, but the enemies celebrated early. The Russian people took the case of resistance into their own hands, the high viability was shown by the system of Zemstvo self-government, created by Ivan the Terrible, she was able to create parallel power structures. Popular ratifications were formed, military leaders emerged - the most famous Dmitry Pozharsky, business executives and administrators Kuzma Minin. As a result, Moscow was freed, the invaders were knocked out. Russia began a new climb up.

Results: The most important reasons for the Troubles were not the actions of Ivan the Terrible, but the external influence of the Vatican and managerial mistakes, the actions of Boris Godunov. Prerequisites to facilitate the emergence of the Time of Troubles were the suppression of the dynasty of Rurik, natural disasters.

Sources:
Zimin A.A. On the eve of terrible upheavals. M., 1986.
Skrinnikov R. G., Boris Godunov. M., 1978.
Skrynnikov R.G. Impostors in Russia at the beginning of the XVII century. Gregory Otrepiev. Novosibirsk, 1990.
http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_p/chart2-2.php
http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_g/godunov_bf.php
http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/1600dok/1664kotoshih.php
http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_l/lzhedm1.php
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  1. ukevak
    -4
    2 June 2011 10: 50
    Here, damn it, there are only enemies around !!! Everyone is trying to ruin Mother Russia !!! Holy Russia fights as best she can, she will solve the enemies of Orthodoxy !!! Damn, not the history of the country, but a blockbuster! And how many people did you soak by collecting, cultivating, carrying good? Did you count? When Russia weaved intrigues, vilely killed, betrayed, substituted it is possible, this is a sacred cause! And when opponents do something, a cry begins about a worldwide conspiracy against "holy Russia"! Not a saint, and not Russia.
    1. Serge
      0
      2 June 2011 14: 45
      Hooray comrades! This bright moment has come, when at last Western intelligence agencies (well, or our liberalistic counterparts) turned their sweeping attention to this site and they sent the same bright trolls with their inexplicable vyser comments))
  2. 0
    2 June 2011 14: 59
    ukevak

    And who canceled the "law of the jungle"? While Russia is strong, it "knocks out the teeth" of various discoverers, when it is weak, it is torn to pieces by various predators, large and small.
  3. ukevak
    -1
    2 June 2011 15: 43
    Well, and in relation to other countries, the "law of the jungle" does not apply? wasn’t the USSR trying to undermine the United States by sponsoring communists and all sorts of leftist movements? And the rockets in Cuba? I'm not a fan of the US and what they do. But one cannot fail to notice the logs in one's own eye. The world is cruel. Everyone is fighting for a place in the sun in different ways and trying to designate themselves as the white and fluffy saviors of the world looks at least a little inadequate.
    1. 0
      April 20 2012 11: 03
      Quote: ukevak
      And missiles in Cuba?


      and "Pershing" in Europe ???
  4. Filin
    0
    3 June 2011 02: 32
    ukevak

    Missiles began to be imported into Cuba after the deployment of the United States in Europe and Turkey. The flying time of which was measured in minutes .... The USSR, on the other hand, did not have a single launcher of such a plan in such close proximity to the US borders. Submarines do not count.
    And for many other threats, we basically acted as "catch-up".
    The history of our state shows that in the conquered territories we did not arrange the massacre of the natives and did not take their land. If this were so, up to now, Poland and Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, etc., etc., would be part of the Russian Federation.
    Reservations for the Indians did not suit. Stalin’s repressions didn’t count, again because then purges on a smaller scale were carried out on the territory of the metropolis (RF).
    Not to mention the peoples of Central Asia, where civilization came after the appearance of Russians there.
  5. Мишель
    0
    3 June 2011 07: 41
    Serge

    This "bright" moment has come long ago. Almost all analytical articles on the internet were occupied by these shit propagandists.
  6. ukevak
    -1
    3 June 2011 11: 28
    It's like in the joke: "We have scouts, and our enemies have spies." Here they are - Russian double standards. You, of course, did not forbid the Ukrainian language, and in Baturyn civilians were not slaughtered, and Galician women at 39 were not massively raped and their husbands were not shot or exiled, and the Tatars were not exiled either, and Polish children were not quartered to intimidate the rebels on the orders of Suvorov And Caucasians in general, it is a sin to complain: no one conquered them and did not slaughter dozens of auls. This was not all, this is the machinations of the damned amerikosov !!! And then you sincerely wonder why you are not loved so much !!! And really, why is that ?!
  7. Filin
    +2
    3 June 2011 15: 07
    ukevak

