Automatic control systems for self-loading firearms (Part of 2)

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In the previous article on automatic firearms automation systems weapons we tried to get acquainted with the simplest systems, which everyone can figure out without spending almost any effort. In this article, I propose to try to deal with a little more complex material, namely with automation systems that have a movable barrel and rigid locking of the barrel bore. I will try to make everything more organized, to a lesser extent and less tedious, in comparison with the previous article. So to say, less words make more sense. Well, let's start with the automation system with a short barrel stroke, as with the most voluminous issue.

Automation system with a short barrel.


Many now share automation systems with a short barrel stroke into several completely independent ones, which I personally disagree with, since the principle of slowing down the automation is always the same, based on the short course of the barrel. The differences lie only in the method of coupling the barrel to the shutter-casing, which gives some differences in the final results when shooting, and also seriously affects the cost of production, and, of course, reliability, of course. In general, there are many variations, the essence is the same, we will try to go over what has gained the greatest distribution.


Automation system with a short stroke with a swinging larva.

To begin with, what was once suggested Browning and with what you can get acquainted in the pistol of the TT, that is, with the automation system with a short stroke of the trunk with a swinging larva. First of all, you need to understand how the casing-bolt, the upper movable part of the pistol, which is pulled and released in order for the cartridge to fall into the chamber, enters the grip with the movable barrel of the weapon. That is, how the barrel bore is locked. And for the TT, and for the Colt M1911, and for at least a thousand more pistols, this moment is the same. Coupling the barrel with the bolt cover is carried out by means of tides in the upper part of the barrel, roughly speaking protruding elements on the outer surface of the barrel of the weapon in the form of U-shaped teeth and the same grooves on the inner surface of the shutter housing. Thus, if you combine the protrusions and grooves, then the barrel and bolt will be connected with each other and will move together. Remember this moment.

In order to remove the cartridge case from the chamber and insert a new cartridge, the barrel and the bolt cover must be disengaged, and this is already the second time that the automation systems with a short barrel stroke can differ. In our case, in order for the shutter-casing and the barrel to be unhooked, we need to either raise the casing-shutter itself, or lower the barrel of the weapon. Both are difficult to do, leaving both the barrel and the shutter parallel to each other, but there is a simple solution for this. If the protrusions on the trunk are placed closer to the chamber, and the breech breech, closer to the shooter, then you can simply lower the breech, as a result, the barrel of the weapon will twist and the protrusions on the barrel will come out of the clutch with the grooves in the cover-gate. It is precisely this raising and lowering of the trunk that the swinging larva is carrying out.

By itself, the swinging larva can be of the most varied form and execution, there’s already enough of the designer’s imagination, but in any case, its main task remains the same - to lower the breech block while the shutter-housing moves back. In the video attached to the text, you can clearly see how it all works on the example of the Colt M1911, attention should be paid to the part that is located under the barrel, behind the return spring, it is difficult to make a mistake there. It all works as follows:



1. Powder gases push the bullet forward and tend to push the cartridge case back.
2. Since the sleeve is locked in the chamber by a bolt connected to the barrel, both the bolt and the barrel come into motion together.
3. During the movement of the barrel of the weapon, the larva turns, forcing the breech of the barrel to lower, which means that the barrel begins to disengage from the bolt.
4. The barrel of the weapon stops, and the casing-bolt continues to move back, removing and ejecting the spent cartridge case and cocking the hammer (with a single and double action trigger mechanism).
5. Having reached the extreme rear point, the shutter casing stops and begins to move forward under the action of the return spring.
6. Moving forward, the casing-bolt pushes a new cartridge out of the magazine and inserts it into the chamber.
7. Leaning against the breech (rear) part of the barrel, the casing-bolt pushes it forward, due to the rotating larva, the breech of the barrel rises again and the protrusions on the outer surface of the barrel engage with cutouts on the inner surface of the casing-bolt. That is, everything returned to its original position.

Separately, it is worth noting that the automation system with a short stroke and a larva can be used with other variants of coupling the trunk and the housing-bolt. For example, the method of coupling a bulge above the chamber and a window for ejection of spent cartridges has become widespread. This greatly simplifies the procedure for manufacturing parts, and consequently, reduces the cost of manufacturing weapons, which affects the final price, but not always.

Automation system with a short stroke and cut in the tide under the chamber.

