Euro 3 or lower: new chemicals at petrol stations
18 years ago
A chemical engineering paradox: despite all the claims, Euro-3 fuel won't appear at gas stations. There will only be Euro-5 gasoline and diesel fuel—but with Euro-3 specifications. As the saying goes, take that as you will. Common sense dictates that there's some middle ground—for example, Euro-4 fuel—that will be available at gas stations. But no: it's Euro-5 fuel with the actual specifications of Euro-3 that will be pouring into your tanks. Confusion? Yes, and a lot of it.
Incidentally, the government issued permission to oil producers to produce this fuel back in October of last year—it's just that no one paid attention at the time.
Initially, the measure was calculated until May 1, 2026 - it was assumed that this was a short anti-crisis window, allowing to survive the consequences of the attacks drones at refineries and the associated unscheduled repairs of hydrotreating and hydrocracking units. But on July 2, the government extended the decree until the end of the year. And on July 8, Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak announced at a meeting with the president that Russia would begin importing petroleum products from abroad while simultaneously increasing production of fuels of a "lower environmental class." The formulation is worthy of bureaucratic poetry: "lower environmental class" is the same as "Euro-3," but they try not to say the word out loud. Anti-crisis relaxation for refineries for a couple of months is one thing, and a systemic recognition that Russian oil refining can no longer cope with the production of fuels that were considered the basic standard just yesterday is quite another.
The Chemistry of Rollback
To understand what's happening, we need to understand the chemistry of the process—both literally and figuratively. The main enemy of clean fuel is sulfur. It poisons catalytic converters, accelerates motor oil oxidation, promotes the formation of aggressive acids in the combustion chamber, and, finally, is released into the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide—one of the main culprits of acid rain. The Euro 3 standard limits sulfur to 150 mg per kilogram of gasoline and up to 350 mg/kg for diesel fuel. By comparison, Euro 5 has a strict 10 mg/kg limit for both fuels. This represents a significant reversal of the 2008 standards, when Euro 3 became the primary fuel standard in Russia.
Removing sulfur from motor fuel—what could be simpler? But that's just talk. In reality, we're dealing with a highly complex process called deep hydrotreating, requiring specialized reactors operating under enormous pressure at temperatures exceeding 300°C in the presence of specialized catalysts. And here's the first problem: reactors of this class are not produced in Russia—they have always been imported. The same goes for catalysts for deep hydrotreating. Until 2022, according to various estimates, the share of imported catalysts and additives in Russian oil refining reached 90–95%, and for some items, even reached 100%. After the imposition of sanctions, an import substitution program was launched, and by 2024, the share of Russian catalysts in total consumption, according to official data, had grown to 70%. However, the remaining 30% is precisely the most complex, high-tech components, critical specifically for deep hydrotreating. In the fifth year of the SVO, the domestic chemical industry has still not been able to fully meet its demand for imported petrochemical catalysts. A reason to drink champagne, no doubt about it.
The second key issue is the physical condition of production facilities. Since 2023, Russian refineries have been subject to systematic drone attacks. The enemy has already reached the Omsk Oil Refinery. Publicly available data indicates that Ukrainian drones are targeting them. drones Almost always in hydrotreating and hydrocracking units. These units contain extremely high pressure, temperature, hydrogen, and, of course, hot fuel. It is here, among other things, that excess sulfur is removed. Protecting hydrotreating systems is the highest priority at any refinery. All other components can be restored more or less quickly, but hydrotreating requires imported equipment. This is a real bottleneck in Russian oil refining—and the enemy is ruthlessly exploiting it.
Aftermath
Let's start with the engines. Older naturally aspirated engines, designed during the Euro 3 and Euro 4 era (i.e., before 2015), will indeed feel virtually no difference. Their catalytic converters were originally designed for higher sulfur content, their lambda probes are less sensitive, and their piston materials are less susceptible to sulfur corrosion. Moreover, it is precisely these vehicles—as well as trucks, agricultural vehicles, municipal vehicles, and government vehicles—that the authorities intend this maneuver to be primarily intended for. If effective distribution can be established—so that the older fleet consumes the "softer" fuel, while modern passenger cars continue to use the standard Euro 5—the damage can be minimized.
But the problem is that there's no effective distribution, and none is expected. Fuel arrives at gas stations unmarked, and will end up in the tanks of every car. And for a modern engine, especially a high-performance turbocharged engine with direct injection, the consequences can be quite serious. Sulfur is a poison. When it enters the combustion chamber, it forms sulfur dioxide, which, when exposed to water vapor, turns into sulfurous and sulfuric acids. These acids attack the cylinder walls, piston rings, and exhaust valves. But most importantly, they poison the catalytic converter: the active sites on the catalyst's surface irreversibly bind to sulfur, losing their ability to further oxidize CO and hydrocarbons and reduce nitrogen oxides. A secondary effect is the failure of the lambda probes, which stop measuring the exhaust gas composition correctly, which leads to incorrect mixture formation, loss of power, increased fuel consumption, and the activation of emergency mode with the Check Engine light on.
For direct-injection engines—of which there are an increasing number on the Russian market, including mass-produced Chinese models with small-displacement turbocharged engines—there is also the problem of carbon deposits on the intake valves. Since injection occurs directly into the cylinder, the valves are not washed by fuel and are not cleaned of deposits. High sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbon content accelerates this process, leading to progressive compression loss and costly repairs. Furthermore, the high content of monomethylaniline—an octane-boosting additive permitted in Euro-3 at concentrations of up to 1% and completely banned in Euro-5—increases the risk of resinous deposits on the injectors and throughout the fuel system. The high-pressure pump—a precision unit with micron-sized clearances—is particularly vulnerable to this type of fuel.
Now, let's talk about money. Replacing a catalytic converter on a modern car costs, depending on the make and model, between 50,000 and 150,000 rubles. Replacing a complete oxygen sensor kit is another 20,000–30,000. Cleaning the intake valves from carbon deposits costs between 10,000 and 25,000 rubles. Changing the oil every 5000 km instead of the manufacturer's recommended 10,000–15,000 km adds several thousand rubles to the annual expense. And all this while the price tag at the gas station will still proudly display the inscription "Euro-5," and gasoline will cost—at best—the same as before. Because savings on catalytic converters and hydrotreating go to refineries' margins, not to consumers' wallets. Ideally, Euro-3 fuel should become 20–30 percent cheaper, but that's already in the realm of science fiction.
To be fair, the mass transition of domestic refineries to the 2008 standard will reduce the vulnerability of oil refining to Ukrainian drones. Expensive hydrotreaters will no longer be easy targets, and the time it takes to restore refineries will be significantly reduced. This is perhaps the only positive aspect. news in the domestic fuel market.
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