K-48 SSGN of the 675 project. Combat Service 1966 Year 11 (?) December - 1967 Year 28 January
From the memoirs of the former Commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Amelko NN:
I would like to share with you my impressions about the campaign of this submarine.
Since May 1964, Soviet nuclear submarines instead of autonomous campaigns began to carry out military service in remote areas of the oceans. The Americans called it combat patrols.
After graduating from Paldiski, our crew arrived at 26 Dipl b. Pavlovsky to prepare for the reception of K-23 plark from industry. The newly built submarine K-23 of the 675 project was on the stocks of the shipbuilding plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
When I learned that one of the ships was going to the BS, I turned to the F-1 division with a request to take part in this campaign, because I always believed that the navigator should be at sea all his free time. This is the only maritime profession in the Navy. Not a floating navigator that is not an operating surgeon. Having received permission, I transferred the cases to the younger navigator and, together with my commander and mechanic, departed to the leaving square.
In December, the X-NUMX of the K-1966 project of the 48 675 project under the command of the captain of the 26 rank A. P. Katyshev (later the rear admiral Hero of the Soviet Union) received a military order and left the Bay of Pavlovsk Bay Shooters to perform military service in the Philippine sea.
The commander of the BC-1 was Captain 3 of rank Astashin Yevgeny Vasilyevich, the commander of the ENG was Senior Lieutenant V. Shakhvorostov I. By mutual agreement, I took over the navigator watch from 20.00 to 8.00, i.e., all night so that the navigator could carry go about your daily business. The trekking route passed through the Sea of Japan, the East China and the Philippine Seas, through the Korea Strait and the Takara Strait. Each of them had its own navigation features.
By evening, we came to the Korean Strait and surfaced. They decided to force it through the Eastern Passage. Ahead of the course, we saw that all the sea was in lights from Japanese and Korean fishing vessels, and fishing nets were blocking our way. We had to move with great caution for two reasons: firstly, it was possible to reel the fishing nets on the screws and lose our way, and secondly, we did not turn on the running lights, walked like a ghost.
In connection with the discovery of several dozen shipborne radar workers, they chose to operate the radar - “single-sight” with a frequency of 15 minutes. After the passage and diving to the approach to the Takara Strait, which connects the East China and the Philippine Seas, everything was fine. The passage of the Takara Strait is hampered by the high speed of the oncoming tidal current (from the Philippine Sea) to 8-10 nodes. This was a very serious problem when crossing the strait, not only for diesel boats, but also for nuclear powered ships. But everything went well.
Drew attention to the lighthouse Takara, which is located on about. Yak The lighthouse stands on a cliff a few hundred meters high and has an optical range of about 80 miles. In my opinion there are no beacons with such a long range in the whole world.
In the morning, after determining the location and reception of RDO, we suddenly found work in the active GAS mode (sonar), and then immediately work at about a dozen such stations. Having assessed the situation, the commander decided to continue moving to the area of the Combat Service, having gone for stealth "under the jump layer" to the depth of 180-200 meters. The work of many sonars, we observed a few hours.
Having subsided into the periscope depth, we found the APUG consisting of: Essex WUA and with it up to thirty escort ships. This entire grouping followed from the area where they were fighting against the DRV, to the base in Okinawa for the celebration of Christmas. Therefore, we for them, as shown by the analysis of the results of intelligence, were unplanned and uninteresting. Being in the center of APUG gave the opportunity to visually feel what it means to get into such a situation in wartime.
The Essex USS Intrepid (CV-11), September 1966
Before the area of military service was still a week of progress. In 5 days, when we approached the area during a communication session, we received an RDO - turn around to a new area located 1500 miles from our location and be ready to hover from the USP Pacific to intercept the newest US ships: the atomic strike aircraft carrier "Enterprise" and the frigate URO "Benbridge". Having considered the situation, they decided to go at full speed and take a new area within three days.
The big races began when all the mechanisms worked at maximum load for 80 hours. All were strained to the limit. The operation was under the personal control of the Navy CC and the Minister of Defense. We honorably fulfilled it. Although the last days were very intense: 50 minutes of full speed, ascent to the periscope depth, receiving the next RDO with the coordinates of the targets, and again diving and "race".
It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of scuba diving in the Philippine Sea and the passage between the Mariana Islands and the Kazan Islands when entering the Pacific Ocean.