Automatic control systems for self-loading firearms (Part of 2)Like any invention, the automation system proposed by Browning had a further development. In order to simplify production, exclude small parts from the design, as well as improve reliability, a simpler version was developed to reduce the breech breech for the casing-bolt to exit the coupling with the barrel. The swinging larva was replaced with a figure-cut in the tide under the chamber, which interacts with the cross pin, threaded through the frame of the weapon, the role of which is often performed by the axis of the slide gate lever, back to reduce the number of parts of the weapon.

An example of this disgrace can serve as a beloved Glock, although there may be some minor nuances in various weapon models, but in general the principle of operation is the same. Everything works in exactly the same way as in the previous automation system with the only exception that now when moving the barrel of the weapon back, the breech is lowered due to the fact that the figure cutout at high tide here by the chamber through the usual slip interacts with the pin. Everything happens as follows.



1. Powder gases push the bullet forward and tend to push the cartridge case back.
2. Since the sleeve is locked in the chamber by a bolt connected to the barrel, both the bolt and the barrel come into motion together.
3. In the process of movement of the barrel of the weapon, a pin enters the figured cutout, forcing the breech of the barrel to lower, which means that the barrel begins to disengage from the bolt.
4. The barrel of the weapon stops, and the casing-bolt continues to move back, removing and ejecting the fired .
5. Having reached the extreme rear point, the shutter casing stops and begins to move forward under the action of the return spring.
6. Moving forward, the casing-bolt pushes a new cartridge out of the magazine and inserts it into the chamber.
7. Leaning against the breech (rear) part of the barrel, the casing-bolt pushes it forward, due to the reverse interaction of the figured cutout in the tide under the chamber and the pin, the breech of the barrel rises again and the protrusion above the chamber enters the window for ejection of spent cartridges.

There are also pistols in which the figured neckline is closed and the pin resides in it, in general, as mentioned above, there are many variations, but the essence is the same.

Automation system with a short barrel with separate locking elements.

As you can see, in the previous automation systems, the barrel of the weapon is warped when it is unlocked, which is naturally not a good solution for systems with very high operating speeds and heavy loads. In addition, this bias may affect the accuracy of firing in the case of using ammunition with characteristics different from those under which the gun was created. For example, 9х19 is only a metric symbol, but in fact, this symbol hides a huge number of very different ammunition with very different characteristics, but not about that now.

In order to avoid distortion of the barrel when it is disengaged from the shutter casing, it was thought up to use a separate part for locking the barrel bore, the most striking example of this being the Beretta 92. In this gun, the barrel of the weapon also has the ability to move backwards, but the coupling and disengagement of the barrel and casing-bolt occurs due to a separate wedge-shaped part under the barrel, which has lateral projections. This locking wedge, if it can be called so, is immobile in its front part, its larger part with lateral protrusions can move up and down, entering into engagement with the casing of the bolt. It happens as follows:



1. As usual, powder gases push the bullet and cartridge case in different directions.
2. Energy from powder gases is transferred to the sleeve, from the sleeve to the shutter, which is engaged with the barrel, since the wedge-shaped swinging part under the barrel is raised and its side protrusions enter the casing-bolt. Accordingly, the shutter casing and the barrel begin to move backward.
3. In the process of moving the barrel back, the locking wedge begins to lower with its back, its protrusions come out of engagement with the casing-bolt and take their place in the slots of the guides of the casing-bolt in the frame, the barrel stops.
4. The shutter casing continues to move, ejecting the spent cartridge case and cocking the trigger of the weapon.
5. Having reached its extreme rear point, the casing-gate begins to move in the opposite direction, as it is pushed by the return spring.
6. In the process of moving forward, the casing-bolt pushes a new cartridge out of the magazine and inserts it into the chamber.
7. Leaning against the breech of the barrel, the casing-bolt pushes it forward, as a result of which the locking wedge begins to rise back in its upper part, as it bumps into the guide rod of the return spring. Consequently, the locking side protrusions also engage with the shutter housing.



The second no less well-known example of such an automation system is the recently released Strike pistol or Swift. This sample has a moving in the vertical plane part, which in the same way causes the shutter casing and the barrel to interlock. The reduction of the locking part is ensured by the same shaped notch and pin threaded into it. It is for this reason, when they talk about a unique, new system of automatic Swift, I smile at all 32 teeth. And after all, people eat information about the “new” “unparalleled”, they do not even choke. They even manage to argue. And from the new one, only one detail was replaced with another, leaving the principle of operation unchanged.