    I myself live in the Caucasus and I don’t need to tell who killed whom and how many times. I know very well the local history, unlike you. This is the first.
    Secondly, everything that you wrote in your post speaks of YOU as a person with clogged brains.
    The fate of small nations -BEING UNDER THAT.
    And if not Russia would be in that place at a specific time, then there would be Turks, Iranians, Tatars, Poles .....
    About the atrocities perpetrated by these peoples in the occupied territories, there is no reason to discuss with you at all, or you deign to get into at least the Internet and google a little if you cannot read paper.
    And the fate of many nations would be unenviable if Russia had not taken them under its wing in due time. (for example, Georgia) In the city of Georgievsk there is a stella about the signing of the St. George Treaty on which Georgia asked to be included in the Russian Empire.
    In Finland, for example, the largest city is Helsinki. I’ve been to it more than once. So this city was completely rebuilt by the Russians in the likeness of St. Petersburg with a clear layout and squares, etc. ... in the 1860s. Before that, the Finns did not have cities AT ALL. This is so a little remark about the conquerors. And they did not demolish the monument to Alexander 2 in the city center, just as our brothers took shelter with the monuments to Catherine and so on. And the Swedes do not celebrate a moronic holiday when Charles 12, together with the Ukrainians, fought against PETRA 1. Because it’s not a holiday for them once. And in Switzerland and Italy there are more monuments to Suvorov than in their native homeland, probably because Suvorov cut out LOCAL villages in batches ..... !!!
    In general, you can talk about this topic for a long time, since I have been to many places and myself have seen with my own eyes the places described in various books.
    Learn mat.chast and do not write nonsense that has been pouring lately on your head.
  8. Filin
    +1
    3 June 2011 15: 17
    And love us is not necessary ..... we are not women.
    But somehow they won half the content, because they never listened to the nagging of people like YOU.
    And we were cut and killed in batches. They burned our cities, demolished cities and poisoned millions in concentration camps. BUT we do not whine about it.
    And now we communicate with the Germans better than with the Ukrainians, who recall the events that sometimes do not exist.
    Whine and groan further. This is YOUR fate. As you were nobody, so remain nobody. Your question is - either under US, or under the TURKS, or under NATO. Only the last two will let you in as a consumable, without even thinking.
    Adios
  9. ukevak
    -1
    3 June 2011 15: 43
    Nonsense is what you write. I am sure the history, including the Caucasus, you know from textbooks written in the USSR. About atrocities. These peoples repaired them at home over the liberators, whom no one called. Second, if you compare yourself with these "dark" people, how are you better than them? If you deigned to google at least a little about the policy of Catherine II in relation to "ukram", questions about the monuments would not arise. What do Italy and Switzerland have to do with the events in Poland? And why should the Swedes celebrate the day they lost the battle? Not logical, my friend! The same Finns, as soon as they freed themselves from under the wing of Russia, immediately healed as people. And not only the Finns. Why even give an example of countries that did not fall into the "fraternal embrace" of Russia and know about it only from TV, you ask around those who are closer, who were lucky. Europeans are also okay with the Horde yoke, because it was not there. You ask the same "underdeveloped" Czechs how they were freed. All those who are dissatisfied are either fascists or underdeveloped. Here is your logic. Learn materiel!
  10. Filin
    +1
    3 June 2011 16: 45
    ukevak

    I know the history of the Caucasus locally and read quite a lot. So I do not need to talk about the atrocities that were allegedly happening here. And I lived through 90s and participated in some conflicts. So again, no need to talk about our atrocities here.

    Once again I write to you that the Finns lived in small towns and did not have anything at all until the middle of the 19th century. you perceive information through your filter. And they don’t want Russians, and they don’t take down the monuments.
    Ukry in general as a state was not. And google yourself what the Cossacks did when they fought for the Turks and the Poles. And with their own.
    You say that the Swedes do not celebrate the day of the lost battle ?? SO WHY THEN THIS DAY IS CELEBRATED IN UKRAINE ??
    I was in Prague .... and something I didn’t see much zeal in throwing shit on our country. Ambiguously, all relate to the same events.
    Half of the countries of the former Warsaw Pact were generally forgiven for their deeds as part of the Hitler coalition in the territory of the USSR during the Second World War. Although the whipping they deserved decent.
    I saw the brothers of our ukrov killed in our republics of the North Caucasus, also seen with the same views as you. They came to fight Russian evil.
    And I wrote about the Germans ...... that this is a nation that inflicted innumerable suffering on our country in the 20th century. But we have already forgiven them and we communicate with them better than with the former fraternal republics.
    Yes, if only to calculate what was built and how much resources were spent on these projects in the former republics of the USSR, then we will have another 200 years.
    I have relatives in the former GDR. So the Germans, mind the defeated Germans ..... and "underdeveloped", as you put it about the Czechs, many remember the times of the USSR with warmth. These are my personal contacts and not from the textbooks of the USSR.
    All the best. I consider further discussion pointless.
  11. ukevak
    -1
    3 June 2011 17: 32
    Yes, the memory of a Russian is short! Forgot who taught you to read !? We do not whine. We will be fine. And we do not hold evil against anyone. We have normal relations with the Germans, and with the Poles, and with the Tatars. With Russians, too, normal relations, with normal Russians. And en with those who with foam from the mouth screams about their exclusivity. Who is against living in peace with everyone? All for. Only you yourself don't want to, or don't know how. You need to be able to listen to others, to understand that people may have different views on certain events. Be simpler and people will be drawn to you. Don't bother with your "great idea" and no one will bother you. All the best
    1. Joker
      0
      3 June 2011 17: 53
      3 classes of education in life is enough? !! wink