First, it is a region that has been poorly studied in hydrographic terms with frequent volcanic phenomena with the appearance and disappearance of entire islands. When lifting the ground, it was possible to touch it when moving even at a depth of 180 meters, while the depth on the map was several thousand meters. The case of touching the ground was from the K-57 platform in the same area a year earlier. Secondly, the presence of strong unexplored, and therefore unknown, submarine layer currents, when, depending on the depth of the dive, the speed and direction of the flow can be reversed, made it difficult to count.
The time for observation during the ascent under the periscope for a communication session was allocated 5-7 minutes, which, in conditions of heavy clouds, is extremely insufficient. We didn’t have any devices for determining the magnitude and direction of currents, and experience has shown that it is impossible to trust the materials of the station. We defined a place when surfacing a session every 12 hours. The difficulty of counting the current led to the appearance of discrepancies in the boat's space up to 20-30 miles. With such errors, the guidance when counter-moving two high-speed objects without the presence of on-board detection equipment with a long range is almost impossible.
I still wonder how we met with the American ships. It was about 17 hours local time. The evening twilight was just beginning. At the next communication session in the periscope, we found a "foe". He went straight course 270 gr. clearly to the West with the speed of 27 nodes, all in lights. The distance to it was 75-80 kb. He was clearly visible in the periscope. The senior assistant to the commander, Captain 2 of the rank of Alexandrov, determined from the silhouettes of the discovered ships that with the AUAA Enterprise there should be more than just a frigate, but the Bendbridge URO, which he reported to OKP TOF. We spent two torpedo attacks "conditionally", and then another 2 rocket. On paper, then everything looked beautiful. In life, the probability of going on the attack and destroying them was close to 2%.
Having finished combat maneuvering, we received an order to follow to a previously designated area, occupy it and start combat service. We returned to the main BS area 6 days. Maneuvering in the area is simple: 7 days lie on the same tack in the direction of Fr. Guam Apra Bay, where the US Navy 15 was exported (7 Madison planes), 7 days on the opposite tack. The mood of the entire crew after such a meeting with the Americans was elevated. In addition, the New Year was approaching, which everyone was looking forward to. True, he didn’t bring us anything good on his first day.
I took over the watch on the night under the new 1967 year. In 00.00, the boat commander congratulated the crew on the New Year and went to rest. It was here that events began to unfold one by one.
First, the amplifier burned in one of the instruments of the “Power H-675” navigation system, about which the navigators had a joke “God created four evils: Power, Lira and GA, and then he was stunned and invented GVL”. Having understood the reasons for the partial smoke of the compartment, they ventilated it and calmed down a bit. And here we again felt the smell of burning and again there was a partial smoke from the 4 compartment (on the 675 project, the CPU is located in the 4 compartment), since the periscope sextant GVL failed. Therefore, we lost the opportunity to determine our place in an astronomical way without ascent into a positional position. It took three days to fix the problem. During this time, our residual in place was about 38 miles.
At 3 at one o'clock in the morning, the commander went to inspect the l / s watch on the compartments. The watch mechanic sat behind the horizontal rudders for training, although this is not his business. Suddenly the boat stopped obeying horizontal rudders and began to differentiate on the nose. The watch mechanic and the watch officer at first thought that the commander decided to check them and gave the appropriate command to the watch station of the 10 (feed) compartment. In fact, there was a spell fodder horizontal steering rudder "to dive." It was only when the trim reached 12 gr on the nose, and we plunged from 100 to 160 meters, everyone realized that measures had to be taken. A command was given to the 10 bay, and the commander personally managed to put the RAG into action.
At about 5 in the morning there was another emergency. The foreman of the team of navigational electricians decided to celebrate the New Year and drank 0.5 a liter of alcohol, which he “saved” during the campaign. As a result, he had a cardiac arrest. The ship's doctor was no less drunk, but saved his life. This is professionalism.
At this trouble did not stop. The commander of the warhead-5 ordered that bathing in the shower of the 8 compartment for the warmer-driver suite (non-mechanical warhead), only up to the 22.00 clock. It was his “initiative” that could lead to big trouble. At 23, an officer of the BC-3 went into the shower. As soon as he soaped, the watch-keeping electrician pulled the fuse on the switchgear, following the directions of the CU-5 commander. Because Since the water heater was energized, this led to a short circuit and fire of the shield, which was immediately reported to the CPU from the watch bilge 8-th compartment. After the report he using IDP (air-foam fire extinguishing)put out the fire. This took 10 – 12 seconds. The shield was covered with foam, and the fire was eliminated. A few hours later, electricians cleaned this shield, and what they thought about the mechanics can only be guessed.