Automation system with a short barrel with locking when turning the barrel.

This version of the automation system with a short stroke is not the most common, but since it is based on a fairly well-known GSH-18, it is impossible to pass by it. The main point this time is that the barrel has a protrusion or projections on its outer surface, these protrusions enter into engagement with the casing of the bolt through grooves on its inner surface or other protrusions. In the process of movement of the trunk back, it turns and leaves the clutch with the casing-bolt. For clarity, you can simply take any two gears. In the case when their teeth coincide, they can move freely relative to each other along their axes, but if they are turned so that the teeth are not correlated with each other, then one gear clings to the other. In the case of the GSH-18, everything happens as follows.

1. Powder gases push the bullet forward and set the casing-bolt in motion, transferring energy from the powder gases through the sleeve to it. Since the casing-bolt is coupled with the barrel, the barrel also comes into motion.
2. In the process of moving back, the barrel of the weapon rotates, since there is a protrusion in the breech of the barrel, which enters into an oblique slot in the liner of the weapon frame. This is how the barrel disengages and stops.
3. The bolt continues to move back, removing the spent cartridge case and ejecting it.
4. Having reached its extreme rear point, the shutter stops and begins to move forward, under the influence of a return spring.
5. In the process of moving the bolt forward, a new cartridge is removed from the magazine and inserted into the chamber.
6. When the casing-bolt rests against the breech of the barrel, it starts to push it forward and, thanks to the interaction of the protrusion in the breech of the barrel and the oblique cutout in the liner in the frame of the weapon, the barrel begins to turn back and engages with the casing-bolt.

Automation system with a short barrel with locking crank pair of levers.

Since we have gone not only by the popular automation systems, but also by those used in the well-known samples, we cannot miss the automation system with a short barrel stroke that Hugo Borchardt proposed at one time, and later used Luger in his weapon with some changes . The main essence of this principle of locking is in the elbows of the levers, freely bending in one direction and locking when trying to bend from to the other. In particular, the lever system can freely bend upwards, which allows the shutter to open, but the frame of the weapon does not allow it to bend downwards. And although in this gun it’s rather a short stroke not of the barrel, but of the receiver, but the basis is still the same. It works as follows.

1. Powder gases push the bullet down the barrel and try to push the cartridge case.
2. Under the influence of recoil energy, the barrel with the receiver begins to move backward, while the rollers at the bend of the lever system roll onto the protrusions of the weapon frame, respectively, the connection passes the dead point and gets the opportunity to bend up.
3. In the process of bending, the spent cartridge case is removed and the percussion mechanism of the weapon is cocked.
4. When the lever system is fully bent and stops, it begins to feel the action of the return spring located in the handle of the weapon and acting on the moving elements through the lever. Thanks to this influence, everything starts to move in the opposite direction.
5. The lever system, when straightened, pushes the bolt forward, it removes a new cartridge from the magazine and inserts it into the chamber and the weapon returns to its original state.



At this, I think, about automation systems with a short stroke of the barrel, you can stop talking. Few systems are left “overboard”, but the one described is quite enough to understand how 99% of all weapons built using this system work. The following articles will be more, it will be more interesting.
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24 comments
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  1. +8
    3 June 2013 09: 01
    Eh ... Pneumo-Luger is already in the "collection", to live to see the replica GSH-18. Two favorite unique pistols with a century difference. Luger has already become a well-deserved legend, and ours has grown over a dozen years with legends of various kinds. Well, since there is still no mass production of military ones - establish non-lethal options, hard-soft pneumatics, "trauma" ... There would be a demand. If only they paid tribute to the memory of both of the departed designers.
    GESHA is also a brand, and what a brand!
    1. 0
      3 June 2013 19: 58
      Yes, Luger is itself elegance. It looks like the last mass gun, where they did without a massive bolt frame ...
      1. +1
        3 June 2013 20: 28
        I must say that everyone who has held a Luger in their hands knows that it aims better than most semi-automatic pistols, since it has a greater angle between the barrel and the grip ... however, it requires constant care.
      2. +2
        4 June 2013 00: 36
        Yes, Luger is itself elegance.
        1. +1
          4 June 2013 01: 12
          smile And if necessary, brutal so that Desert Eagle nervously smokes on the sidelines:


          http://www.tabancatufek.com/forum2/showthread.php?tid=8748
      3. 0
        3 July 2014 15: 42
        But I had a question - is there really no automatic weapon automation circuit with a long barrel travel? I would not refuse such a machine!
  2. +5
    3 June 2013 10: 13
    Thanks for the review ,,,, Walther R.38- short stroke + latches
    1. +5
      3 June 2013 11: 10
      Quote: Alex65
      Walther R.38