      pinned "Forgot who taught you to read !?" lol
  12. mitrich
    0
    3 June 2011 18: 05
    There is such a wonderful man who has taken the pseudonym of the Yakut lake "UKEVAK" (if a woman, then excuse me), who is trying to impose polemics (arguably, if it's simpler) on the site users who studied, served, fought, saw, read and much more.
    Everything seems to be like an opinion, does not swear, does not call Russia "rashka", and us "cattle" and "subhumans" (this also had to be read on your favorite site).
    Only now I have two questions to the lake:
    What textbooks did you use to study history? And in what year did you, sorry, graduated from school (only without lies)? I recently read with "undisguised pleasure" a book by the Ukrainian "historian" Mosiyash (thank God, in Russian) about Father Makhno. I learned a lot of new things about which I had no idea before. You, my lake friend, were enlightened by such works?
    And further. Who is NORMAL Russian for you? Until I realized that this is a person who is ready to kiss Mazepa in the "zepa", who speaks of Bandera as a "golden man" and writes with a breath about the modern Ukrainian "army". So who?
    For what purpose, UKEVAK, do you write your comments? If in order to annoy, then you did not succeed, arguing with you is also meaningless. Maybe you can find more like-minded "friends" in the Internet?
  13. 0
    3 June 2011 19: 19
    ukevak, And further. Who is NORMAL Russian for you? Until I realized that this is a person who is ready to kiss Mazepa in the "zepa", who speaks of Bandera as a "golden man" and writes with a breath about the modern Ukrainian "army". So who?
    For what purpose, UKEVAK, do you write your comments? If in order to annoy, then you did not succeed, arguing with you is also meaningless. Maybe you can find more like-minded "friends" in the Internet?
  14. Escander
    0
    3 June 2011 23: 14
    A good half of Canadian residents earn in the United States, have villas in the United States, and at the same time manage to dislike the United States. To the question “why?” they say that the United States treats them as second-rate, and Canada - as its provincial state.
    What is there to be surprised at the statements of such "ukevaks". There are no cats - mice are dancing.
  15. 0
    April 20 2012 11: 18
    "... False Dmitry, nobleman Grigory Otrepiev who fled to Poland in 162 ..."


    “.... They urgently proclaimed that the impostor was“ there is a fugitive black man Grishka Otrepiev, ”and the patriarch gave him anathema. Here our ancestors demonstrated good logical thinking: according to a contemporary, Muscovites among themselves said something like the following: then Otrepyev - and the devil is with him, and the prince is real, what is his touch to Otrepiev ?! "
    The fact is that too many people knew Otrepiev in Moscow - and they knew that he was about forty, but the tsarevich was no more than twenty-four ... "

    "... June 20, 1605. False Dmitry solemnly entered Moscow, the entire population of which poured into the streets, sat on the roofs - even the church roofs ..."
    "... THREE HUNDRED THIRTY ONE DAY
    Exactly so many full days False Dmitry the First remained the ruler - from the day he triumphantly entered Moscow, until the night when the conspirators burst into the Kremlin ... "

    Martha Nagaya officially recognized Demetrius as her son, the Zemsky Sobor approved legitimacy as a sovereign ... What the hell is an impostor ??

    "... The reign began with favors. Almost everyone who was repressed under Godunov was returned from exile, the confiscated property was reclaimed, promoted to new ranks ... The reforms were extensive and sensible. Even the ardent and implacable enemy of False Dmitry, the Dutch merchant Isaac Massa in his memoirs he had to admit that the new laws are "flawless and good."
    First of all, the new king declared freedom of trade, crafts and crafts, abolishing all past restrictions. And after that he destroyed “all kinds of constraints” for those who wanted to leave Russia, enter it or move freely around the country. The evidence of disinterested individuals, the British, who wrote that "this was the first sovereign in Europe who made his state so free" was preserved.
    Bastard, bastard, fascist? Adventurer, Polish hirelings ??

    Bushkov, "Russia, which did not exist." Not the ultimate truth. but very informative reading.
  16. 0
    28 May 2021 21: 30
    Quote: Author
    .... a conspiracy against Ivan the Terrible - the doctor Johann Eilof, associated with the Jesuits and Possevino, was brought into the courtyard. Most likely, this is how Grozny was finished off ... King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Stefan Batory was tortured with poison.


    and so this is where the legs grow from the "conspiracy of doctors", Comrade Stalin did not finish, did not have time to crush the Trotskyite reptile.

    In general, the review is not bad, I liked it, if you evaluate it on a 10-point scale, and take Shpakovsky for one unit, then 7 Shpakovsky, if you add pictures, then 8 Shpakovsky. score

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