But everything comes to an end. The moment came when we finished military service in the area and lay down on the course to the base. But it was not there. Through 6 hours We got a new RDO. "Take a new area (500x900 miles in size), located 1200 miles northeast, and start searching for American SSBNs, ready to detect long-term covert tracking with detection." On the occupation of the area we were allocated 60 hours. So again, a great race.
It should be noted that acoustic specialists of the 675 project called “Roaring Cow” because of the high noise level of the working mechanisms (especially because of the “whistle” of the GTZA reducer). American plagues had noise equal to the background, so it was almost impossible to detect them with our gas. Everyone knew about it, except those who commanded us. But the order is an order and it must be executed. We plotted a new area, calculated the route and, having cut in the most complete, rushed forward.
At this time, the occupant appeared in the central post and reported to the commander that we would have enough food only for the time of returning to the base, i.e. just enough. If we extend the combat service on 15-20 of the day, and it was real, in the RSO, this was explicitly said, then we will have nothing.
Such a case was already on the K-57 fleet, when the commander of 26, dipl Rear Admiral Korban V. Ya., Went on a hike with them. Moreover, he went aboard 15 minutes before the recoil of the mooring lines. The quartermaster was caught stealing and decided to save on the march and cover the shortage. The products were on 45 days. The term for BS to be extended by 15 days. L / s fed very poorly. In the morning, one dryer and a glass of tea, at lunch a can of stew on 3-them, in the evening one dryer and tea. Everyone thought that the return of the quartermaster would be planted, but they felt sorry for him.
After two and a half days, we took a new area and positioned the course of the boat so that the first 5 days we were as close as possible to the base. On the second day, in the evening, we received a new RDO “Commander to arrive at the rendezvous point (near our base) to 18.00 28 in January 1967. Crew to be ready for the meeting of the Head of the Soviet Government.”
We turned on the “Wave” receiver and heard in the latest news that Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers A.N. Kosygin arrived in Primorsky Krai. Everything became clear to us. Alexey Nikolaevich wants to see a nuclear submarine returning from a military campaign. All began to hint to the commander that, they say, it’s time to drill a hole for the Hero.
And again, in full swing through the three seas home. Over the hike the PL took place in full swing over 250 hours. There has never been such a use of GSU for first-generation APL on a BS. Came on time, with a margin of 35 minutes. The last three days on the boat was a big tidy with a tint. All "licked" and put things in order. On January 28, the ship flew off at the pier, and we, three seconded, went to our barracks.
Indeed, on the morning of January 29, the Head of the Soviet Government boarded the boat. He examined, thanked the crew, but neither the Head of the Soviet Government, nor the Navy Civil Code, nor Kom Fleet. None at all. It’s good that at least they didn’t punish what they would find. It is not without reason that the proverb goes to the Navy, the highest measure of incentive is the removal of a previously imposed penalty.
Yes. Only on the shore I saw the deputy commander for political affairs, who was the first to leave the ship and go to the PO with a report. It turns out he was with us on board, too, but during the whole campaign I had never seen him not only in the CPU, but also in the mess. It was evidently "difficult" for him. How can you not remember the quatrain dedicated to the political director, published in the journal Communist of the Armed Forces No. 9-1964:
Years have passed. The great confrontation is over, and only the medal to the “Veteran of the Cold War at Sea” reminds of the affairs of bygone days.
“In one of the visits to Primorye, Alexey Nikolayevich Kosygin decided to familiarize himself with the city of Nakhodka, where I delivered him on a large anti-submarine ship. In the city of Nakhodka, having heard the report of the Chairman of the City Executive Committee, he visited a commercial port, a ship repair factory and a canned food factory. On the way, I suggested to Alexey Nikolayevich to call at the base of nuclear submarines — this is on the way. He examined the base, its construction had just been completed, and was pleased with the fact that everything was in a complex: berths, barracks, missile storages, a sanitary inspection room, a laboratory. I offered to visit one of the submarines, on the eve of the returned from a military campaign. He agreed. In the sanitary inspection room I donned a blue work gown, I passed a dose check, and we entered the boat, which he climbed completely. The staff was interested in service, life, food. In each compartment was interested in the purpose of the mechanisms, the reliability of work. He was very pleased with the boat. ”
I would like to share with you my impressions about the campaign of this submarine.