      In fact, the best gun of the second world war would be worth mentioning.
      1. avt
        +6
        3 June 2013 13: 22
        Quote: bunta
        In fact, the best gun of the second world war would be worth mentioning.

        The gun is certainly excellent, but it tastes and color .... Browning will be more glorious, it’s not for nothing that SASyuki only recently changed it to Eig Sauer, and old Parabellum is expensive to manufacture, but a strong machine.
        1. 0
          3 July 2014 15: 45
          C'mon. The best gun of the Second World War is the TT. The absolute champion in penetration in its weight category. Absolute reliability and simplicity. And what accuracy ...
  3. +3
    3 June 2013 10: 14
    Thank you, Cyril, in general, a good review has turned out, as it seems to me accessible for understanding! I just don’t quite understand, will you first go through pistol systems and then through other classes of weapons or will you consider all classes of weapons with a similar automation system? I ask because I remembered about Desert Eagle and his gas outlet)) I think it’s better to consider the classes of weapons, so as not to get confused, first pistols, then PP, then machine guns and so on. And one more thing, maybe you should write an article about the details of the weapon separately? Everyone knows about the barrel, but the rest of the details may be unfamiliar to those who have just begun to learn weapons
    1. +3
      3 June 2013 11: 15
      As I have already said, I didn’t start completely from there, but the understanding of how to do it comes in the process) Now I think that it was necessary to first review the locking systems of the barrel, and after that go to the automation work. I think it’s not worth breaking into classes, I’ll just give the most common examples that can be seen live. With a short barrel stroke, Barrett was making a rifle, Stechkin’s submachine gun was with a barrel turn, here even under these systems, traditionally considered to be pistol guns, you can find examples from other classes of weapons. By the way, Luger made a carbine at the base of his pistol, so the divisions are conditional.
      1. +1
        3 June 2013 13: 42
        In locking systems, are you not afraid to get stuck? ;)
        1. +2
          3 June 2013 14: 37
          Why bother, everything is simple:
          - locking mass shutter (free shutter)
          - when turning the shutter
          - when turning the barrel
          - hard locking with a pair of rollers
          - braking the shutter with a pair of rollers
          - locking by rocking larva (not browning)
          - locking with a pair of swinging larvae
          - locking with a wedge (here is also locking with other details, for example, Swift's "slide" and so on)
          Why are they dead so ...
          - lock the trunk skew
          - tilt shutter
          - locking with a pair of levers (luger pistol)
          - locking powder gases (Barnnitske)
          - locking while lowering the barrel without tilting
          Well, sort of the most common sort out, there are still many interesting ones, but they are more likely for experimental weapons. These include the semi-free bolts that activate the flywheel, the swing bolts, and so on. I think such a disgrace should be merged into the last article on automation systems smile
          1. 0
            3 June 2013 22: 56
            "Hard locking with a pair of rollers" - please name a sample.
    2. -1
      3 June 2013 13: 39
      At a short stroke, all the PPs work. Waiting for an article about a long move. Pistols and PP will not be there. :)
      1. +4
        3 June 2013 14: 38
        Not all submachine guns are built on the short course of the barrel, most of them just work on the automatic with a free gate in the variations of the shot from the closed and open shutter.
      2. +3
        3 June 2013 18: 15
        I don’t remember a single submachine gun that worked on the principle of a short barrel stroke. 90% have a free shutter. There are systems with a semi-free shutter ("Raising", "Kiraly" and of course "Heckler und Koch").
        1. +1
          3 June 2013 18: 39
          I will also add. Almost all submachine guns fire "from an open bolt", and not like pistols, "from a closed bolt." Therefore, there is almost no PP with a trigger, most have a hammer pressed into the bolt. The Heckler und Koch stand out here, but this is due to their patented roller locking system.
          1. +1
            3 June 2013 20: 40
            I do not agree with you. PP-91, PP-19 (CEDAR, Bison). Both have the shutter closed before firing. And both are clearly not rarities
            1. +1
              3 June 2013 21: 11
              These are fairly late developments. Besides, "Bizon" has a lot of parts from AK, you can't make it under fire from an "open bolt".
              And the overwhelming majority of PP shoots from the "open bolt". That's why I said "almost". There are, of course, exceptions. There is also a pistol firing from the "open bolt". This is an Italian "Lerker", now not produced.
      3. +1
        3 June 2013 18: 52
        Gabbet Fairfax Mars is an interesting specimen with a long barrel travel. one of the most powerful pistols in the world.
        Of the "short passes" one could mention Steyer of 1912/16.
  4. +5
    3 June 2013 13: 35
    Thank you for the article. Author, let's move on to the long stroke of the barrel. Many hunters do not understand their MTs21-12 and why the trunk brake in the form of a brass ringlet is needed. I hope in the cycle we are not limited only to pistols? I'm waiting for part 3. I bow to the author for the presentation of the materiel.
    1. +2
      3 June 2013 14: 40
      I wanted all the moving barrels in one article, but there would be a lot of letters, I could hardly have mastered it in one sitting, so that something would be put in my head. The article is primarily for those who do not understand how it works smile
  5. +4
    3 June 2013 14: 41
    In a previous article, the author showed photos of torn shells, in my opinion
    place these photos in this article, in order to make it clear why
    just need more complex schemes.
    I hope to follow the continuation of the scheme with a short stroke, at least
    because such an interesting design as MG machine guns was not mentioned.
    1. +3
      3 June 2013 14: 49
      Persuaded, let's go until the end smile
  6. zavesa01
    +1
    3 June 2013 15: 14
    Many thanks to the author for the review. Simple and easy to understand. When I dealt with all this, I myself thought I would break my head, especially since there was not enough literature. It's just a pleasure here.
  7. +2
    3 June 2013 15: 45
    Hurray-ah-and finally animashki, everything is super, I liked everything, with "Beretta" just to understand. Thanks to the author, the article is a plus.
  8. +3
    3 June 2013 16: 31
    In my opinion, it was worth considering the systems in chronological order starting with Mauser Ts96, then Luger, Colt-Browning, etc. to illustrate the evolution of technical thought.
    1. +1
      3 June 2013 16: 46
      Quote: Ch0sen1
      In my opinion, it was worth considering the systems in chronological order starting with Mauser Ts96, then Luger, Colt-Browning, etc. to illustrate the evolution of technical thought.