Since May 1964, Soviet nuclear submarines instead of autonomous campaigns began to carry out military service in remote areas of the oceans. The Americans called it combat patrols.
After graduating from Paldiski, our crew arrived at 26 Dipl b. Pavlovsky to prepare for the reception of K-23 plark from industry. The newly built submarine K-23 of the 675 project was on the stocks of the shipbuilding plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
When I learned that one of the ships was going to the BS, I turned to the F-1 division with a request to take part in this campaign, because I always believed that the navigator should be at sea all his free time. This is the only maritime profession in the Navy. Not a floating navigator that is not an operating surgeon. Having received permission, I transferred the cases to the younger navigator and, together with my commander and mechanic, departed to the leaving square.
In December, the X-NUMX of the K-1966 project of the 48 675 project under the command of the captain of the 26 rank A. P. Katyshev (later the rear admiral Hero of the Soviet Union) received a military order and left the Bay of Pavlovsk Bay Shooters to perform military service in the Philippine sea.
The commander of the BC-1 was Captain 3 of rank Astashin Yevgeny Vasilyevich, the commander of the ENG was Senior Lieutenant V. Shakhvorostov I. By mutual agreement, I took over the navigator watch from 20.00 to 8.00, i.e., all night so that the navigator could carry go about your daily business. The trekking route passed through the Sea of Japan, the East China and the Philippine Seas, through the Korea Strait and the Takara Strait. Each of them had its own navigation features.
By evening, we came to the Korean Strait and surfaced. They decided to force it through the Eastern Passage. Ahead of the course, we saw that all the sea was in lights from Japanese and Korean fishing vessels, and fishing nets were blocking our way. We had to move with great caution for two reasons: firstly, it was possible to reel the fishing nets on the screws and lose our way, and secondly, we did not turn on the running lights, walked like a ghost.
In connection with the discovery of several dozen shipborne radar workers, they chose to operate the radar - “single-sight” with a frequency of 15 minutes. After the passage and diving to the approach to the Takara Strait, which connects the East China and the Philippine Seas, everything was fine. The passage of the Takara Strait is hampered by the high speed of the oncoming tidal current (from the Philippine Sea) to 8-10 nodes. This was a very serious problem when crossing the strait, not only for diesel boats, but also for nuclear powered ships. But everything went well.
Drew attention to the lighthouse Takara, which is located on about. Yak The lighthouse stands on a cliff a few hundred meters high and has an optical range of about 80 miles. In my opinion there are no beacons with such a long range in the whole world.
In the morning, after determining the location and reception of RDO, we suddenly found work in the active GAS mode (sonar), and then immediately work at about a dozen such stations. Having assessed the situation, the commander decided to continue moving to the area of the Combat Service, having gone for stealth "under the jump layer" to the depth of 180-200 meters. The work of many sonars, we observed a few hours.
Having subsided into the periscope depth, we found the APUG consisting of: Essex WUA and with it up to thirty escort ships. This entire grouping followed from the area where they were fighting against the DRV, to the base in Okinawa for the celebration of Christmas. Therefore, we for them, as shown by the analysis of the results of intelligence, were unplanned and uninteresting. Being in the center of APUG gave the opportunity to visually feel what it means to get into such a situation in wartime.
The Essex USS Intrepid (CV-11), September 1966
Before the area of military service was still a week of progress. In 5 days, when we approached the area during a communication session, we received an RDO - turn around to a new area located 1500 miles from our location and be ready to hover from the USP Pacific to intercept the newest US ships: the atomic strike aircraft carrier "Enterprise" and the frigate URO "Benbridge". Having considered the situation, they decided to go at full speed and take a new area within three days.
The big races began when all the mechanisms worked at maximum load for 80 hours. All were strained to the limit. The operation was under the personal control of the Navy CC and the Minister of Defense. We honorably fulfilled it. Although the last days were very intense: 50 minutes of full speed, ascent to the periscope depth, receiving the next RDO with the coordinates of the targets, and again diving and "race".