      Almost all small arms automation schemes were invented
      at the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century, you probably should not focus attention
      on chronology, if the difference is only a couple of years.
      You can tell how any specific scheme developed, as is done with the example of Colt (TT) and Glock.
  9. +2
    3 June 2013 16: 44
    An interesting, and most importantly understandable, article. It turns out the pistols are trickier than I thought. The author is well done, thanks for the article.
  10. +2
    3 June 2013 16: 51
    Well done lesson. Thank.
  11. +1
    3 June 2013 18: 27
    Thank you, but let me say a few words.
    If I make a mistake, correct it, only qualified.
    TT and "Colt Government Model 1911" have a working principle called reduction of the breechand there swing earring, not a larva. The same is true for Browning High Power and its modifications. Swinging larva Walter has P-38, Beretta, Mauser (classic). This larva locks the bolt from the back, not from the bottom. In systems with a swinging larva, the trunk moves only reciprocally, and its axis does not deviate. And at TT and "Colt 1911" it is rejected. The swinging larva, when the trunk moves back, goes down (and if there are two of them, then they diverge to the right and left) and releases the shutter. In my opinion, so.
    1. 0
      3 June 2013 19: 12
      Well, here is the question of terminology, but you are right, most often when describing TT and Colt mention an earring
  12. sun
    sun
    0
    3 June 2013 23: 46
    CZ-75 SP-01 SHADOW
  13. +1
    17 September 2013 22: 59
    And thanks again to the author!
  14. svarga911
    -1
    29 May 2015 00: 03
    And that no one paid attention that the author does not understand a damn thing in physics and in the principles of locking, and calls the earring a larva. In Luger, his frame is moving ... He constantly claims that the powder gases press on the sleeve and therefore the shutter movement begins ... I-DI-OT !!!
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