It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of scuba diving in the Philippine Sea and the passage between the Mariana Islands and the Kazan Islands when entering the Pacific Ocean.
First, it is a region that has been poorly studied in hydrographic terms with frequent volcanic phenomena with the appearance and disappearance of entire islands. When lifting the ground, it was possible to touch it when moving even at a depth of 180 meters, while the depth on the map was several thousand meters. The case of touching the ground was from the K-57 platform in the same area a year earlier. Secondly, the presence of strong unexplored, and therefore unknown, submarine layer currents, when, depending on the depth of the dive, the speed and direction of the flow can be reversed, made it difficult to count.
The time for observation during the ascent under the periscope for a communication session was allocated 5-7 minutes, which, in conditions of heavy clouds, is extremely insufficient. We didn’t have any devices for determining the magnitude and direction of currents, and experience has shown that it is impossible to trust the materials of the station. We defined a place when surfacing a session every 12 hours. The difficulty of counting the current led to the appearance of discrepancies in the boat's space up to 20-30 miles. With such errors, the guidance when counter-moving two high-speed objects without the presence of on-board detection equipment with a long range is almost impossible.
I still wonder how we met with the American ships. It was about 17 hours local time. The evening twilight was just beginning. At the next communication session in the periscope, we found a "foe". He went straight course 270 gr. clearly to the West with the speed of 27 nodes, all in lights. The distance to it was 75-80 kb. He was clearly visible in the periscope. The senior assistant to the commander, Captain 2 of the rank of Alexandrov, determined from the silhouettes of the discovered ships that with the AUAA Enterprise there should be more than just a frigate, but the Bendbridge URO, which he reported to OKP TOF. We spent two torpedo attacks "conditionally", and then another 2 rocket. On paper, then everything looked beautiful. In life, the probability of going on the attack and destroying them was close to 2%.
Having finished combat maneuvering, we received an order to follow to a previously designated area, occupy it and start combat service. We returned to the main BS area 6 days. Maneuvering in the area is simple: 7 days lie on the same tack in the direction of Fr. Guam Apra Bay, where the US Navy 15 was exported (7 Madison planes), 7 days on the opposite tack. The mood of the entire crew after such a meeting with the Americans was elevated. In addition, the New Year was approaching, which everyone was looking forward to. True, he didn’t bring us anything good on his first day.
I took over the watch on the night under the new 1967 year. In 00.00, the boat commander congratulated the crew on the New Year and went to rest. It was here that events began to unfold one by one.
First, the amplifier burned in one of the instruments of the “Power H-675” navigation system, about which the navigators had a joke “God created four evils: Power, Lira and GA, and then he was stunned and invented GVL”. Having understood the reasons for the partial smoke of the compartment, they ventilated it and calmed down a bit. And here we again felt the smell of burning and again there was a partial smoke from the 4 compartment (on the 675 project, the CPU is located in the 4 compartment), since the periscope sextant GVL failed. Therefore, we lost the opportunity to determine our place in an astronomical way without ascent into a positional position. It took three days to fix the problem. During this time, our residual in place was about 38 miles.
At 3 at one o'clock in the morning, the commander went to inspect the l / s watch on the compartments. The watch mechanic sat behind the horizontal rudders for training, although this is not his business. Suddenly the boat stopped obeying horizontal rudders and began to differentiate on the nose. The watch mechanic and the watch officer at first thought that the commander decided to check them and gave the appropriate command to the watch station of the 10 (feed) compartment. In fact, there was a spell fodder horizontal steering rudder "to dive." It was only when the trim reached 12 gr on the nose, and we plunged from 100 to 160 meters, everyone realized that measures had to be taken. A command was given to the 10 bay, and the commander personally managed to put the RAG into action.
At about 5 in the morning there was another emergency. The foreman of the team of navigational electricians decided to celebrate the New Year and drank 0.5 a liter of alcohol, which he “saved” during the campaign. As a result, he had a cardiac arrest. The ship's doctor was no less drunk, but saved his life. This is professionalism.
At this trouble did not stop. The commander of the warhead-5 ordered that bathing in the shower of the 8 compartment for the warmer-driver suite (non-mechanical warhead), only up to the 22.00 clock. It was his “initiative” that could lead to big trouble. At 23, an officer of the BC-3 went into the shower. As soon as he soaped, the watch-keeping electrician pulled the fuse on the switchgear, following the directions of the CU-5 commander. Because Since the water heater was energized, this led to a short circuit and fire of the shield, which was immediately reported to the CPU from the watch bilge 8-th compartment. After the report he using IDP (air-foam fire extinguishing)put out the fire. This took 10 – 12 seconds. The shield was covered with foam, and the fire was eliminated. A few hours later, electricians cleaned this shield, and what they thought about the mechanics can only be guessed.
But everything comes to an end. The moment came when we finished military service in the area and lay down on the course to the base. But it was not there. Through 6 hours We got a new RDO. "Take a new area (500x900 miles in size), located 1200 miles northeast, and start searching for American SSBNs, ready to detect long-term covert tracking with detection." On the occupation of the area we were allocated 60 hours. So again, a great race.
It should be noted that acoustic specialists of the 675 project called “Roaring Cow” because of the high noise level of the working mechanisms (especially because of the “whistle” of the GTZA reducer). American plagues had noise equal to the background, so it was almost impossible to detect them with our gas. Everyone knew about it, except those who commanded us. But the order is an order and it must be executed. We plotted a new area, calculated the route and, having cut in the most complete, rushed forward.
At this time, the occupant appeared in the central post and reported to the commander that we would have enough food only for the time of returning to the base, i.e. just enough. If we extend the combat service on 15-20 of the day, and it was real, in the RSO, this was explicitly said, then we will have nothing.
Such a case was already on the K-57 fleet, when the commander of 26, dipl Rear Admiral Korban V. Ya., Went on a hike with them. Moreover, he went aboard 15 minutes before the recoil of the mooring lines. The quartermaster was caught stealing and decided to save on the march and cover the shortage. The products were on 45 days. The term for BS to be extended by 15 days. L / s fed very poorly. In the morning, one dryer and a glass of tea, at lunch a can of stew on 3-them, in the evening one dryer and tea. Everyone thought that the return of the quartermaster would be planted, but they felt sorry for him.
After two and a half days, we took a new area and positioned the course of the boat so that the first 5 days we were as close as possible to the base. On the second day, in the evening, we received a new RDO “Commander to arrive at the rendezvous point (near our base) to 18.00 28 in January 1967. Crew to be ready for the meeting of the Head of the Soviet Government.”
We turned on the “Wave” receiver and heard in the latest news that Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers A.N. Kosygin arrived in Primorsky Krai. Everything became clear to us. Alexey Nikolaevich wants to see a nuclear submarine returning from a military campaign. All began to hint to the commander that, they say, it’s time to drill a hole for the Hero.
And again, in full swing through the three seas home. Over the hike the PL took place in full swing over 250 hours. There has never been such a use of GSU for first-generation APL on a BS. Came on time, with a margin of 35 minutes. The last three days on the boat was a big tidy with a tint. All "licked" and put things in order. On January 28, the ship flew off at the pier, and we, three seconded, went to our barracks.
Indeed, on the morning of January 29, the Head of the Soviet Government boarded the boat. He examined, thanked the crew, but neither the Head of the Soviet Government, nor the Navy Civil Code, nor Kom Fleet. None at all. It’s good that at least they didn’t punish what they would find. It is not without reason that the proverb goes to the Navy, the highest measure of incentive is the removal of a previously imposed penalty.
Yes. Only on the shore I saw the deputy commander for political affairs, who was the first to leave the ship and go to the PO with a report. It turns out he was with us on board, too, but during the whole campaign I had never seen him not only in the CPU, but also in the mess. It was evidently "difficult" for him. How can you not remember the quatrain dedicated to the political director, published in the journal Communist of the Armed Forces No. 9-1964:
I went to rest, he stayed on duty.
The sea continued to storm for a long time.
Many times I went off the watch,
There was no one to replace Zampolit!
The sea continued to storm for a long time.
Many times I went off the watch,
There was no one to replace Zampolit!
Years have passed. The great confrontation is over, and only the medal to the “Veteran of the Cold War at Sea” reminds of the affairs of bygone days.
- Captain second rank Alexander Ostrovsky
- http://z166975.infobox.ru/knigasmo/knglava4.3.html
- Nuclear submarines with cruise missiles. Project 675 (Echo-II class)
Conditions of service on post-war diesel submarines and submarines of the first generations of the Soviet Navy
Information